Estimating a Dynamic Adverse-Selection Model: Labour-Force Experience and the Changing Gender Earnings Gap 1968–1997

2011 ◽  
Vol 79 (1) ◽  
pp. 227-267 ◽  
Author(s):  
George-Levi Gayle ◽  
Limor Golan
Keyword(s):  
Adverse Selection ◽  
Labour Force ◽  
Selection Model ◽  
Gender Earnings Gap ◽  
Earnings Gap

scholarly journals Gender Earnings Gap among Urban Youth Adults in Bangladesh: A Comparative Static Analysis

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (3) ◽  
pp. 45
Author(s):  
Muhammad Shahadat Hossain Siddiquee ◽  
Md. Saiful Islam ◽  
Md. Raied Arman
Keyword(s):  
Labor Markets ◽  
Urban Youth ◽  
Labour Force ◽  
Working Environment ◽  
Hours Worked ◽  
Gender Earnings Gap ◽  
Earnings Gap ◽  
Income Generating Activities ◽  
Urban Labor ◽  
Urban Labor Markets

Despite the importance and recognition of young women's engagement in income-generating activities for socio-economic development, the gender earnings gap still persists across countries, especially in developing countries like Bangladesh. This study presents two datasets from the most recent past to provide fresh evidence for Bangladesh’s urban labor market that has yet to be closely studied. Using individual-level data from the BBS’s (Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics) Labour Force Surveys (LFS) conducted in 2010 and 2015, we have explored the gender earnings gap among the youth (aged 18 to 35 as per Bangladesh’s National Youth Policy 2017) working and earning in the urban labor markets of Bangladesh by applying the three approaches: Mincerian regression, Oaxaca-Blinder decomposition and Quantile regression. The first approach confirms that young women earn significantly less than young men in the urban labor markets after controlling the influences of the covariates. The detailed decomposition results of the second approach indicate that gender differences in hours worked, education, firm characteristics and locations also contribute to the gender earnings gap and the market discrimination against the youth women’s earnings remain the same over the years. The third approach using the lens of distribution perspective shows that earnings gaps persist up to the 25th percentile of distribution in 2010 though it persists across the entire earnings distribution in 2015. The results suggest that engaging more women in income-generating activities, increasing the number of hours worked, improving access to higher education and creating enabling working environment for women might reduce the gender earnings gap.

Private Pensions and the Gender Distribution of Fiscal Welfare

2020 ◽  
Vol 19 (3) ◽  
pp. 500-516 ◽  
Author(s):  
Micheál L. Collins
Keyword(s):  
Welfare State ◽  
Tax Policy ◽  
Private Pensions ◽  
Gender Distribution ◽  
Member States ◽  
Current Structure ◽  
Gender Earnings Gap ◽  
Earnings Gap ◽  
Using Data ◽  
The Welfare State

The provision of taxation relief to support pension savings has become a large and expensive aspect of the welfare state in many countries. Among OECD member states this exceeds $200 billion in revenue forgone each year. Previous research has consistently found this fiscal welfare to have pronounced regressive distributive outcomes. However, little is known about the gendered impact of these fiscal welfare supports, a void this article addresses. Using data for Ireland the article finds that the current structure of fiscal welfare supports notably favours males over females. Nominal contribution levels are higher among males, and males are more likely to be active contributors to pension savings. The associated tax supports are consequently skewed, with two-thirds received by men and one-third by women. This outcome suggests a continuation of the gender earnings gap into retirement and a discontinuity between longevity expectations and tax policy supports for pension provision.

The Role of Behavioral Frictions in Health Insurance Marketplace Enrollment and Risk: Evidence from a Field Experiment

2021 ◽  
Vol 111 (5) ◽  
pp. 1549-1574
Author(s):  
Richard Domurat ◽  
Isaac Menashe ◽  
Wesley Yin
Keyword(s):  
Health Insurance ◽  
Field Experiment ◽  
Positive Selection ◽  
Adverse Selection ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Market Risk ◽  
Selection Model ◽  
Heterogeneous Effects ◽  
Low Income Consumers

We experimentally varied information mailed to 87,000 households in California’s health insurance marketplace to study the role of frictions in insurance take-up. Reminders about the enrollment deadline raised enrollment by 1.3 pp (16 percent) in this typically low take-up population. Heterogeneous effects of personalized subsidy information indicate misperceptions about program benefits. Consistent with an adverse selection model with frictional enrollment costs, the intervention lowered average spending risk by 5.1 percent, implying that marginal respondents were 37 percent less costly than inframarginal consumers. We observe the largest positive selection among low income consumers, who exhibit the largest frictions in enrollment. Finally, we estimate the implied value of the letter intervention to be $25 to $53 per month in subsidy dollars. These results suggest that frictions may partially explain low take-up for marketplace insurance, and that interventions reducing them can improve enrollment and market risk in exchanges. (JEL C93, G22, G52, H75, I13)

Do Women Respond Less to Performance Pay? Building Evidence from Multiple Experiments

2021 ◽  
Vol 3 (4) ◽  
pp. 435-454
Author(s):  
Oriana Bandiera ◽  
Greg Fischer ◽  
Andrea Prat ◽  
Erina Ytsma
Keyword(s):  
Empirical Work ◽  
Bayesian Hierarchical Model ◽  
Performance Pay ◽  
Average Effect ◽  
Performance Incentives ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Bayesian Hierarchical ◽  
Gender Earnings Gap ◽  
Earnings Gap

Existing empirical work raises the hypothesis that performance pay—whatever its output gains—may widen the gender earnings gap because women may respond less to incentives. We evaluate this possibility by aggregating evidence from existing experiments on performance incentives with male and female subjects. Using a Bayesian hierarchical model, we estimate both the average effect and heterogeneity across studies. We find that the gender response difference is close to zero and heterogeneity across studies is small, while performance pay increases output by 0.36 standard deviations on average. The data thus support agency theory for men and women alike. (JEL C11, C90, J16, J31, J33)

The gender earnings gap among pharmacists

2012 ◽  
Vol 8 (4) ◽  
pp. 285-297 ◽  
Author(s):  
Manuel J. Carvajal ◽  
Graciela M. Armayor ◽  
Lisa Deziel
Keyword(s):  
Gender Earnings Gap ◽  
Earnings Gap

Dynamics of the Gender Earnings Inequality in Reform-Era Urban China

2018 ◽  
Vol 32 (4) ◽  
pp. 726-746 ◽  
Author(s):  
Guangye He ◽  
Xiaogang Wu
Keyword(s):  
Economic Development ◽  
Gender Inequality ◽  
Earnings Inequality ◽  
Urban China ◽  
Reform Era ◽  
Gender Earnings Gap ◽  
Earnings Gap ◽  
Level Statistics ◽  
Main Driver ◽  
Multi Level

This article examines the differential impacts of marketisation and economic development on gender earnings inequality in reform-era urban China. Based on data from the 2005 population mini-census with prefecture-level statistics, we distinguish the effect of economic development from that of marketisation on the gender earnings gap. Multi-level analyses reveal that marketisation and economic development have affected gender inequality in different ways: whereas market forces have exacerbated gender earnings inequality, economic development has reduced it. Overall, marketisation appears to be the main driver of the increase in gender earnings inequality in urban China. Implications for policies promoting gender equality in China are discussed.

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