Radiobiosynthesis of paralytic shellfish toxins in the dinoflagellate alexandrium tamarense

2002 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pilong Li
Keyword(s):  
Alexandrium Tamarense ◽  
Shellfish Toxins ◽  
Paralytic Shellfish Toxins ◽  
Paralytic Shellfish

scholarly journals Temporal Variation of the Profile and Concentrations of Paralytic Shellfish Toxins and Tetrodotoxin in the Scallop, Patinopecten yessoensis, Cultured in a Bay of East Japan

Marine Drugs ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 17 (12) ◽  
pp. 653
Author(s):  
Satoshi Numano ◽  
Yuta Kudo ◽  
Yuko Cho ◽  
Keiichi Konoki ◽  
Mari Yotsu-Yamashita
Keyword(s):  
Temporal Variation ◽  
Alexandrium Tamarense ◽  
Hydrophilic Interaction ◽  
Patinopecten Yessoensis ◽  
Shellfish Toxins ◽  
Paralytic Shellfish Toxins ◽  
Paralytic Shellfish ◽  
The World ◽  
Edible Tissues ◽  
Bivalve Shellfish

Paralytic shellfish toxins (PSTs) are the major neurotoxic contaminants of edible bivalves in Japan. Tetrodotoxin (TTX) was recently detected in bivalve shellfish around the world, drawing widespread attention. In Japan, high levels of TTX were reported in the digestive gland of the scallop, Patinopecten yessoensis, in 1993; however, no new data have emerged since then. In this study, we simultaneously analyzed PSTs and TTX in scallops cultured in a bay of east Japan using hydrophilic interaction chromatography (HILIC)-MS/MS. These scallops were temporally collected from April to December 2017. The highest concentration of PSTs (182 µmol/kg, total congeners) in the hepatopancreas was detected in samples collected on May 23, lined to the cell density of the dinoflagellate, Alexandrium tamarense, in seawater around the scallops, whereas the highest concentration of TTX (421 nmol/kg) was detected in samples collected on August 22. Contrary to the previous report, temporal variation of the PSTs and TTX concentrations did not coincide. The highest concentration of TTX in the entire edible tissues was 7.3 µg/kg (23 nmol/kg) in samples obtained on August 22, which was lower than the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA)-proposed threshold, 44 µg TTX equivalents/kg shellfish meat. In addition, 12β-deoxygonyautoxin 3 was firstly identified in scallops.

Single-Laboratory Validation of the Neogen Qualitative Lateral Flow Immunoassay for the Detection of Paralytic Shellfish Toxins in Mussels and Oysters

2018 ◽  
Vol 101 (2) ◽  
pp. 480-489 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alison R Turnbull ◽  
Jessica Y C Tan ◽  
Sarah C Ugalde ◽  
Gustaaf M Hallegraeff ◽  
Katrina Campbell ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Validation Study ◽  
Rapid Test ◽  
Probability Of Detection ◽  
Alexandrium Tamarense ◽  
Shellfish Toxins ◽  
Paralytic Shellfish Toxins ◽  
Paralytic Shellfish ◽  
Test Kit ◽  
The Matrix ◽  
Bivalve Shellfish

Abstract Detection of paralytic shellfish toxins (PSTs) in bivalve shellfish by analytical methods is complicated and costly, requiring specific expertise and equipment. Following extensive blooms of Alexandrium tamarense Group 1 in Tasmania, Australia, an investigation was made into commercially available screening test kits suitable for use with the toxin profiles found in affected bivalves. The qualitative Neogen rapid test kit, with a modified protocol to convert gonyautoxins GTX1&4 and GTX2&3 into neosaxitoxin and saxitoxin (STX), respectively, with higher cross-reactivities, was the best fit-for-purpose. This validation study of the test kit and the modified protocol was undertaken following AOAC INTERNATIONAL guidelines for the validation of qualitative binary chemistry methods. The validation used four different PST profiles representing natural profiles found in Australia and in Europe: two in a mussel matrix and two in an oyster matrix. The test kit was shown to have appropriate selectivity of the toxin analogs commonly found in bivalve shellfish. The matrix and probability of detection (POD) study showed that the rapid test kit used with the modified protocol was able to consistently detect PST at the bivalve regulatory level of 0.8 mg STX⋅2HCl eq/kg, with a POD estimated via the binomial logistic regression of 1.0 at 0.8 mg STX⋅2HCl eq/kg in all tested profiles in both matrixes. The POD at 0.4 mg STX⋅2HCl eq/kg was 0.75 and 0.46 for the two toxin profiles in an oyster matrix and 0.96 and 1.0 for the two toxin profiles in a mussel matrix. No significant differences in the PODs of the PSTs at the regulatory level were found between production lots of the test kits. The results suggest the method is suitable to undergo a collaborative validation study.

Bacterial degradation of paralytic shellfish toxins

Toxicon ◽  
2008 ◽  
Vol 52 (1) ◽  
pp. 91-100 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carrie J. Donovan ◽  
John C. Ku ◽  
Michael A. Quilliam ◽  
Tom A. Gill
Keyword(s):  
Bacterial Degradation ◽  
Shellfish Toxins ◽  
Paralytic Shellfish Toxins ◽  
Paralytic Shellfish

scholarly journals Change in Paralytic Shellfish Toxins in the Mussel Mytilus galloprovincialis Depending on Dynamics of Harmful Alexandrium catenella (Group I) in the Geoje Coast (South Korea) during Bloom Season

Toxins ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (7) ◽  
pp. 442
Author(s):  
Seung Ho Baek ◽  
Jung Min Choi ◽  
Minji Lee ◽  
Bum Soo Park ◽  
Yuchengmin Zhang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Human Consumption ◽  
Nakdong River ◽  
Alexandrium Catenella ◽  
Low Salinity ◽  
Shellfish Toxins ◽  
Paralytic Shellfish Toxins ◽  
Group I ◽  
Paralytic Shellfish ◽  
High Nutrient ◽  
The Nakdong River

Paralytic shellfish toxins (PSTs) produced by Alexandrium catenella (formerly A. tamarense) in Korean coastal waters caused the deaths of four people (in 1986 and 1996) who consumed contaminated mussels (Mytilus edulis). This led to more detailed consideration of the risks of PST outbreaks and incidents in Korea, including the introduction of shellfish collection bans. In this study, we investigated the relationships between A. catenella population dynamics and PST accumulation in the mussel M. galloprovincialis. Discharges from the Nakdong River affect the environmental conditions along the Geoje coast, resulting in low salinity and high nutrient levels that trigger blooms of A. catenella. At the toxin peak on 24 April 2017, the toxins detected in A. catenella cells were C1, gonyautoxin (GTX)1 and GTX2, whereas the concentrations of PSTs in M. galloprovincialis were high and in the order of GTX4 > GTX1 > GTX3 > saxitoxin (STX) > GTX2 > neoSTX > decarbamoylgonyautoxin (dcGTX)2 > dc GTX3. The PST level in mussels was also high. At 15 °C, the PSTs are constantly found to be higher (10-fold higher in 2017 and 30-fold higher in 2018) than safe levels for human consumption (80 μg STX diHCl equivalents 100 g−1).

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