scholarly journals Vertebrae Cervical of Egret (Egretta garzeta)

2020 ◽  
Vol 3 ◽  
pp. 95-97
Author(s):  
Nila ‘Uyun Haqiqi ◽  
Pradita Icha Listya Rini ◽  
Ririn Krismiati
Keyword(s):  
High Speed ◽  
Bone Structure ◽  
Cervical Vertebrae ◽  
Ground Surface ◽  
The Other ◽  
Pivot Point ◽  
Posterior Condyle ◽  
Binocular Stereo ◽  
Stereo Microscope ◽  
Structure And Functions

Egret is a long-necked bird that is often found in several regions in Indonesia. Egret have different neck bone structure than the other birds. When flying position the neck can be folded to from the letter S and when taking food the neck can bend down unt il it reaches the ground surface. His neck is strong and cannot be broken. Egret’s neck is composed of 13 vertebrae, each of which has a different structure and functions. In sections C5 to C7 have special characteristics. The sixth neck bone lengthens and the arrangement of muscle connections is elastic. To observe the cervical vertebrae in Egret done by cleaning all attached tissue then observed using a binocular stereo microscope wurh a magnification of 0.8x. The observations show that at C5 it has a longer segment than the others and has posterior condyle. Then in C6 there is a pivot point that allows the Egret to pull their necks into an S shape and allows Egret to push the head forward and catch prey at high speed (Wheler, 1929)

scholarly journals Topical co‐administration of zoledronate with recombinant human bone morphogenetic protein-2 can induce and maintain bone formation in the bone marrow environment

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Hideki Ueyama ◽  
Yoichi Ohta ◽  
Yuuki Imai ◽  
Akinobu Suzuki ◽  
Ryo Sugama ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Bone Marrow ◽  
Bone Formation ◽  
Bone Structure ◽  
Precursor Cells ◽  
The Other ◽  
Bone Morphogenetic Protein 2 ◽  
New Bone Formation ◽  
Micro Computed Tomography ◽  
Mineral Density ◽  
Left Femur

Abstract Background Bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs) induce osteogenesis in various environments. However, when BMPs are used alone in the bone marrow environment, the maintenance of new bone formation is difficult owing to vigorous bone resorption. This is because BMPs stimulate the differentiation of not only osteoblast precursor cells but also osteoclast precursor cells. The present study aimed to induce and maintain new bone formation using the topical co-administration of recombinant human BMP-2 (rh-BMP-2) and zoledronate (ZOL) on beta-tricalcium phosphate (β-TCP) composite. Methods β-TCP columns were impregnated with both rh-BMP-2 (30 µg) and ZOL (5 µg), rh-BMP-2 alone, or ZOL alone, and implanted into the left femur canal of New Zealand white rabbits (n = 56). The implanted β-TCP columns were harvested and evaluated at 3 and 6 weeks after implantation. These harvested β-TCP columns were evaluated radiologically using plane radiograph, and histologically using haematoxylin/eosin (H&E) and Masson’s trichrome (MT) staining. In addition, micro-computed tomography (CT) was performed for qualitative analysis of bone formation in each group (n = 7). Results Tissue sections stained with H&E and MT dyes revealed that new bone formation inside the β-TCP composite was significantly greater in those impregnated with both rh-BMP-2 and ZOL than in those from the other experimental groups at 3 and 6 weeks after implantations (p < 0.05). Micro-CT data also demonstrated that the bone volume and the bone mineral density inside the β-TCP columns were significantly greater in those impregnated with both rh-BMP-2 and ZOL than in those from the other experimental groups at 3 and 6 weeks after implantations (p < 0.05). Conclusions The topical co-administration of both rh-BMP-2 and ZOL on β-TCP composite promoted and maintained newly formed bone structure in the bone marrow environment.

ON SHALLOW‐HOLE TEMPERATURE MEASUREMENTS—A TEST STUDY IN THE SALTON SEA GEOTHERMAL FIELD

Geophysics ◽  
1977 ◽  
Vol 42 (3) ◽  
pp. 572-583 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tien‐Chang Lee
Keyword(s):  
Numerical Methods ◽  
Ground Surface ◽  
Nonlinear Least Squares ◽  
Geothermal Gradient ◽  
Geothermal Field ◽  
The Other ◽  
Temperature Measurements ◽  
Salton Sea ◽  
Depth Interval ◽  
Average Value

Shallow‐hole (<13 m) temperature measurements made at various depths and/or times may yield reliable values of geothermal gradient and thermal diffusivity if the groundwater table is shallow (a few meters) such that the effect of time‐dependent moisture content and physical properties is negligible. Two numerical methods based on nonlinear least‐squares curve fitting are derived to remove the effect of annual temperature wave at the ground surface. One method can provide information on the gradient and diffusivity as a function of depth while the other gives average value over the depth interval measured. Experiments were carried in six test holes cased with 2 cm OD PVC pipes in the Salton Sea geothermal field. A set of 5 to 7 thermistors was permanently buried inside the individual pipes with dry sand. Consistent gradient determinations have been obtained with both numerical methods from six monthly observations. By linearly extrapolating the depths to the 100°C and 200°C isotherms from the calculated gradients and mean ground temperatures, we have found good agreement with the nearby deep‐well data for four holes. Discrepancy is found for two holes, one of which is located near the field of [Formula: see text] mud volcanoes and the other near the volcanic Red Hill, reflecting complicated local hydrologic conditions.

scholarly journals Leader-chasing behavior in negative artificial triggered lightning flashes

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Fukun Wang ◽  
Jianguo Wang ◽  
Li Cai ◽  
Rui Su ◽  
Wenhan Ding ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
High Speed ◽  
The Other ◽  
Lightning Flash ◽  
High Speed Camera ◽  
Return Stroke ◽  
Catching Up ◽  
Special Cases ◽  
Triggered Lightning

AbstractTwo special cases of dart leader propagation were observed by the high-speed camera in the leader/return stroke sequences of a classical triggered lightning flash and an altitude-triggered lightning flash, respectively. Different from most of the subsequent return strokes preceded by only one leader, the return stroke in each case was preceded by two leaders occurring successively and competing in the same channel, which herein is named leader-chasing behavior. In one case, the polarity of the latter leader was opposite to that of the former leader and these two combined together to form a new leader, which shared the same polarity with the former leader. In the other case, the latter leader shared the same polarity with the former leader and disappeared after catching up with the former leader. The propagation of the former leader in this case seems not to be significantly influenced by the existence of the latter leader.

Study on Edge Contact Area and Surface Integrity of Workpiece in Point Grinding Process

2009 ◽  
Vol 407-408 ◽  
pp. 577-581
Author(s):  
Shi Chao Xiu ◽  
Zhi Jie Geng ◽  
Guang Qi Cai
Keyword(s):  
Surface Integrity ◽  
Contact Area ◽  
High Speed ◽  
Ground Surface ◽  
Depth Of Cut ◽  
Grinding Wheel ◽  
Grinding Process ◽  
Edge Contact ◽  
Cylindrical Grinding ◽  
Theoretic Foundations

During cylindrical grinding process, the geometric configuration and size of the edge contact area between the grinding wheel and workpiece have the heavy effects on the workpiece surface integrity. In consideration of the differences between the point grinding and the conventional high speed cylindrical grinding, the geometric and mathematic models of the edge contact area in point grinding were established. Based on the models, the numerical simulation for the edge contact area was performed. By means of the point grinding experiment, the effect mechanism of the edge contact area on the ground surface integrity was investigated. These will offer the applied theoretic foundations for optimizing the point grinding angles, depth of cut, wheel and workpiece speed, geometrical configuration and size of CBN wheel and some other grinding parameters in point grinding process.

Liquid Behavior in Containers with a Liquid-Packing Bag for Liquid Products Subjected to Drop Impact

2006 ◽  
Vol 321-323 ◽  
pp. 1280-1283 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eisaku Umezaki ◽  
Yuuma Shinoda ◽  
Katsunori Futase
Keyword(s):  
High Speed ◽  
Free Fall ◽  
The Other ◽  
Impact Loads ◽  
Visualization Technique ◽  
Transparent Plastic ◽  
Plastic Films ◽  
Liquid Behavior ◽  
Liquid Products ◽  
Polyethylene Particles

The behavior of liquid in containers subjected to impact loads due to free fall was investigated using a visualization technique. Two types of containers were used. One consisted of a case made of transparent plastic plates and a liquid-packing bag made of transparent plastic films. The bag contained about 1,000 ml of liquid. The other was a case made only of transparent plastic plates. The case contained about 1,000 ml of water. The liquid consisted of water and ethanol. Polyethylene particles of about 3 mm in diameter were included in the liquid to visualize the movement of liquid in the containers. The containers were subjected to impact due to free fall, and photographs of the containers were taken using a high-speed camera. Results indicated that the behavior of liquid in the container with a liquid-packing bag is different from that of the container without a liquid-packing bag.

Practical Aspects of Propulsion Shaft Alignment

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kyriakos Avgouleas ◽  
Emmanouil Sarris ◽  
George Gougoulidis
Keyword(s):  
Cost Effectiveness ◽  
Numerical Model ◽  
High Speed ◽  
The Other ◽  
Technical Literature ◽  
Trade Off ◽  
Fea Model ◽  
Shaft Alignment ◽  
Alignment Strategy ◽  
Potential Damage

The economical and operational implications of poor alignment are indisputable for the propulsion shafting system of a commercial vessel. This holds true for naval vessels as well, although far less documented in the technical literature. This paper addresses some of the challenges associated with the proper alignment of a high-speed naval craft, which has been in service for many years. Laser bore-sighting was performed on a Guided Missile Fast Patrol Boat resting on a docking cradle. The measured bearing offsets were input to a FEA model of the shafting system to calculate bearing reactions and detect potential misalignment issues. Subsequent decisions regarding corrective measures take into account the results computed by the numerical model, experience from sister ships, the available documentation from the building yard and several other factors which are discussed in the paper. The solutions proposed are targeted towards a balanced trade-off between cost effectiveness and out-of-service time on one hand, and the risk of potential damage from misalignment on the other hand, which would seriously disrupt the ship’s operational availability. Practical aspects and lessons identified in the process are also presented, which demonstrate the distinct differences in alignment strategy of a high-speed naval craft compared to a typical commercial vessel.

Aeroelastic Problems in connection with High-Speed Flight

1956 ◽  
Vol 60 (547) ◽  
pp. 459-475 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. G. Broadbent
Keyword(s):  
Mach Number ◽  
High Speed ◽  
The Other ◽  
Control Surface ◽  
The Past ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Aerodynamic Derivatives ◽  
Mach Numbers ◽  
The One

SummaryA review is given of developments in the field of aeroelasticity during the past ten years. The effect of steadily increasing Mach number has been two-fold: on the one hand the aerodynamic derivatives have changed, and in some cases brought new problems, and on the other hand the design for higher Mach numbers has led to thinner aerofoils and more slender fuselages for which the required stiffness is more difficult to provide. Both these aspects are discussed, and various methods of attack on the problems are considered. The relative merits of stiffness, damping and massbalance for the prevention of control surface flutter are discussed. A brief mention is made of the recent problems of damage from jet efflux and of the possible aeroelastic effects of kinetic heating.

Ultra-High Speed Grinding Using a CBN Wheel for a Mirror-Like Surface Finish

2005 ◽  
Vol 291-292 ◽  
pp. 67-72 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Ota ◽  
T. Nakayama ◽  
K. Takashima ◽  
H. Watanabe
Keyword(s):  
Surface Finish ◽  
High Speed ◽  
High Efficiency ◽  
Ground Surface ◽  
Machining Process ◽  
Grinding Wheel ◽  
Cbn Wheel ◽  
Ultra High Speed ◽  
High Speed Grinding ◽  
Grinding Conditions

There are strong demands for a machining process capable of reducing the surface roughness of sliding parts, such as auto parts and other components, with high efficiency. In this work, we attempted to grind hardened steel to a mirror-like surface finish with high efficiency using an ultra-high speed grinding process. In the present study, we examined the effects of the work speed and the grinding wheel grain size in an effort to optimize the grinding conditions for accomplishing mirror-like surface grinding with high efficiency. The results showed that increasing the work speed, while keeping grinding efficiency constant, was effective in reducing the work affected layer and that the grinding force of a #200 CBN wheel was lower than that of a #80 CBN wheel. Based on these results, a high-efficiency grinding step with optimized grinding conditions was selected that achieved excellent ground surface quality with a mirror-like finish.

scholarly journals The effect of a lack of uncapped brood on social interactions between honey bee workers and the queen

Apidologie ◽  
2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sylwia Łopuch ◽  
Adam Tofilski
Keyword(s):  
Social Interactions ◽  
Honey Bee ◽  
Honey Bees ◽  
High Speed ◽  
Egg Production ◽  
Social Contexts ◽  
The Other ◽  
High Speed Camera ◽  
Time Required ◽  
Honey Bee Workers

AbstractVibro-acoustic communication is used by honey bees in many different social contexts. Our previous research showed that workers interact with their queen outside of the swarming period by means of wing-beating behaviour. Therefore, the aim of this study was to verify the hypothesis that the wing-beating behaviour of workers attending the queen stimulates her to lay eggs. The behaviour of workers and the queen was recorded using a high-speed camera, at first in the presence of uncapped brood in the nest and then without one. None of the queens performed wing-beating behaviour. On the other hand, the workers attending the queen demonstrated this behaviour two times per minute, on average, even in the presence of uncapped brood in the nest. After removing the combs with the uncapped brood, the incidence of wing-beating behaviour increased significantly to an average of four times per minute. Wing-beating behaviour did not differ significantly in its characteristics when uncapped brood was present or absent in the nest. During 3 days after removing the combs with the uncapped brood, there was no significant increase in the rate of egg lying by the queen. Therefore, the results presented here do not convincingly confirm that the wing-beating behaviour of workers affects the rate of queen's egg-lying. This negative result can be related to colony disturbance and longer time required by the queen to increase egg production.

Relationships between the Perception of Nasalization and Speech Movements in Speakers with Cleft Palate

1985 ◽  
Vol 28 (1) ◽  
pp. 63-72 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael P. Karnell ◽  
John W. Folkins ◽  
Hughlett L. Morris
Keyword(s):  
Cleft Palate ◽  
High Speed ◽  
Posterior Pharyngeal Wall ◽  
The Other ◽  
Pharyngeal Wall ◽  
Acoustic Target ◽  
Temporal Measures ◽  
Target Syllable ◽  
Over Time

The purpose of this study was to examine the relationships between several temporal measures of speech movements and perceived nasalization in speakers with cleft palate. Four adult subjects with repaired cleft palate were filmed using high-speed (100 frames/s) cinefluorography as they produced target syllables embedded in a carrier phrase. Perceived nasalization of each extracted acoustic target syllable was rated by 18 trained judges. Movements of the tongue tip, tongue dorsum, jaw, velar knee, velar tip, and posterior pharyngeal wall were plotted over time. Time of movement onsets and movement offsets was identified from the plots. Voice onset and offset times were identified from the synchronized acoustic recordings. The findings indicate that normally expected velopharyngeal movements occurred near the time of jaw-lowering onset during nasalized CVC and CVN productions in two subjects who were judged to exhibit high levels of nasalization. The other two subjects showed no velopharyngeal movements during the CVC production. It is speculated that velopharyngeal movements normally expected in CVC utterances may be avoided by some speakers with cleft palate in order to minimize perceptible nasalization.

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