THE ENDURING LEGACY OF THE SECOND SAUDI STATE: QUIETIST AND RADICAL WAHHABI CONTESTATIONS OFAL-WALĀʾ WA-L-BARĀʾ

2012 ◽  
Vol 44 (1) ◽  
pp. 93-110 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joas Wagemakers
Keyword(s):  
Civil War ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
The Other ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The 19Th Century

AbstractThe concept ofal-walāʾwa-l-barāʾ (loyalty to Islam, Muslims, and God and disavowal of everything else) has developed in various ways in Wahhabi discourse since the 19th century. This can partly be ascribed to the civil war that caused the collapse of the second Saudi state (1824–91) and the lessons that both quietist and radical Wahhabi scholars have drawn from that episode. In this article, I contend that Wahhabi contestations ofal-walāʾwa-l-barāʾ can be divided into two distinct trends—one social and the other political—and that both show the enduring legacy of the second Saudi state, which can still be discerned in Wahhabi scholarly writings on the subject ofal-walāʾwa-l-barāʾ today.

Losing the Thread

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jim Powell
Keyword(s):  
Civil War ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
American Civil War ◽  
Full Length ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Cotton Trade

Losing the Thread is the first full-length study of the effect of the American Civil War on Britain’s raw cotton trade and on the Liverpool cotton market. It details the worst crisis in the British cotton trade in the 19th century. Before the civil war, America supplied 80 per cent of Britain’s cotton. In August 1861, this fell to almost zero, where it remained for four years. Despite increased supplies from elsewhere, Britain’s largest industry received only 36 per cent of the raw material it needed from 1862 to 1864. This book establishes the facts of Britain’s raw cotton supply during the war: how much there was of it, in absolute terms and in relation to the demand, where it came from and why, how much it cost, and what effect the reduced supply had on Britain’s cotton manufacture. It includes an enquiry into the causes of the Lancashire cotton famine, which contradicts the historical consensus on the subject. Examining the impact of the civil war on Liverpool and its cotton market, the book disputes the historic portrayal of Liverpool as a solidly pro-Confederate town. It also demonstrates how reckless speculation infested and distorted the raw cotton market, and lays bare the shadowy world of the Liverpool cotton brokers, who profited hugely from the war while the rest of Lancashire starved.

An Outsider's View: Alexis de Tocqueville on Aristocratic Society and Politics in 19th Century England

1980 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 122-131 ◽  
Author(s):  
David Spring
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
The Other ◽  
Great Power ◽  
Alexis De Tocqueville ◽  
Economic Power ◽  
First Impression ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Special Quality ◽  
The One ◽  
The 19Th Century

This brief account of Tocqueville's ideas on aristocratic society and government in England is intended to serve as a sort of introduction to the longer papers that follow in this symposium. For some years the subject of English aristocratic power in the 19th century—especially in connection with the First and Second Reform Acts—has been much discussed. The discussion has dwelt on such questions as whether the aristocracy grew or declined in power, whether the Reform Acts made for a growth or loss of power, whether aristocratic leadership knew precisely what it was doing, and so on. So far this discussion has been carried on, so to speak, exclusively from the inside: that is, in terms of contemporary English events and ideas. In Tocqueville, who was both an Anglophile and an informed and penetrating observer of England from the 1830s until his death in 1859, we have a distinguished outsider. His ideas are always interesting for their own sake. For this symposium they have the added merit of touching on some of its central themes. On occasion, his ideas may strike the reader as exaggerated, ambiguous, even inconsistent, certainly without system. But they are usually suggestive, and merit the historian's serious attention.Tocqueville's first impression of the English aristocracy was one of great power—a power rooted in its monopoly of landowner ship. As he saw it, the contrast between the French landowning aristocracy and the English was that between an aristocracy, on the one hand, that was land poor, and an aristocracy, on the other hand, that was richly endowed in land. Tocqueville also saw that if landed property did not always lead to economic power—since agriculture did not pay that well—it had a special quality, as compared to other forms of wealth, which was bound to lead to political power.

scholarly journals Шенфельдская волость: история возникновения и исчезновения меннонитских поселений

2021 ◽  
pp. 44-71
Author(s):  
Ирина Васильевна Черказьянова
Keyword(s):  
Civil War ◽  
Key Words ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
The Other ◽  
Spiritual Life ◽  
History Of ◽  
Territorial Boundaries ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
Study Development

The author studies the history of the Shenfeld Mennonite volost foundation and destruction. The research tasks were as follows: to analyze the reasons of this volost establishing at the period of the colonist reform; to study development of the settlements at the second part of the 19th century, to find out how its inhabitants participated in the modernization processes; to follow the cultural and spiritual life of the colonies and Aleksandrovsky district as a whole; to highlight the problem of the Mennonite settlements destruction. The Shenfeld (Krasnopolskaya) volost was situated in the Aleksandrovsky district of the Ekaterinoslav province. It was founded in 1873. Its uniqueness lays in the fact that it did not have definite administrative-territorial boundaries, since the possessions were dispersed. The population was made up of the Mennonites from Molochansk and (partly) Khortytsa colonies. The families settled on farms, united into small villages. The process of the eastern part of Aleksandrovsky district settlement was a part of the German colonization in this area and in the province as a whole. However, the volost differed from the other ones because it only consisted of private farms. Its economy was organized on the purchased (not granted by the tsars) land. The author pays attention to Zilberfeld estate that is the least studied settlement of the volost. The fates of its owners have not been researched yet. The volost was famous for its prosperity and contributed greatly into this region economy development. The destruction of an entire volost during the Civil War, that was the result of the Makhnovist movement, is also one of the important parts of its tragic history. Key words: Mennonites, Shenfeld (Krasnopolskaya) volost, Alexandrovsky district, Ekaterinoslav province, Zilberfeld estate, Civil war, Yantsen family, Nestor Makhno.

scholarly journals Selected Problems of Generating Apposition Groups in Old Polish

2020 ◽  
pp. 11-21
Author(s):  
Piotr Zbróg
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
Deep Structure ◽  
The Other ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Starting Point ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The One ◽  
The 19Th Century

The subject of interest in this chapter is the concepts of creating apposition groups that appear in the literature on the subject, e.g. zbawiciel Jesus, dziewica Maryja, matka jego, słudze Bryjidzie. Opposing theories on this topic indicated on the one hand that apposition was an element added to the parent unit, and on the other hand, that apposition was the effect of transforming the deep structure into surface constructs. These approaches were, usually intuitive, reflected by language courts describing the title expressions since the beginning of the 19th century. In this study, they were traced and proved the dominance of opinions about the syntactic starting point in the derivative of apposition. In addition, other aspects of the characteristics of the groups of positions are discussed, placing them in the basic dichotomy of the derivation of positions.

Ladin, varieties of Val di Fassa

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-26
Author(s):  
Yifan Yang ◽  
Rachel Walker ◽  
Alessandro Vietti ◽  
Armin Chiocchetti
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
Eastern Alps ◽  
Northern Italy ◽  
The Other ◽  
Habsburg Empire ◽  
Ideological Debate ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Central Eastern ◽  
The 19Th Century

Ladin (ISO 639-3: lld) is a Romance language spoken in the Italian Central-Eastern Alps by a community of about 30,000 speakers (Dell’Aquila 2010). The classification of Ladin within Western Romance has been the subject of a long-lasting scientific and at times ideological debate, particularly because at the end of the 19th century the region was contested between the new-born Italian state and the Habsburg empire. The varieties of Ladin share phonetic-phonological, morphological, syntactic and lexical features with the other languages spoken in the Central-Eastern Alps, such as Friulian and Romansh, thus leading to the identification of the Rhaeto-Romance group (Haiman & Benincà 1992). However, in Ladin there are still many linguistic phenomena that connect it to the Romance dialects of Northern Italy. Therefore, a clear assignment of Ladin to a group is by no means a simple and uncontroversial operation (Salvi 2016).

“Éloquence magique”, ou descriptions des mondes de l'au-delà explorés par le magnétisme animal: Au carrefour de la Naturphilosophie romantique et de la théosophie chrétienne (première moitié du XIXème siècle) “Magic Eloquence”, or Descriptions of the Worlds of the Beyond Explored by Animal Magnetism: At the Crossroad of Romantic Naturphilosophie and Christian Theosophy (first half of the 19th century)

Aries ◽  
2008 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 191-228 ◽  
Author(s):  
Antoine Faivre
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
The Other ◽  
Personal Contact ◽  
Human Being ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Five Senses ◽  
Animal Magnetism ◽  
The One ◽  
The 19Th Century

AbstractThe article opens with a distinction between three kinds of “clairvoyance” phenomena. 1) A faculty of seeing/hearing things which are normally outside the reach of the clairvoyant's five senses (like being able to read sentences from a book although it is closed), but which do not extend beyond the domain of our common reality. 2) A “higher” faculty, which consists in seeing/hearing entities like spirits of the dead, angels, demons, etc., and occasionally in having a personal contact with them. 3) A “highest” faculty, of a noetic (“gnostic”) character, which extends beyond the first two and consists in being able to have acess to some sorts of “ultimate realities”: the visions thus imparted to the subject bear on ontological mysteries that concern, for example, the divine world, the cosmos, the hidden sides of Nature, etc. The author bestows the name “magic eloquence” on the narratives of visions pertaining to that third kind of clairvoyance, which are documented in the literature of Christian theosophy (see Jacob Boehme's and Swedenborg' vivions, for instance) and of animal magnetism. After presenting a few examples of magic eloquence chosen in the literature of animal magnetism in the first half of the 19the century, the article discusses the interpretations thereof put forward in the same period by a number of representatives of some German romantic Naturphilosophen who were both interested in animal magnetism and influenced by Christian theosophy. Their interpretations were based, on the one hand, upon the theosophical version of the myth of Fall and Reintegration; on the other hand, upon the “traditional” tripartition spirit/soul/body. On that basis, they constructed a series of heuristic tools successively, around notions like “ethereal light-substance”, “ganglionic system”, and Nervengeist. In the latter, they eventually came to see the cornerstone of the “physicopsycho-spiritual” structure (made of five constitutive elements) of the human being as they imagined it. Moreover, if considered as such, the Nervengeist appears to be the key for understanding the physico-spiritual procedures that undergird the production of magic eloquence. Finally, after presenting a few relevant examples in the literature of fiction inspired by animal magnetism, and some considerations devoted to the continuation of magical eloquence in later spiritual movements, the article draws a parallel between two anthropological “constructs” of the “soul” – namely, by the Naturphilosophie discussed above; and by psychoanalysis.

scholarly journals The Grammatica da Lingua Italiana para os Portuguezes by Antonio Prefumo: between the traditional and the conversational method

2021 ◽  
pp. 430-451
Author(s):  
Monica Lupetti ◽  
Matteo Migliorelli
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
The Other ◽  
Practical Reasons ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
The Social ◽  
Intellectual Context ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The One ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
Grammatical Tradition

Within the Italian FL grammatical tradition, the 19th century is a very fruitful period. In other contributions, we have highlighted how several Portuguese and Italian figures connected to the circle of the S. Carlos Theatre in Lisbon act as preceptors and compose some grammars, which contain a strong normative part and, at the same time, connect themselves to the conversational tradition: among these works, the Grammatica da Lingua Italiana para os Portuguezes by Antonio Prefumo (Lisbon, 1829) plays a central role, as it goes through four editions over almost forty years. The paper analyses the social and intellectual context of production of this text, besides outlining the author’s profile and providing a philological reconstruction of the sources and models adopted. Furthermore, the paper attempts an analysis of the Grammatica that, on the one hand, highlights both the heritage of the vernacular and Enlightenment grammatical traditions and its innovative aspects and, on the other hand, compares the various editions through the study of their macro-textual areas. The methodology underlying our description follows that proposed by Swiggers (2006, 168) being based on four aspects: the analysis of the author, the audience, the subject described and its form. This approach places the author at the centre of a historical conjuncture in which the traditional grammatical method was associated with that of conversation, responding to the demand of an audience that increasingly approached the study of FL for practical reasons, rather than to meet the traditional educational demands of the upper classes.

Woodcarvings in Temples “St. Dimitar” and “St. app. Peter and Paul” in Svishtov

2018 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Simeon Zahariev ◽  
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
Field Studies ◽  
The Other ◽  
Literary Sources ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
The Temple ◽  
The Church

The subject of this text are the altar doors of the iconostasis in the temple “St. Dimitar” and the iconostasis at the temple “St. app. Peter and Paul” in Svishtov. Literary sources, field studies, and comparative material from other carvings give us reason to make suggest about the possible dating and attributing. It can be assumed that the woodcarving of the iconostasis in the church “St. app. Peter and Paul” in Svishtov is a work of carvers from the group of Georgi from Vidin. The work was created in the first half of the 19th century. Perhaps at the same time was made the holy gates of the altar of the other Svishtov church “St. Dimitar”.

scholarly journals Editing Aristotle's Metaphysics: why should Harlfinger's stemma be verified?

2014 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 133
Author(s):  
Silvia Fazzo
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
Theory And Practice ◽  
The Other ◽  
Textual Transmission ◽  
Single Exception ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
Aristotle's Metaphysics

The textual transmission of Aristotle’s Metaphysics is currently described by Dieter Harlfinger’s stemma codicum. It appeared in 1979 within the acts of the 1972 Symposium Aristotelicum.1 With a single exception, the stemma has been accepted by scholars without discussion, or with minor relevances only. On the other side, at least until 2009 no stemmatically-based edition of a single book of the Metaphysics appeared. Still today, no new general edition is available. We are thus still left with Jaeger’s 1957 OCT – admittedly, an editio minor, which partly depends on Ross’ 1924 critical apparatus and textual choices. But things are evolving now, as we are about to see: this crucial theory and practice – editing Aristotle’s Metaphysics –is moving today faster than it has since the 19th century. Hence the interest in promoting a broader and a more articulated discussion, by pointing out some basic desiderata, which show the need for the subject to be taken into consideration anew.

Immigrant Arab Women in Chile during the Renaissance (Nahda), 1910s-1920s

1970 ◽  
pp. 47-55
Author(s):  
Sarah Limorté
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
Thematic Analysis ◽  
New World ◽  
Arab Women ◽  
Arab Woman ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The 19Th Century

Levantine immigration to Chile started during the last quarter of the 19th century. This immigration, almost exclusively male at the outset, changed at the beginning of the 20th century when women started following their fathers, brothers, and husbands to the New World. Defining the role and status of the Arab woman within her community in Chile has never before been tackled in a detailed study. This article attempts to broach the subject by looking at Arabic newspapers published in Chile between 1912 and the end of the 1920s. A thematic analysis of articles dealing with the question of women or written by women, appearing in publications such as Al-Murshid, Asch-Schabibat, Al-Watan, and Oriente, will be discussed.

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