Mapping the Nation's Physiography by Computer

1990 ◽  
pp. 15-24 ◽  
Author(s):  
Richard J. Pike ◽  
Gail P. Thelin
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Computer Technology ◽  
Digital Image ◽  
Satellite Images ◽  
Grid Resolution ◽  
Large Area ◽  
Proprietary Software ◽  
Recent Advances ◽  
Shaded Relief ◽  
Photometric Function

Recent advances in computer technology present opportunities for the machine visualization of topography. A new shaded relief map of the conterminous United States is the first one-sheet graphic of U.S. landforms larger than Erwin Raisz's classic 1939 hand-drawn panorama. The 1:3,500,000-scale digital image (about 4.5' long), reproduced here at 1:10,000,000, has greater fidelity and detail than portrayals of this large area by artistic (manual) techniques. The new map also shows synoptictopography more clearly than contoured elevations, satellite images, or radar mosaics. We created the map by processing 12,000,000 elevations (digitized from 1:250,000-scale topographic sheets at a grid resolution of 0.8 km) on a V AX-11/780 computer, using proprietary software, a modified Lambert photometric function, 255 gray tones, and the method of Pinhas Yoeli as implemented by Raymond Batson and others.

Digital image acquisition, processing, and analysis in a polymer microscopy laboratory

1994 ◽  
Vol 52 ◽  
pp. 454-455
Author(s):  
Vinod K. Berry ◽  
Xiao Zhang
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Image Analysis ◽  
Digital Image ◽  
Image Acquisition ◽  
Image Transmission ◽  
The United States ◽  
Quantitative Image Analysis ◽  
Quantitative Image

In recent years it became apparent that we needed to improve productivity and efficiency in the Microscopy Laboratories in GE Plastics. It was realized that digital image acquisition, archiving, processing, analysis, and transmission over a network would be the best way to achieve this goal. Also, the capabilities of quantitative image analysis, image transmission etc. available with this approach would help us to increase our efficiency. Although the advantages of digital image acquisition, processing, archiving, etc. have been described and are being practiced in many SEM, laboratories, they have not been generally applied in microscopy laboratories (TEM, Optical, SEM and others) and impact on increased productivity has not been yet exploited as well.In order to attain our objective we have acquired a SEMICAPS imaging workstation for each of the GE Plastic sites in the United States. We have integrated the workstation with the microscopes and their peripherals as shown in Figure 1.

Mapping and Monitoring of the Land Use/Cover Changes in the Wider Area of ltanos, Crete, Using Very High Resolution EO Imagery With Specific Interest in Archaeological Sites

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sawyer Reid stippa ◽  
George Petropoulos ◽  
Leonidas Toulios ◽  
Prashant K. Srivastava
Keyword(s):  
High Resolution ◽  
Spatial Resolution ◽  
Satellite Images ◽  
Archaeological Site ◽  
Digital Photography ◽  
Archaeological Sites ◽  
Large Area ◽  
High Resolution Imagery ◽  
Site Mapping ◽  
Rule Sets

Archaeological site mapping is important for both understanding the history as well as protecting them from excavation during the developmental activities. As archaeological sites generally spread over a large area, use of high spatial resolution remote sensing imagery is becoming increasingly applicable in the world. The main objective of this study was to map the land cover of the Itanos area of Crete and of its changes, with specific focus on the detection of the landscape’s archaeological features. Six satellite images were acquired from the Pleiades and WorldView-2 satellites over a period of 3 years. In addition, digital photography of two known archaeological sites was used for validation. An Object Based Image Analysis (OBIA) classification was subsequently developed using the five acquired satellite images. Two rule-sets were created, one using the standard four bands which both satellites have and another for the two WorldView-2 images their four extra bands included. Validation of the thematic maps produced from the classification scenarios confirmed a difference in accuracy amongst the five images. Comparing the results of a 4-band rule-set versus the 8-band showed a slight increase in classification accuracy using extra bands. The resultant classifications showed a good level of accuracy exceeding 70%. Yet, separating the archaeological sites from the open spaces with little or no vegetation proved challenging. This was mainly due to the high spectral similarity between rocks and the archaeological ruins. The satellite data spatial resolution allowed for the accuracy in defining larger archaeological sites, but still was a difficulty in distinguishing smaller areas of interest. The digital photography data provided a very good 3D representation for the archaeological sites, assisting as well in validating the satellite-derived classification maps. All in all, our study provided further evidence that use of high resolution imagery may allow for archaeological sites to be located, but only where they are of a suitable size archaeological features.

scholarly journals Using Satellite Images and Deep Learning to Identify Associations Between County-Level Mortality and Residential Neighborhood Features Proximal to Schools: A Cross-Sectional Study

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joshua J. Levy ◽  
Rebecca M. Lebeaux ◽  
Anne G. Hoen ◽  
Brock C. Christensen ◽  
Louis J. Vaickus ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Deep Learning ◽  
Mortality Rate ◽  
Satellite Images ◽  
The United States ◽  
Mortality Rates ◽  
Image Features ◽  
County Level ◽  
Crude Mortality Rate ◽  
Crude Mortality

What is the relationship between mortality and satellite images as elucidated through the use of Convolutional Neural Networks?Background: Following a century of increase, life expectancy in the United States has stagnated and begun to decline in recent decades. Using satellite images and street view images, prior work has demonstrated associations of the built environment with income, education, access to care, and health factors such as obesity. However, assessment of learned image feature relationships with variation in crude mortality rate across the United States has been lacking.Objective: We sought to investigate if county-level mortality rates in the U.S. could be predicted from satellite images.Methods: Satellite images of neighborhoods surrounding schools were extracted with the Google Static Maps application programming interface for 430 counties representing ~68.9% of the US population. A convolutional neural network was trained using crude mortality rates for each county in 2015 to predict mortality. Learned image features were interpreted using Shapley Additive Feature Explanations, clustered, and compared to mortality and its associated covariate predictors.Results: Predicted mortality from satellite images in a held-out test set of counties was strongly correlated to the true crude mortality rate (Pearson r = 0.72). Direct prediction of mortality using a deep learning model across a cross-section of 430 U.S. counties identified key features in the environment (e.g., sidewalks, driveways, and hiking trails) associated with lower mortality. Learned image features were clustered, and we identified 10 clusters that were associated with education, income, geographical region, race, and age.Conclusions: The application of deep learning techniques to remotely-sensed features of the built environment can serve as a useful predictor of mortality in the United States. Although we identified features that were largely associated with demographic information, future modeling approaches that directly identify image features associated with health-related outcomes have the potential to inform targeted public health interventions.

scholarly journals Cambios en el paisaje de menorca desde 1975 hasta 2010 mediante teledetección

2021 ◽  
Vol 3 (5) ◽  
pp. 3305-3318
Author(s):  
Emilio Ramírez-Juidías ◽  
Francisco Víquez-Urraco
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Satellite Images ◽  
Climatic Factors ◽  
The United States ◽  
Strong Increase ◽  
Tourist Attraction ◽  
Territorial Development ◽  
Landscape Development ◽  
Landsat Satellite

La isla de Menorca, Reserva de la Biosfera, ha originado una fuerte atracción turística a consecuencia de su gran riqueza paisajística. En este estudio, se analizaron 265 imágenes Landsat procedentes del United States Geological Service para el periodo 1975-2010, todas examinadas y clasificadas en un determinado lapso de tiempo con el fin de poder caracterizar correctamente el desarrollo territorial espacial y temporalmente.  Los resultados muestran como entre 1975 y 1990 no existe desarrollo del paisaje. Entre 1990 y 2000, hay un gran aumento de la vegetación a consecuencia de la protección recibida por la Unesco. En el periodo 2000-2010, es evidente el efecto del clima en el desarrollo del paisaje.   The island of Menorca, Reserve of the Biosphere, has created a strong tourist attraction due to its rich landscape. In this research, 265 Landsat satellite images from the United States Geological Service were analyzed or the 1975 to 2010 eriod, each of which was examined and classified in a certain period of time in order to characterize right way the territorial development both spatially and temporally.  The results show how between 1975 and 1990 there is virtually no landscape development. Between 1990 and 2000, there is a strong increase of vegetation as a result of the protection received by UNESCO. In the period 2000-2010, it was evident the effect of climatic factors in the landscape development.

scholarly journals DETERMINING THE SUITABILITY OF DIFFERENT DIGITAL ELEVATION MODELS AND SATELLITE IMAGES FOR FANCY MAPS. AN EXAMPLE OF CYPRUS

2016 ◽  
Vol XLI-B4 ◽  
pp. 591-597
Author(s):  
J. Drachal ◽  
A. K. Kawel
Keyword(s):  
Small Area ◽  
Satellite Images ◽  
Digital Elevation Models ◽  
Test Area ◽  
Landsat 8 ◽  
Digital Terrain Models ◽  
Digital Terrain ◽  
Terrain Models ◽  
Digital Elevation ◽  
Shaded Relief

The article describes the possibility of developing an overall map of the selected area on the basis of publicly available data. Such a map would take the form designed by the author with the colors that meets his expectations and a content, which he considers to be appropriate. Among the data available it was considered the use of satellite images of the terrain in real colors and, in the form of shaded relief, digital terrain models with different resolutions of the terrain mesh. Specifically the considered data were: MODIS, Landsat 8, GTOPO-30, SRTM-30, SRTM-1, SRTM-3, ASTER. For the test area the island of Cyprus was chosen because of the importance in tourism, a relatively small area and a clearly defined boundary. In the paper there are shown and discussed various options of the Cyprus terrain image obtained synthetically from variants of Modis, Landsat and digital elevation models of different resolutions.

scholarly journals DO THE VISUAL COMPLEXITY ALGORITHMS MATCH THE GENERALIZATION PROCESS IN GEOGRAPHICAL DISPLAYS?

2016 ◽  
Vol XLI-B2 ◽  
pp. 375-378 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Brychtová ◽  
A. Çöltekin ◽  
V. Pászto
Keyword(s):  
Design Process ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Satellite Images ◽  
Visual Complexity ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Complexity Measures ◽  
Cartographic Generalization ◽  
Visual Clutter ◽  
Shaded Relief ◽  
Different Levels

In this study, we first develop a hypothesis that existing quantitative visual complexity measures will overall reflect the level of cartographic generalization, and test this hypothesis. Specifically, to test our hypothesis, we first selected common geovisualization types (i.e., cartographic maps, hybrid maps, satellite images and shaded relief maps) and retrieved examples as provided by Google Maps, OpenStreetMap and SchweizMobil by swisstopo. Selected geovisualizations vary in cartographic design choices, scene contents and different levels of generalization. Following this, we applied one of Rosenholtz et al.’s (2007) visual clutter algorithms to obtain quantitative visual complexity scores for screenshots of the selected maps. We hypothesized that visual complexity should be constant across generalization levels, however, the algorithm suggested that the complexity of small-scale displays (less detailed) is higher than those of large-scale (high detail). We also observed vast differences in visual complexity among maps providers, which we attribute to their varying approaches towards the cartographic design and generalization process. Our efforts will contribute towards creating recommendations as to how the visual complexity algorithms could be optimized for cartographic products, and eventually be utilized as a part of the cartographic design process to assess the visual complexity.

scholarly journals Public perceptions of a rip current hazard education program: “Break the Grip of the Rip!”

2017 ◽  
Vol 17 (7) ◽  
pp. 1003-1024 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chris Houser ◽  
Sarah Trimble ◽  
Robert Brander ◽  
B. Chris Brewster ◽  
Greg Dusek ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Online Survey ◽  
Social Research ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
The United States ◽  
Rip Current ◽  
Rip Currents ◽  
Safety Education ◽  
Large Area ◽  
Education Material

Abstract. Rip currents pose a major global beach hazard; estimates of annual rip-current-related deaths in the United States alone range from 35 to 100 per year. Despite increased social research into beach-goer experience, little is known about levels of rip current knowledge within the general population. This study describes the results of an online survey to determine the extent of rip current knowledge across the United States, with the aim of improving and enhancing existing beach safety education material. Results suggest that the US-based Break the Grip of the Rip!® campaign has been successful in educating the public about rip current safety directly or indirectly, with the majority of respondents able to provide an accurate description of how to escape a rip current. However, the success of the campaign is limited by discrepancies between personal observations at the beach and rip forecasts that are broadcasted for a large area and time. It was the infrequent beach user that identified the largest discrepancies between the forecast and their observations. Since infrequent beach users also do not seek out lifeguards or take the same precautions as frequent beach users, it is argued that they are also at greatest risk of being caught in a dangerous situation. Results of this study suggest a need for the national campaign to provide greater focus on locally specific and verified rip forecasts and signage in coordination with lifeguards, but not at the expense of the successful national awareness program.

Optoelectronic Methodology for Development of MEMS

2007 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ryszard J. Pryputniewicz ◽  
Ryan T. Marinis ◽  
Adam R. Klempner ◽  
Peter Hefti
Keyword(s):  
Computer Technology ◽  
Microelectromechanical Systems ◽  
Design Analysis ◽  
Operating Conditions ◽  
Functional Characteristics ◽  
Optimum Performance ◽  
Recent Advances ◽  
Challenging Tasks ◽  
Optoelectronic Method

Development of microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) constitutes one of the most challenging tasks in today’s micromechanics. In addition to design, analysis, and fabrication capabilities, this task also requires advanced test methodologies for determination of functional characteristics of MEMS to enable refinement and optimization of their designs. Until recently, this characterization was hindered by lack of a readily available methodology. However, building on recent advances in photonics, electronics, and computer technology, we have developed an optoelectronic methodology particularly suitable for development of MEMS. In this paper, we describe the optoelectronic methodology and illustrate its use with representative examples. By quantitatively characterizing performance of MEMS, under different vibration, thermal, and other operating conditions, we can make specific suggestions for their improvements. Then, using the optoelectronic method, we can verify the effects of these improvements. In this way, we can develop better understanding of functional characteristics of MEMS, which will ensure that they are operated at optimum performance, are reliable, and are durable.

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