scholarly journals The The Emigration of Muslims from the Greek state in the 19th century. An Outline

2020 ◽  
Vol 27 ◽  
pp. 97-122
Author(s):  
Krzysztof Popek
Keyword(s):  
Ottoman Empire ◽  
20Th Century ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
War Of Independence ◽  
Modern Greek ◽  
The Future ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
Over Time

Modern Greek statehood began to take shape with the War of Independence that broke out in 1821 and continued with varying intensity for the next years. As a result of these events, the Greeks cast of the foreign rule, which for many not only meant separation from the Ottoman Empire, but also the expulsion of Muslims living in these lands. During the uprising, about 25 000 Muslims lost their lives, and a similar number emigrated from the territory of the future Greek state. The next great exodus of Muslims from Greek lands was related to the annexation of Thessaly by the Hellenic Kingdom, which was to a larger extent spread over time. Since the region was incorporated into Greece until the beginning of the 20th century, the 40 000-strong Islamic community had virtually disappeared.

Zum Aufstieg und Niedergang des Normalarbeitsverhältnisses in Deutschland 1800-2010 - ein Forschungsprojekt

2009 ◽  
Vol 50 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Toni Pierenkemper ◽  
Klaus F. Zimmermann
Keyword(s):  
Welfare State ◽  
20Th Century ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
Working Hours ◽  
Modern Concept ◽  
Employment Contract ◽  
Unemployment Rates ◽  
The Future ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
The Welfare State

AbstractThis paper attempts to trace the construction of the standard employment contract in Germany from the beginning of the 19th century onwards. In 20th century Germany, it was reinforced alongside with the consolidation of the welfare state and developed into the modern concept of the standard employment contract. Due to globalization forces and dynamics of capitalist market economies, the standard employment contract has turned into an obstacle in the way of modern economy’s progress. The future might be determined by increasing work flexibility, rising working hours, falling income and increasing unemployment rates, rendering the standard employment contract anachronistic and obsolete.

scholarly journals Teuto-argentino, teuto-brasileiro, teuto-chileno: identidades em debate

2006 ◽  
Vol 31 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Arthur B. Rambo
Keyword(s):  
Ethnic Identity ◽  
Rural Communities ◽  
Key Words ◽  
20Th Century ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
First Generation ◽  
German Immigrants ◽  
Ambiguous Situation ◽  
The Future ◽  
The 19Th Century

Durante o século dezenove e no decorrer das primeiras décadas do século vinte, foram implantados projetos de colonização alemã no Brasil, na Argentina e no Chile. Apresentavam- se com semelhanças muito grandes nos três países, tanto nos objetivos, como no modelo de estrutura agrária, como na organização das comunidades rurais. Merece ser destacado neste processo a ocupação de grandes regiões mediante um povoamento maciço de exclusiva etnia alemã. Os imigrantes e seus descendentes das primeiras gerações permaneceram fiéis à língua e à tradição alemã. Na condição, porém, de cidadãos dos respectivos países foram sendo assimilados lentamente na sociedade maior que compunham a nação argentina, brasileira ou chilena. Desta situação ambígua, originou-se, a partir da década de 1930, uma discussão em todos os níveis, em torno da interrogação: Depois de duas, três ou até quatro gerações, o que somos, qual a nossa identidade, ainda somos alemães e em que sentido, até que ponto já somos chilenos, argentinos ou brasileiros? Ou, quem sabe nos resumimos a não sermos mais o que fomos e ainda não sermos aquilo que deveremos ser no futuro? Em outras palavras: o que entende o imigrante alemão no Chile quando se autodenomina de teuto-chileno, o imigrante alemão na Argentina, quando se denomina de teuto-argentino, ou o imigrante alemão no Brasil, quando se denomina teutobrasileiro? Abstract During the 19th century and the first decades of the 20th century, German colonization projects were implemented in Brazil, Argentina and Chile. These colonization projects were very similar in all three countries in terms of their goals, the model of agrarian structure and the organization of rural communities. This process of colonization was characterized by the massive occupation of large areas exclusively by Germans. The immigrants and their descendents of the first generation remained faithful to the German tradition. However, as citizens of those three countries they were slowly assimilated into the Argentine, Brazilian end Chilean societies. This ambiguous situation gave rise, since 1930, to a discussion at all levels focusing on the issue of identity: after two, three or even four generations, what are we? What is our identity? Are we still Germans? In which sense or to what extent are we already Chileans, Argentines or Brazilian? Or perhaps we are no longer what we used to be and are not yet what we should be in the future? In other words: When the German immigrants in Chile call themselves German-Chileans, when German immigrants in Argentina call themselves German-Argentines and when the German immigrants in Brazil call themselves German- Brazilians, what do they men by that? Palavras-chave: Identidade étnica e imigração. Identidades em transição. Alemães na Argentina, no Brasil e no Chile. Key words: Ethnic identity and immigration. Identities in transition. Germans in Argentina, Brazil, and Chile.

scholarly journals Armenian activities in the area of Gumushane during National War and four martyrs in AsutKurtuluş Savaşı’nda Gümüşhane bölgesinde Ermeni faaliyetleri ve Aşut’ta dört şehit

2016 ◽  
Vol 13 (3) ◽  
pp. 5326
Author(s):  
İsmail Hakkı Paslı
Keyword(s):  
Ottoman Empire ◽  
20Th Century ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
Terrorist Attacks ◽  
War Of Independence ◽  
Long Period ◽  
The People ◽  
Foreign Countries ◽  
Domestic Affairs ◽  
Violent Events

The Ottoman Empire, with its multinational structure, managed to maintain its legacy on power over a long period of time, however it started to decline in the very beginning of 19th century due to some reasons like; poor economical situation, new identical hopes caused by nationalist ideas, the interference of foreign countries into domestic affairs.  The Armenian revolts, one of the significant separatist movements in the first decade of the 20th century, emerged as several terrorist attacks on the people of especially the Turks of Eastern part of Anatolia. Even today Armenians continue the same subjective activities worldwide using several lobby advantages. Yet, our efforts are unfortunately new and inadequate. We have to reveal what the Armenians did as violent events during the National war of Independence with all sorts of academic works. One such example of these violent events was an armed activity against our four soldiers in Aşut that is a village of Kelkit in the province of the Gümüşhane city. In this article, we have tried to set light to one of the Armenian activities waiting to be enlightened along with an interwiev with Mustafa Aydın. He is already a member of the same family of two the soldiers who were martyred by the Armenian guerillas. ÖzetOsmanlı İmparatorluğu kendi içinde çokuluslu özelliğiyle uzun yıllar ayakta durabilmeyi başarabilmiş, buna rağmen, özellikle 19.yüzyıldan itibaren batıya kıyasla, geri kalmış ekonomi, ayrılıkçı ve ulusçuluk akımlarının verdiği yeni kimlik arayışları, dış güçlerin ülkenin içişlerine karışır duruma gelmesi gibi birtakım nedenlerden dolayı bu özelliğini korumakta zorluk çekmeye başlamıştır. 20. Yüzyılın ilk yıllarında daha da belirginleşen ayrılıkçı girişimlerden biri olan Ermeni isyanları, Anadolu’nun özellikle doğu kesimlerinde yöredeki Türklere karşı çeşitli terör faaliyetleriyle kendini göstermiştir.  Günümüzde bile Ermeniler, çeşitli lobi avantajlarını kullanarak dünya çapında sübjektif çalışmalar yapmaya devam etmektedirler. Buna rağmen kendi faaliyetlerimiz henüz yeni ve yetersiz durumdadır. Ermenilerin, Kurtuluş Savaşı süresince yapmış olduğu katliamlar ve benzeri faaliyetleri her seviyeden akademik çalışma ile ortaya koymak durumundayız. Söz konusu faaliyetlerden biri de Gümüşhane ili Kelkit ilçesine bağlı köylerden Aşut’ta, dört askere karşı yapılan silahlı girişimdir. Bu makalede, gün yüzüne çıkarılmayı bekleyen Ermeni faaliyetlerinden birini, şehit edilen askerlerle aynı zamanda akraba olan Mustafa Aydın ile yaptığımız röportaj eşliğinde aydınlatmaya çalıştık.

scholarly journals Polish Middle Eastern Travels Until the End of the 19th Century: Current Research

2020 ◽  
Vol 30 (3) ◽  
pp. 115-134
Author(s):  
Hieronim Kaczmarek
Keyword(s):  
Ottoman Empire ◽  
20Th Century ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
Middle Eastern ◽  
Holy Land ◽  
Academic Interest ◽  
Long Run ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
Source Materials

The objective of the article is to summarize the efforts made so far by Polish researchers of pilgrimages to the Holy Land, traveling around Egypt and the Levant. The academic interest in visits of Poles in this part of the Ottoman Empire is relatively fresh, because the first publications on this issue appeared sporadically at the beginning of the 19th century. For several decades, a book by Jan Stanisław Bystroń was the main source of knowledge about the pres­ence of Poles in Egypt and the Levant. Scholarly interest in this topic grew in the second half of the 20th century. Despite an abundance of publications, our knowledge of the Polish presence in the Arab part of the Ottoman state is still incomplete. This is mainly due to the limited source materials and the lack of a broad search for archival and museum resources. The rising number of researchers on this subject may change this situation in the long run.

A brief history of water filtration/sedimentation

2013 ◽  
Vol 13 (3) ◽  
pp. 735-742 ◽  
Author(s):  
Larry W. Mays
Keyword(s):  
Water Management ◽  
20Th Century ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
Potable Water ◽  
Pure Water ◽  
Water Filtration ◽  
History Of ◽  
Ancient Times ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
Over Time

For millennia the search for ‘pure’ water has been pursued by humans. Criteria for purity have become more complex, more rigid, and more quantitative over time; however, the principles, methods, and material for purifying water have remained remarkably similar from the earliest recorded information of 2000 BC. The scope of this paper is to present a brief history of water filtration and sedimentation practices for potable water management extending from the ancient times to the 19th century. It is not an exhaustive presentation, but instead presents some of the most important advances in water supply since the beginning of human's quest for pure water. M. N. Baker and M. J. Taras in 1981 presented an excellent overview of this quest, especially during the 17th to the 20th century.

scholarly journals KEY CONCEPTS OF SERBIAN RULERS ON THE ISSUE OF THE ALLIANCE OF THE BALKAN STATES AND PEOPLES FROM 1860 TO 1912

2021 ◽  
pp. 159-171
Author(s):  
DRAGAN ĐUKANOVIĆ
Keyword(s):  
Ottoman Empire ◽  
20Th Century ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
Political Factors ◽  
The Balkans ◽  
Key Concepts ◽  
The Creation ◽  
Balkan States ◽  
The 19Th Century

Since the middle of the 19th century, ideas related to the mutual rapprochement of the Balkan states and the creation of their broader associations have appeared within the ruling circles in Serbia. In that sense, the author analyzes the concepts of the Balkan unions of the rulers from the Serbian dynasty Obrenović (Prince Mihailo, King Milan and King Aleksandar), as well as King Petar I Karađorđević starting from 1860 to 1912. These concepts of the Balkan alliance, whether they were autochthonous or otherwise the result of the influence of the leading political factors of the then European order, did not have a significant foothold in the then public of Serbia. However, at the beginning of the 20th century, the concept of a transient inclusive Balkan alliance aiming to liberate certain parts of the Balkans from the Ottoman Empire prevailed, and after its success in 1912, it was modified by the abandonment of Bulgaria. Also, despite the undoubtedly unfavorable international influences and the aspiration of the Balkan states to round up their ethnic territories, there was no genuine possibility to realize the concept of Balkan interstate solidarity during the second half of the 19th century.

scholarly journals Reflexe islámu v kramářských tiscích a kupletech druhé poloviny 19. a začátku 20. století

2021 ◽  
Vol 66 (3-4) ◽  
pp. 5-42
Author(s):  
Michal Klacek
Keyword(s):  
Ottoman Empire ◽  
20Th Century ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
Historical Source ◽  
Work Of Art ◽  
Broadside Ballads ◽  
Long Time ◽  
The Media ◽  
The 19Th Century

Semi-folk compositions, traditionally referred to as ‘broadside ballads’, can be seen as a distinct work of art but also as a specific type of historical source. The authors of the ballads reacted, among other things, to events in the Ottoman Empire in the second half of the 19th century and at the beginning of the 20th century. For a long time, they maintained entrenched stereotypes based on the opposition between Christianity and Islam. ‘Turks’ (a synonym for Muslims) were traditionally regarded as pagans and tyrants, oppressors of subjugated Christians. During the Great Eastern Crisis and the Russo-Turkish War (1875–1878), this stereotype was, in some songs, first enriched with the motif of a Slavic hero. The same theme was later developed by the authors of satirical songs, called ‘couplets’. Broadside ballads and couplets with a Turkish subject reflect their authors’ views, more or less influenced by the media of the time. Thanks to journalists and publicists, and to some extent also the authors of the songs, the struggle of the Slavs for freedom was perceived positively in the Czech environment. In the spirit of the Slavophile idea, members of the Balkan peoples were long regarded as ‘Slavic brothers’ and the Russian tsar was hailed as their liberator.

Immigrant Arab Women in Chile during the Renaissance (Nahda), 1910s-1920s

1970 ◽  
pp. 47-55
Author(s):  
Sarah Limorté
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
Thematic Analysis ◽  
New World ◽  
Arab Women ◽  
Arab Woman ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The 19Th Century

Levantine immigration to Chile started during the last quarter of the 19th century. This immigration, almost exclusively male at the outset, changed at the beginning of the 20th century when women started following their fathers, brothers, and husbands to the New World. Defining the role and status of the Arab woman within her community in Chile has never before been tackled in a detailed study. This article attempts to broach the subject by looking at Arabic newspapers published in Chile between 1912 and the end of the 1920s. A thematic analysis of articles dealing with the question of women or written by women, appearing in publications such as Al-Murshid, Asch-Schabibat, Al-Watan, and Oriente, will be discussed.

Сирия (аш-Шам) в системе османских владений (XVI – начало XX в.)

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
D.R. Zhantiev
Keyword(s):  
Ottoman Empire ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
Social Mechanisms ◽  
Checks And Balances ◽  
Local Elites ◽  
The Balkans ◽  
The Face ◽  
High Level ◽  
The 19Th Century

Аннотация В статье рассматривается роль и место Сирии (включая Ливан и Палестину) в системе османских владений на протяжении нескольких веков от османского завоевания до периода правления султана Абдул-Хамида II. В течение четырех столетий османского владычества территория исторической Сирии (Билад аш-Шам) была одним из важнейших компонентов османской системы и играла роль связующего звена между Анатолией, Египтом, Ираком и Хиджазом. Необходимость ежегодной организации хаджа с символами султанской власти и покровительства над святынями Мекки и Медины определяла особую стратегическую важность сирийских провинций Османской империи. Несмотря на ряд серьезных угроз во время общего кризиса османской государственности (конец XVI начало XIX вв.), имперскому центру удалось сохранить контроль над Сирией путем создания сдержек и противовесов между местными элитами. В XIX в. и особенно в период правления Абдул- Хамида II (18761909 гг.), сохранение Сирии под османским контролем стало вопросом существования Османской империи, которая перед лицом растущего европейского давления и интервенции потеряла большую часть своих владений на Балканах и в Северной Африке. Задача укрепления связей между имперским центром и периферией в сирийских вилайетах в последней четверти XIX в. была в целом успешно решена. К началу XX в. Сирия была одним из наиболее политически спокойных и прочно связанных со Стамбулом регионов Османской империи. Этому в значительной степени способствовали довольно высокий уровень общественной безопасности, развитие внешней торговли, рост образования и постепенная интеграция местных элит (как мусульман, так и христиан) в османские государственные и социальные механизмы. Положение Сирии в системе османских владений показало, что процесс ослабления и территориальной дезинтеграции Османской империи в эпоху реформ не был линейным и наряду с потерей владений и влияния на Балканах, в азиатской части империи в течение XIX и начала XX вв. происходил параллельный процесс имперской консолидации.Abstract The article examines the role and place of Greater Syria (including Lebanon and Palestine) in the system of Ottoman possessions over several centuries from the Ottoman conquest to the period of the reign of Abdul Hamid II. For four centuries of Ottoman domination, the territory of historical Syria (Bilad al-Sham) was one of the most important components in the Ottoman system and played the role of a link between Anatolia, Egypt, Iraq and Hijaz. The need to ensure the Hajj with symbols of Sultan power and patronage over the shrines of Mecca and Medina each year determined the special strategic importance of the Syrian provinces of the Ottoman Empire. Despite a number of serious threats during the general crisis of the Ottoman state system (late 16th early 19th centuries), the imperial center managed to maintain control over Syria by creating checks and balances between local elites. In the 19th century. And especially during the reign of Abdul Hamid II (18761909), keeping Syria under Ottoman control became a matter of existence for the Ottoman Empire, which, in the face of increasing European pressure and intervention, lost most of its possessions in the Balkans and North Africa. The task of strengthening ties between the imperial center and the periphery in Syrian vilayets in the last quarter of the 19th century was generally successfully resolved. By the beginning of the 20th century, Syria was one of the most politically calm and firmly connected with Istanbul regions of the Ottoman Empire. This was greatly facilitated by a fairly high level of public safety, the development of foreign trade, the growth of education and the gradual integration of local elites (both Muslims and Christians) into Ottoman state and social mechanisms. Syrias position in the system of Ottoman possessions clearly showed that the process of weakening and territorial disintegration of the Ottoman Empire during the era of reform was not linear, and along with the loss of possessions and influence in the Balkans, in the Asian part of the empire during the 19th and early 20th centuries there was a parallel process of imperial consolidation.

THE DEVELOPMENT OF AMERICAN SHIP-ACCOUNTING PRACTICES TO 1900: A COMPARATIVE STUDY OF THREE VESSELS

1999 ◽  
Vol 26 (1) ◽  
pp. 27-51
Author(s):  
Jan Richard Heier
Keyword(s):  
Comparative Study ◽  
Environmental Change ◽  
20Th Century ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
Business Environment ◽  
Accounting Model ◽  
Types Of Information ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
The U.S

Accounting has always been utilitarian in nature. It adapts to the changes in the business environment by meeting the need for new types of information. The change in waterborne transportation in the U.S. during the 19th century provides an example of such an environmental change that led to a need for accounting adaptation. With the advent of the steamboat, old accounting methods were modified and new ones created to meet the changes in the business environment. In the process, a standardized ships-accounting model was developed. The model can be seen in the accounting records of three ships that sailed at the beginning of the 20th century.

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