Animation-Based Map Design: The Visual Effects of Interpolation on the Appearance of Three-Dimensional Surfaces

1998 ◽  
pp. 26-34 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stephen Lavin ◽  
Sonja Rossum ◽  
Shawn R. Slade
Keyword(s):  
Computer Animation ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Graphic User Interface ◽  
Visual Effects ◽  
Design Decisions ◽  
Design Alternatives ◽  
Distance Weighting ◽  
Map Design ◽  
Primary Variable ◽  
Inverse Distance

Computer animation is a potential aid in map design, because it provides a means for quickly reviewing many design alternatives. This research is a conceptual exploration of one aspect of animation-based design: The effect of inverse-distance weighting on the visualization of three dimensional maps. The primary variable examined is the inversedistance weighting exponent. Changing the exponent in small intervals allows the creation of a series of three-dimensional maps that can be assembled, and played back as a frame animation. In this procedure, cartographers can view the visual effects of various exponents on the resulting surfaces. Design-based animations allow mapmakers to visualize effects of their decisions in advance of map production and to make more informed design decisions. It is suggested that this method can be expanded to examine map design for a great many forms of cartographic symbology. Ideally, automatic frame generation and a graphic user interface should become an integral part of the development of these visualizations.

A Hybrid Dynamic Mesh Generation Method for Multi-Block Structured Grid

2017 ◽  
Vol 9 (4) ◽  
pp. 887-903 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hao Chen ◽  
Zhiliang Lu ◽  
Tongqing Guo
Keyword(s):  
Mesh Generation ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Dynamic Mesh ◽  
Efficient Manner ◽  
Structured Grid ◽  
Transfinite Interpolation ◽  
Grid Deformation ◽  
Distance Weighting ◽  
Inverse Distance ◽  
Block Structured

AbstractIn this paper, a hybrid dynamic mesh generation method for multi-block structured grid is presented based on inverse distance weighting (IDW) interpolation and transfinite interpolation (TFI). The major advantage of the algorithm is that it maintains the effectiveness of TFI, while possessing the ability to deal with multi-block structured grid from the IDW method. In this approach, dynamic mesh generation is made in two steps. At first, all domain vertexes with known deformation are selected as sample points and IDW interpolation is applied to get the grid deformation on domain edges. Then, an arc-length-based TFI is employed to efficiently calculate the grid deformation on block faces and inside each block. The present approach can be well applied to both two-dimensional (2D) and three-dimensional (3D) problems. The proposed method has been well-validated by several test cases. Numerical results show that dynamic meshes with high quality can be generated in an accurate and efficient manner.

scholarly journals Aplication of IDW and RBF methods to develop models of temperature distribution within a spoil tip located in Wojkowice, Poland

2018 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 38-45
Author(s):  
Adrian Zarychta ◽  
Roksana Zarychta
Keyword(s):  
Temperature Distribution ◽  
3D Model ◽  
Thermal State ◽  
Mine Waste ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Estimation Methods ◽  
Three Dimensional Model ◽  
Spoil Heap ◽  
Distance Weighting ◽  
Inverse Distance

AbstractThis article describes two methods of showing the distribution of temperature on the surface and inside a spoil tip (coal mine waste dump) located in Wojkowice (in the Silesian Voivodeship). Two deterministic estimation methods were tested, i.e., Inverse Distance Weighting (IDW) and Radial Basis Functions (RBF). According to isotherm maps the highest temperature on the surface of the “Wojkowice” spoil tip was in the NE area, while inside the heap the highest temperature noted was in the SW area. Better results were obtained from the application of the RBF method. A three-dimensional model (3D model) was generated by the method, which visualized the temperature distribution within the “Wojkowice” spoil tip. According to the 3D model of the temperature distribution the greatest heat centre inside the heap in Wojkowice was located in the SW part with a temperature of around 300°C. As a result, it can be concluded that the material of the “Wojkowice” spoil tip is burning out in a NW direction. On the basis of the model obtained it is possible to determine the location of potentially dangerous places which are exposed to possible deformations caused by the material burning under the surface. The results of the research presented make it possible to assess the thermal state of the spoil heap located in Wojkowice, Poland.

scholarly journals A Multimethod Analysis for Average Annual Precipitation Mapping in the Khorasan Razavi Province (Northeastern Iran)

Atmosphere ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (5) ◽  
pp. 592
Author(s):  
Mehdi Aalijahan ◽  
Azra Khosravichenar
Keyword(s):  
Regional Planning ◽  
Interpolation Method ◽  
Absolute Error ◽  
Rain Gauge ◽  
Annual Precipitation ◽  
Coefficient Of Determination ◽  
Distance Weighting ◽  
Average Annual Precipitation ◽  
Inverse Distance

The spatial distribution of precipitation is one of the most important climatic variables used in geographic and environmental studies. However, when there is a lack of full coverage of meteorological stations, precipitation estimations are necessary to interpolate precipitation for larger areas. The purpose of this research was to find the best interpolation method for precipitation mapping in the partly densely populated Khorasan Razavi province of northeastern Iran. To achieve this, we compared five methods by applying average precipitation data from 97 rain gauge stations in that province for a period of 20 years (1994–2014): Inverse Distance Weighting, Radial Basis Functions (Completely Regularized Spline, Spline with Tension, Multiquadric, Inverse Multiquadric, Thin Plate Spline), Kriging (Simple, Ordinary, Universal), Co-Kriging (Simple, Ordinary, Universal) with an auxiliary elevation parameter, and non-linear Regression. Root Mean Square Error (RMSE), Mean Absolute Error (MAE), and the Coefficient of Determination (R2) were used to determine the best-performing method of precipitation interpolation. Our study shows that Ordinary Co-Kriging with an auxiliary elevation parameter was the best method for determining the distribution of annual precipitation for this region, showing the highest coefficient of determination of 0.46% between estimated and observed values. Therefore, the application of this method of precipitation mapping would form a mandatory base for regional planning and policy making in the arid to semi-arid Khorasan Razavi province during the future.

scholarly journals Spatial Distribution of Soil Nutrients in Farmland in a Hilly Region of the Pearl River Delta in China Based on Geostatistics and the Inverse Distance Weighting Method

Agriculture ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 50
Author(s):  
Rumi Wang ◽  
Runyan Zou ◽  
Jianmei Liu ◽  
Luo Liu ◽  
Yueming Hu
Keyword(s):  
Spatial Distribution ◽  
Pearl River Delta ◽  
Pearl River ◽  
Weighting Method ◽  
Farmland Protection ◽  
The Pearl River Delta ◽  
Hilly Region ◽  
Distance Weighting ◽  
The Pearl River ◽  
Inverse Distance

Soil nutrients are essential factors that reflect farmland quality. Nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium are essential elements for plants, while silicon is considered a “quasi-essential” element. This study investigated the spatial distribution of plant nutrients in soil in a hilly region of the Pearl River Delta in China. A total of 201 soil samples were collected from farmland topsoil (0–20 cm) for the analysis of total nitrogen (TN), available phosphorus (AP), available potassium (AK), and available silicon (ASi). The coefficients of variation ranged from 47.88% to 76.91%. The NSRs of TN, AP, AK, and ASi were 0.15, 0. 07, 0.12, and 0.13, respectively. The NSRs varied from 0.02 to 0.20. All variables exhibited weak spatial dependence (R2 < 0.5), except for TN (R2 = 0.701). After comparing the prediction accuracy of the different methods, we used the inverse distance weighting method to analyze the spatial distribution of plant nutrients in soil. The uniform spatial distribution of AK, TN overall showed a trend of increasing from northeast to southwest, and the overall spatial distribution of AP and ASi showed that the northeast was higher than the southwest. This study provides support for the delimitation of basic farmland protection areas, the formulation of land use spatial planning, and the formulation of accurate farmland protection policies.

scholarly journals Comparison of Different Interpolation Methods for Prediction of Soil Salinity in Arid Irrigation Region in Northern China

Agronomy ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (8) ◽  
pp. 1535
Author(s):  
Tonggang Fu ◽  
Hui Gao ◽  
Jintong Liu
Keyword(s):  
Soil Salinity ◽  
Subsurface Layer ◽  
Salt Content ◽  
Spatial Prediction ◽  
Northern China ◽  
Sodium Adsorption Ratio ◽  
Interpolation Methods ◽  
Distance Weighting ◽  
Total Salt Content ◽  
Inverse Distance

Numerous methods have been used in the spatial prediction of soil salinity. However, the most suitable method is still unknown in arid irrigation regions. In this paper, 78 locations were sampled in salt-affected land caused by irrigation in an arid area in northern China. The geostatistical characteristics of the soil pH, Sodium Adsorption Ratio (SAR), Total Salt Content (TSC), and Soil Organic Matter (SOM) of the surface (0–20 cm) and subsurface (20–40 cm) layers were analyzed. The abilities of the Inverse Distance Weighting (IDW), Ordinary Kriging (OK), and CoKriging (CK) interpolation methods were compared, and the Root Mean Square Error (RMSE) was used to justify the results of the methods. The results showed that the spatial distributions of the soil properties obtained using the different interpolation methods were similar. However, the surface layer exhibits more spatial heterogeneity than the subsurface layer. Based on the RSME, the nugget/sill value and range significantly affected which method was the most suitable. Lower nugget/sill values and lower ranges can be fitted using the IDW method, but higher nugget/sill values and higher ranges can be fitted using the OK method. These results provide a valuable reference for the prediction of soil salinity.

Parameterization of Three-Dimensional Rigid Body Guidance Incorporating Planar Gear Connections in a Spatial Closed-Loop Mechanism With Parallel Consecutive Axes

2008 ◽  
Author(s):  
Javier Rolda´n Mckinley ◽  
Carl Crane ◽  
David B. Dooner
Keyword(s):  
Computer Animation ◽  
Closed Loop ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Motion Generation ◽  
Repetitive Motion ◽  
End Effector ◽  
Spatial Mechanism ◽  
Joint Axis ◽  
Position And Orientation ◽  
Six Degree Of Freedom

This paper introduces a reconfigurable closed-loop spatial mechanism that can be applied to repetitive motion tasks. The concept is to incorporate five pairs of non-circular gears into a six degree-of–freedom closed-loop spatial chain. The gear pairs are designed based on given mechanism parameters and a user defined motion specification of a coupler link of the mechanism. It is shown in the paper that planar gear pairs can be used if the spatial closed-loop chain is comprised of six pairs of parallel joint axes, i.e. the first joint axis is parallel to the second, the third is parallel to the fourth, ..., and the eleventh is parallel to the twelfth. This paper presents the synthesis of the gear pairs that satisfy a specified three-dimensional position and orientation need. Numerical approximations were used in the synthesis the non-circular gear pairs by introducing an auxiliary monotonic parameter associated to each end-effector position to parameterize the motion needs. The findings are supported by a computer animation. No previous known literature incorporates planar non-circular gears to fulfill spatial motion generation needs.

scholarly journals 3D Unsteady Diffusion and Reaction-Diffusion with Singularities by GFEM with 27-Node Hexahedrons

2014 ◽  
Vol 2014 ◽  
pp. 1-12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Estaner Claro Romão
Keyword(s):  
Finite Element ◽  
Variable Temperature ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Reaction Diffusion ◽  
Third Order ◽  
Order Of Accuracy ◽  
Finite Element Approximations ◽  
Temperature Solution ◽  
The One ◽  
Primary Variable

The Galerkin Finite Element Method (GFEM) with 8- and 27-node hexahedrons elements is used for solving diffusion and transient three-dimensional reaction-diffusion with singularities. Besides analyzing the results from the primary variable (temperature), the finite element approximations were used to find the derivative of the temperature in all three directions. This technique does not provide an order of accuracy compatible with the one found in the temperature solution; thereto, a calculation from the third order finite differences is proposed here, which provide the best results, as demonstrated by the first two applications proposed in this paper. Lastly, the presentation and the discussion of a real application with two cases of boundary conditions with singularities are proposed.

scholarly journals Evaluation of an inverse distance weighting method for patching daily and dekadal rainfall over the Free State Province, South Africa

Water SA ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 42 (3) ◽  
pp. 466 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mokhele Edmond Moeletsi ◽  
Zakhele Phumlani Shabalala ◽  
Gert De Nysschen ◽  
Sue Walker
Keyword(s):  
South Africa ◽  
Inverse Distance Weighting ◽  
Free State ◽  
Weighting Method ◽  
Free State Province ◽  
Distance Weighting ◽  
Inverse Distance

scholarly journals Atmospheric Deposition Effects on Agricultural Soil Acidification State — Key Study: Krupanj Municipality

2014 ◽  
Vol 40 (2) ◽  
pp. 137-148 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dragan Čakmak ◽  
Jelena Beloica ◽  
Veljko Perović ◽  
Ratko Kadović ◽  
Vesna Mrvić ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Soil Acidification ◽  
Interpolation Method ◽  
Natural Processes ◽  
Target Loading ◽  
Distance Weighting ◽  
The Status ◽  
Inverse Distance ◽  
Sustainable Productivity

Abstract Acidification, as a form of soil degradation is a process that leads to permanent reduction in the quality of soil as the most important natural resource. The process of soil acidification, which in the first place implies a reduction in soil pH, can be caused by natural processes, but also considerably accelerated by the anthropogenic influence of excessive S and N emissions, uncontrolled deforestation, and intensive agricultural processes. Critical loads, i.e. the upper limit of harmful depositions (primarily of S and N) which will not cause damages to the ecosystem, were determined in Europe under the auspices of the Executive Committee of the CLRTAP in 1980. These values represent the basic indicators of ecosystem stability to the process of acidification. This paper defines the status of acidification for the period up to 2100 in relation to the long term critical and target loading of soil with S and N on the territory of Krupanj municipality by applying the VSD model. The Inverse Distance Weighting (IDW) geostatistic module was used as the interpolation method. Land management, particularly in areas susceptible to acidification, needs to be focused on well-balanced agriculture and use of crops/seedlings to achieve the optimum land use and sustainable productivity for the projected 100-year period.

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