Earnings returns to tertiary education and gender earnings gap in urban China, 1988-2005

2009 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hua Ye
Keyword(s):  
Tertiary Education ◽  
Urban China ◽  
Gender Earnings Gap ◽  
Earnings Gap ◽  
And Gender

Dynamics of the Gender Earnings Inequality in Reform-Era Urban China

2018 ◽  
Vol 32 (4) ◽  
pp. 726-746 ◽  
Author(s):  
Guangye He ◽  
Xiaogang Wu
Keyword(s):  
Economic Development ◽  
Gender Inequality ◽  
Earnings Inequality ◽  
Urban China ◽  
Reform Era ◽  
Gender Earnings Gap ◽  
Earnings Gap ◽  
Level Statistics ◽  
Main Driver ◽  
Multi Level

This article examines the differential impacts of marketisation and economic development on gender earnings inequality in reform-era urban China. Based on data from the 2005 population mini-census with prefecture-level statistics, we distinguish the effect of economic development from that of marketisation on the gender earnings gap. Multi-level analyses reveal that marketisation and economic development have affected gender inequality in different ways: whereas market forces have exacerbated gender earnings inequality, economic development has reduced it. Overall, marketisation appears to be the main driver of the increase in gender earnings inequality in urban China. Implications for policies promoting gender equality in China are discussed.

scholarly journals Occupational Demand, Cumulative Disadvantage, and Gender: Differences in University Graduates’ Early Career Earnings

2019 ◽  
Vol 44 (2) ◽  
pp. 165-194
Author(s):  
Michael Robert Smith ◽  
Sean Waite
Keyword(s):  
Capital Accumulation ◽  
Young Male ◽  
Division Of Labour ◽  
Early Career ◽  
Human Capital Accumulation ◽  
University Graduates ◽  
Gender Earnings Gap ◽  
Earnings Gap ◽  
And Gender ◽  
Dot Com

A number of mechanisms contribute to the gender earnings gap – both its level and trends in it. We focus on three of them: occupational demand, the cumulation of disadvantage that originates in the unequal domestic division of labour, and labour market statuses which also may originate in the domestic division of labour. We show that changes in occupational demand associated with the dot-com boom and what followed it have caused substantial shifts in the relative earnings of young male and female university graduates. We provide evidence of how one consequence of the domestic division of labour – differences in hours worked by gender - contribute to the size and growth of the female earnings disadvantage. And, even in our generally young sample, human capital accumulation is more likely to be disrupted for women than for men. We identify several methodological and substantive implications of our results.

scholarly journals The Gender Earnings Gap in the Gig Economy: Evidence from over a Million Rideshare Drivers

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cody Cook ◽  
Rebecca Diamond ◽  
Jonathan V Hall ◽  
John A List ◽  
Paul Oyer
Keyword(s):  
Gender Discrimination ◽  
The United States ◽  
Learning By Doing ◽  
Work Intensity ◽  
Pay Gap ◽  
Gig Economy ◽  
Gender Earnings Gap ◽  
Earnings Gap ◽  
Gender Based ◽  
And Gender

Abstract The growth of the “gig” economy generates worker flexibility that, some have speculated, will favor women. We explore this by examining labor supply choices and earnings among more than a million rideshare drivers on Uber in the United States. We document a roughly 7% gender earnings gap amongst drivers. We show that this gap can be entirely attributed to three factors: experience on the platform (learning-by-doing), preferences and constraints over where to work (driven largely by where drivers live and, to a lesser extent, safety), and preferences for driving speed. We do not find that men and women are differentially affected by a taste for specific hours, a return to within-week work intensity, or customer discrimination. Our results suggest that, in a “gig” economy setting with no gender discrimination and highly flexible labor markets, women’s relatively high opportunity cost of non-paid-work time and gender-based differences in preferences and constraints can sustain a gender pay gap.

Women at Work

ILR Review ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 70 (1) ◽  
pp. 190-222 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anja-Kristin Abendroth ◽  
Silvia Melzer ◽  
Alexandra Kalev ◽  
Donald Tomaskovic-Devey
Keyword(s):  
Gender Differences ◽  
Human Resources ◽  
Organizational Context ◽  
Gender Inequalities ◽  
Job Level ◽  
Women In Management ◽  
Gender Earnings Gap ◽  
Earnings Gap ◽  
Gendered Power ◽  
And Gender

Using a unique sample of 5,022 workers in 94 large German workplaces, the authors explore whether and how women’s access to higher level positions, firms’ human resources practices, and workers’ qualification levels are associated with gender differences in earnings. First, they find that having more women in management reduces the gender earnings gap for jobs with low qualifications, but not those with high qualifications. Second, they find that while men’s compensation is positively affected by having a male supervisor, women with a female supervisor do not receive such an advantage. Finally, they find that human resources practices and job-level qualifications moderate the association between gendered power and gender earnings inequalities. Integrating women into managerial and supervisory roles does not automatically reduce gender inequalities; its impacts are contingent on organizational context.

Private Pensions and the Gender Distribution of Fiscal Welfare

2020 ◽  
Vol 19 (3) ◽  
pp. 500-516 ◽  
Author(s):  
Micheál L. Collins
Keyword(s):  
Welfare State ◽  
Tax Policy ◽  
Private Pensions ◽  
Gender Distribution ◽  
Member States ◽  
Current Structure ◽  
Gender Earnings Gap ◽  
Earnings Gap ◽  
Using Data ◽  
The Welfare State

The provision of taxation relief to support pension savings has become a large and expensive aspect of the welfare state in many countries. Among OECD member states this exceeds $200 billion in revenue forgone each year. Previous research has consistently found this fiscal welfare to have pronounced regressive distributive outcomes. However, little is known about the gendered impact of these fiscal welfare supports, a void this article addresses. Using data for Ireland the article finds that the current structure of fiscal welfare supports notably favours males over females. Nominal contribution levels are higher among males, and males are more likely to be active contributors to pension savings. The associated tax supports are consequently skewed, with two-thirds received by men and one-third by women. This outcome suggests a continuation of the gender earnings gap into retirement and a discontinuity between longevity expectations and tax policy supports for pension provision.

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