scholarly journals Thomas C. Schelling dans les sciences sociales

2019 ◽  
pp. 7-17
Author(s):  
Natália Frozel Barros ◽  
Alessio Motta
Keyword(s):  
Think Tanks ◽  
Rand Corporation ◽  
The One ◽  
Thomas Schelling ◽  
Sciences Sociales

Par ses travaux et sa position à partir des années 1950 dans différentes institutions publiques états-uniennes et think tanks comme la RAND Corporation, Thomas Schelling a été un conseiller indirect du prince dont le rôle fut peut-être décisif dans le plus important événement de la seconde moitié du XXe siècle, « [the] one that did not occur ». Notre planète n’est pas devenue le théâtre d’une guerre nucléaire entre grandes puissances.

THE DEVELOPMENT OF THINK TANKS IN THE U.S. IN THE FIRST HALF OF THE TWENTIETH CENTURY: THE POLITICAL AND SOCIOECONOMIC CONTEXT

2020 ◽  
pp. 99-109
Author(s):  
Iana V. Shchetinskaia ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Foreign Relations ◽  
The United States ◽  
Think Tanks ◽  
Rand Corporation ◽  
The Political ◽  
International Crises ◽  
Political Factors ◽  
The Government ◽  
The U.S

Research institutions and specifically think tanks have existed and developed in the United States for more than 100 years. Since their inception, they have changed and evolved in many ways, while expanding their research foci and political impact. Since the 2010s, a few experts in the field have observed that the U.S. policy expertise is now in crisis. To understand current challenges of policy analysis institutions it is important to study them in a historical retrospective. This article explores the political and socioeconomic contexts in which think tanks emerged and developed from 1910 to the 1950-s. It particularly examines the role of international crises, as well as domestic political factors, such as the role of philanthropy organizations, institutional changes in the government, and others. It discusses how these domestic and foreign policy aspects affected the early development of the Carnegie Endowment for the International Peace (1910), the Council on Foreign Relations (1921) and the RAND Corporation (1948).

Chinese Military-Related Think Tanks and Research Institutions

2002 ◽  
Vol 171 ◽  
pp. 617-624 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bates Gill ◽  
James Mulvenon
Keyword(s):  
Think Tanks ◽  
Research Institutions ◽  
Sources Of Information ◽  
Think Tank ◽  
Security Research ◽  
Challenges And Opportunities ◽  
Chinese Military ◽  
Governmental Institutions ◽  
The One ◽  
New Research

The national security research community in Beijing is dominated by think tanks and other research institutes affiliated with specific governmental institutions. The People's Liberation Army (PLA) maintains its own set of internal and affiliated research institutions, performing a variety of intelligence, exchange and research functions. The growth and professionalization of the Chinese military think tank community, combined with the widening degree of interaction between PLA researchers and foreigners presents a new set of challenges and opportunities for scholarly research. On the one hand, the new environment complicates the task of outside scholars as they seek to understand the biases and reliability of new sources of information. At the same time, it offers foreign scholars an unprecedented opportunity to test theories, delve into new research and improve understanding of the PLA. This article examines the roles, missions and composition of the units in this system, assesses the influence, authoritativeness and utility of the output from these organs, and offers some preliminary implications for Western study of the Chinese military.

scholarly journals Neoliberalism Incorporated: Early Neoliberal Involvement in the Postwar Reconstruction: The Case Study of the Netherlands (1945–1958)

2021 ◽  
Vol 51 (1) ◽  
pp. 98-121
Author(s):  
Bram Mellink
Keyword(s):  
The Netherlands ◽  
Paradigm Shift ◽  
Think Tanks ◽  
Political Agenda ◽  
Press Coverage ◽  
Social Democrats ◽  
Postwar Reconstruction ◽  
Neoliberal Policies ◽  
The One

Although recent studies have extensively traced the development of neoliberal ideas in international think-tanks since the late 1930s, scholars of early neoliberalism have paid far less attention to the translation of these ideas into policy. Current scholarship predominantly identifies the introduction of neoliberal policies with a paradigm shift among policymakers in the late 1970s and depicts the early neoliberal movement as an idea-centred and isolated phenomenon that was unable to put its ideas into practice. This article argues instead that early neoliberals employed an idea-centred approach to politics to establish a coalition of like-minded academics, journalists, politicians and policy officials. Focusing on the Netherlands, it demonstrates how this strategy brought neoliberals press coverage, influence within the Christian democratic parliamentary parties and acknowledgement among professional economists. On the one hand, their struggle to exert influence over policy matters contributed to the implementation of pro-market industrialization policies, which, ironically, were pursued by a coalition of social democrats and Christian democrats. On the other hand, it also compelled them to include Christian-democratic views in their political agenda, leading to a corporatist-neoliberal policy synthesis whose features exhibit remarkable similarities to German ‘ordoliberal’ ideas.

The limits of influence: foreign policy think tanks in Britain and the USA

1994 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
pp. 15-34 ◽  
Author(s):  
Richard Higgott ◽  
Diane Stone
Keyword(s):  
Foreign Policy ◽  
International Relations ◽  
Policy Research ◽  
Think Tanks ◽  
International Affairs ◽  
Non Profit ◽  
Governmental Organizations ◽  
Non Governmental Organizations ◽  
The Usa ◽  
The One

International non–governmental organizations and their influence over policy in international relations have become subjects of scholarly attention in recent years. One sector of the international policy-cum-analytic community that has received little attention, however, is that group of nationally based non-profit independent policy research institutes—popularly known as ‘think tanks’. This is a strange omission. Foreign policy think tanks and institutes of international affairs are of interest to the wider debates in international relations for two reasons. On the one hand, they aspire to be participants—if mostly marginal ones—in the foreign policy making process. On the other hand, notwithstanding the tension between these two roles, some contribute directly to international relationsas a field of study. Yet a common theme prevails. All foreign policy institutes are founded upon a conviction thatideas are important. Researchers and executives of institutes, as well as their corporate, government and foundation supporters, often believe that their intellectual input into policy debates makes a difference. While this can be the case, we suggest that it is less so than many advocates often assume.

scholarly journals ESTRATÉGIAS DE REPRODUÇÃO E MODOS DE DOMINAÇÃO

2020 ◽  
Vol 17 (33) ◽  
pp. 21
Author(s):  
Pierre Bourdieu
Keyword(s):  
Social Order ◽  
Social Contexts ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Max Planck ◽  
Family Structures ◽  
Collège De France ◽  
Reproduction Strategies ◽  
Renaissance Italy ◽  
The One ◽  
Sciences Sociales

Este texto é a transcrição do curso do Collège de France ministrado em Göttingen, em 23 de setembro de 1993. As comunicações apresentadas após esse curso no seminário da Mission historique française na Alemanha, organizada por Patrice Veit e Olivier Christin, serviram de base a este número de Actes de la recherche en sciences sociales. Outros trabalhos apresentados nesse seminário serão publicados posteriormente, sobretudo os artigos de Alf Lüdke, Jurgen Schlumbohm, Hans Medick e outros pesquisadores do Max Planck Institutfür Geschichte, assim como um quadro global da história social na Alemanha, com contribuições de Carola Lipp e Étienne François, dentre outras. Tradução de Patrícia C. R. Reuillard (UFRGS). Revisão técnica de Igor Gastal Grill e Rodrigo da Rosa Bordignon. Originalmente publicado na Actes de la recherche en sciences sociales. V. 105, n.º 1, 1994. O comitê editorial optou por manter a normalização do original. A publicação da versão em português foi autorizada pela equipe editorial do periódico.Palavras-chave: Estratégias de reprodução. Ordem social. Família. Instituição escolar. Estado.REPRODUCTION STRATEGIES AND MODES OF DOMINATIONAbstractIn order to understand how the social order perpetuates itself, it is necessary to establish a table of reproduction strategies (biologicalinvestments, inheritance, education, economic investment, social investment, marriage alliances, symbolic investment and sociodicy)and of the system of reproduction mechanisms (labor market, inheritance laws, property rights, schools). Various examples taken from remote social contexts, such as the transmission of first names in Kabyliaand Renaissance Italy or the domestic policy of peasant families, show the profound differences between, on the one hand, societies in which the arrangements for reproduction and the reproduction strategiesthey engender are wholly based, in the objectivity of social structures, on family structures, the main if not exclusive instrument of reproduction, and must therefore be organized around educational and matrimonial strategies, and, on the other hand, societies in which these strategiescan also count on the structures of an organized state, the most important of which, from the point of view of reproduction, are those of the educational system.Keywords: Reproduction strategies. Social order. Family. Educational System. State.

Who's Thinking about National Security?

Worldview ◽  
1984 ◽  
Vol 27 (2) ◽  
pp. 21-23
Author(s):  
Garry D. Brewer ◽  
Paul Bracken
Keyword(s):  
World War Ii ◽  
National Security ◽  
Security Policy ◽  
Important Change ◽  
Think Tanks ◽  
Rand Corporation ◽  
World War ◽  
Interesting Phenomenon ◽  
Security Issues ◽  
Financial Base

Prior to World War II, American national security policy was formed by a loosely connected elite that generally operated from a business-financial base in the northeastern United States. It was from this group that secretaries of state and war were drawn and among this group that serious long-range thinking on important security issues was undertaken. The power of this community continued after the war, probably reaching its zenith in the 1950s, when an important change occurred. Unversities like Harvard, Yale, and Chicago gained prominence at this time, but the more interesting phenomenon was the emergence of so-called "defense intellectuals" at places like the Rand Corporation and other think tanks.

scholarly journals A Place and a Link. The Socialist Intellectual Space

2020 ◽  
Vol Varia (Articles) ◽  
Author(s):  
Thibaut Rioufreyt
Keyword(s):  
Social Scientist ◽  
Think Tanks ◽  
Political Leaders ◽  
Organizational Boundaries ◽  
Political Ideas ◽  
The Social ◽  
Collective Actors ◽  
International Audience ◽  
Hybrid Spaces ◽  
Sciences Sociales

épi-revue, première diffusion HAL :12 mars 2020 International audience The production of political ideas goes beyond the organizational boundaries of the political parties and takes place through the mediation of collective actors ( foundations, clubs, think tanks, magazines, publishers, grandes écoles, research centers, universities,...) and individuals (political leaders, intellectuals, experts, translators, editors,...) coming from logics and heterogeneous social spaces. In this perspective, this article proposes to interrogate the topological concepts available to the social scientist (network, social world, field, epistemic community,...) to analyze these hybrid spaces by applying them to an empirical case : the socialiste intellectual space. La production des idées politiques dépasse les seules frontières organisationnelles des partis et s’effectue à travers la médiation d’acteurs collectifs (fondations, clubs, think tanks, revues, maisons d’éditions, grandes écoles, centres de recherche, universités,  ...) et individuels (responsables politiques, intellectuels, experts, traducteurs, éditeurs,  ...) à la croisée de logiques et d’espaces sociaux hétérogènes. Dans cette perspective, cet article se propose d’interroger les concepts topologiques à disposition du chercheur en sciences sociales (réseau, monde social, champ, communauté épistémique, ...) pour pouvoir analyser ces lieux hybrides en les appliquant à un cas empirique : l’espace intellectuel socialiste.

Note on Selection of Coordinate Systems for Geodynamics

1975 ◽  
Vol 26 ◽  
pp. 395-407
Author(s):  
S. Henriksen
Keyword(s):  
Sea Level ◽  
The Other ◽  
Coordinate Systems ◽  
Mean Sea Level ◽  
The Earth ◽  
The One ◽  
Static Systems ◽  
Selection Of

The first question to be answered, in seeking coordinate systems for geodynamics, is: what is geodynamics? The answer is, of course, that geodynamics is that part of geophysics which is concerned with movements of the Earth, as opposed to geostatics which is the physics of the stationary Earth. But as far as we know, there is no stationary Earth – epur sic monere. So geodynamics is actually coextensive with geophysics, and coordinate systems suitable for the one should be suitable for the other. At the present time, there are not many coordinate systems, if any, that can be identified with a static Earth. Certainly the only coordinate of aeronomic (atmospheric) interest is the height, and this is usually either as geodynamic height or as pressure. In oceanology, the most important coordinate is depth, and this, like heights in the atmosphere, is expressed as metric depth from mean sea level, as geodynamic depth, or as pressure. Only for the earth do we find “static” systems in use, ana even here there is real question as to whether the systems are dynamic or static. So it would seem that our answer to the question, of what kind, of coordinate systems are we seeking, must be that we are looking for the same systems as are used in geophysics, and these systems are dynamic in nature already – that is, their definition involvestime.

Nucleation of Disorder in Fe3Al Alloys

1967 ◽  
Vol 25 ◽  
pp. 312-313
Author(s):  
P. R. Swann ◽  
W. R. Duff ◽  
R. M. Fisher
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Transmission Electron Microscopy ◽  
Annealing Temperature ◽  
Antiphase Domain ◽  
Effect Of Temperature ◽  
Domain Structures ◽  
Transmission Electron ◽  
Domain Boundaries ◽  
Higher Temperature ◽  
The One

Recently we have investigated the phase equilibria and antiphase domain structures of Fe-Al alloys containing from 18 to 50 at.% Al by transmission electron microscopy and Mössbauer techniques. This study has revealed that none of the published phase diagrams are correct, although the one proposed by Rimlinger agrees most closely with our results to be published separately. In this paper observations by transmission electron microscopy relating to the nucleation of disorder in Fe-24% Al will be described. Figure 1 shows the structure after heating this alloy to 776.6°C and quenching. The white areas are B2 micro-domains corresponding to regions of disorder which form at the annealing temperature and re-order during the quench. By examining specimens heated in a temperature gradient of 2°C/cm it is possible to determine the effect of temperature on the disordering reaction very precisely. It was found that disorder begins at existing antiphase domain boundaries but that at a slightly higher temperature (1°C) it also occurs by homogeneous nucleation within the domains. A small (∼ .01°C) further increase in temperature caused these micro-domains to completely fill the specimen.

Fundamental Research into Thin Films in a Developing Country

1972 ◽  
Vol 30 ◽  
pp. 500-501
Author(s):  
J.A. Eades ◽  
E. Grünbaum
Keyword(s):  
Thin Films ◽  
Growth Process ◽  
Empirical Process ◽  
Nucleation And Growth ◽  
Research Groups ◽  
Film Research ◽  
Fundamental Research ◽  
Controlled Deposition ◽  
The One ◽  
The University

In the last decade and a half, thin film research, particularly research into problems associated with epitaxy, has developed from a simple empirical process of determining the conditions for epitaxy into a complex analytical and experimental study of the nucleation and growth process on the one hand and a technology of very great importance on the other. During this period the thin films group of the University of Chile has studied the epitaxy of metals on metal and insulating substrates. The development of the group, one of the first research groups in physics to be established in the country, has parallelled the increasing complexity of the field.The elaborate techniques and equipment now needed for research into thin films may be illustrated by considering the plant and facilities of this group as characteristic of a good system for the controlled deposition and study of thin films.

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