scholarly journals Investigating the Relationship Between Dietary Specialization of Caterpillars and Their Risk of Ant Predation in a Forest Community

2014 ◽  
Author(s):  
Emily Rae Johnson
Keyword(s):  
Forest Community ◽  
Dietary Specialization ◽  
Ant Predation ◽  
The Relationship

scholarly journals Macroevolutionary analyses indicate that repeated adaptive shifts towards predatory diets affect functional diversity in Neotropical cichlids

2020 ◽  
Vol 129 (4) ◽  
pp. 844-861 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jessica H Arbour ◽  
Carmen G Montaña ◽  
Kirk O Winemiller ◽  
Allison A Pease ◽  
Miriam Soria-Barreto ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Morphological Evolution ◽  
Ecological Niches ◽  
Functional Diversification ◽  
Dietary Specialization ◽  
Dietary Niche ◽  
Adaptive Shifts ◽  
Trophic Diversification ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Major Division ◽  
Neotropical Cichlids

Abstract During adaptive radiation, diversification within clades is limited by adaptation to the available ecological niches, and this may drive patterns of both trait and species diversity. However, adaptation to disparate niches may result in varied impacts on the timing, pattern and rate of morphological evolution. In this study, we examined the relationship between feeding ecology and functional diversification across a diverse clade of freshwater fishes, the Neotropical cichlids. Species dietary niches were ordinated via multivariate analysis of stomach content data. We investigated changes in the rate and pattern of morphological diversification associated with feeding, including dietary niche and degree of dietary specialization. A major division in dietary niche space was observed between predators that consume fish and macroinvertebrates vs. other groups with diets dominated by small invertebrates, detritus or vegetation. These trophic niches were strongly associated with groupings defined by functional morphospace. Clades within the piscivore/macroinvertivore group rarely transitioned to other dietary niches. Comparatively, high dietary specialization enhanced functional diversification, driving the evolution of more extreme morphologies. Divergent patterns of trophic diversification among Neotropical cichlids appear to derive from different performance demands in regional abiotic and biotic environments associated with biogeographical history.

Forest communities: New frameworks for assessing sustainability

1999 ◽  
Vol 75 (5) ◽  
pp. 747-754 ◽  
Author(s):  
Solange Nadeau ◽  
Bruce Shindler ◽  
Christina Kakoyannis
Keyword(s):  
Management Practices ◽  
Well Being ◽  
The United States ◽  
Community Capacity ◽  
Forest Community ◽  
Forest Communities ◽  
Community Stability ◽  
Policy Makers ◽  
Community Resiliency ◽  
The Relationship

In both Canada and the United States, there has been a growing interest in the sustainability of forests and forest communities. Policy makers and scientists have attempted to understand how forest management practices can enhance or harm the future of such communities. Although many studies have historically used economic indicators as measures of community stability, more recently researchers have demonstrated that the relationship between communities and forests goes far beyond simple economic dependency. Thus, recent frameworks for assessing forest communities have also addressed the need for broader social and institutional components. In this article, we briefly review three of these recent concepts — community capacity, community well-being and community resiliency — and examine what each of these terms has to contribute to the assessment of forest communities. Key words: forest community, community stability, community capacity, community well-being, community resilience

scholarly journals Dietary specialization is conditionally associated with increased ant predation risk in a temperate forest caterpillar community

2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (21) ◽  
pp. 12099-12112
Author(s):  
Michael S. Singer ◽  
Robert E. Clark ◽  
Emily R. Johnson ◽  
Isaac H. Lichter‐Marck ◽  
Kailen A. Mooney ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Predation Risk ◽  
Temperate Forest ◽  
Dietary Specialization ◽  
Ant Predation

scholarly journals Variation in structure and composition of two pine forests in Kailash Sacred Landscape, Nepal

2018 ◽  
Vol 28 (1) ◽  
pp. 26-36
Author(s):  
C. K. Subedi ◽  
J. Gurung ◽  
S. K. Ghimire ◽  
N. Chettri ◽  
B. Pasakhala ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Species Composition ◽  
Plant Species ◽  
Common Species ◽  
Pine Forests ◽  
Forest Community ◽  
Community Characteristics ◽  
Pinus Roxburghii ◽  
Sacred Landscape ◽  
Kailash Sacred Landscape ◽  
The Relationship

Chir pine (Pinus roxburghii Sarg.) and blue pine (Pinus wallichiana A.B. Jacks.) are two common species found in mid-hill forests of Nepal where households largely depend on forest resources for their livelihoods and subsistence. The management of such forests is supported by our understanding of the dynamics in forest structure and species composition and the relationship between different forest community characteristics. This study was designed to determine the variation in species composition and the relationship between various forest community characteristics in two pine forests of Kailash Sacred Landscape, Nepal. Quadrat sampling was applied to collect information on forest species, forest community structure, and disturbance factors.Data was statistically analyzed using IBM SPSS. There were a total of 31 plant species under 28 genera and 20 families in the P. roxburghii forest, and 38 plant species under 37 genera and 19 families in the P. wallichiana forest. Mean DBH, height and canopy diameter of P. roxburghii was 23.98 cm, 12.77 m and 1.97 m, respectively, and that of P. wallichiana was 31.5 cm, 11.48 m and 2.79 m, respectively. The relationship between DBH and both height and crown diameter showed strong relationships in the two forest types. In both  forests, DBH and height class distribution showed a hump-shaped (unimodal type) distribution with a greater proportion of medium-sized individuals that indicated disruptive forest regeneration. Fire and tree cut were significant disturbance factors in P. roxburghii forest, while grazing and trampling were significant in P. wallichiana forest. The extent of these disturbance factors as determinants of regeneration and species recruitment is important to assess for effective forest management. Banko JanakariA Journal of Forestry Information for NepalVol. 28, No. 1, 2018, page: 26-36 

How do fruit productivity, fruit traits and dietary specialization affect the role of birds in a mutualistic network?

2019 ◽  
Vol 35 (5) ◽  
pp. 213-222
Author(s):  
Marcia L. Malanotte ◽  
Tiago Machado-de-Souza ◽  
Ricardo P. Campos ◽  
Carmen L.O. Petkowicz ◽  
Isabela G. Varassin
Keyword(s):  
Atlantic Forest ◽  
Generalized Linear Model ◽  
Plant Traits ◽  
Bird Species ◽  
Fruit Traits ◽  
Dietary Specialization ◽  
Fruit Productivity ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship

AbstractMany plant traits might explain the different ecological and network roles of fruit-eating birds. We assessed the relationship of plant productivity, fruit traits (colour, seed size and nutritional quality) and dietary specialization, with the network roles of fruit-eating birds (number of partners, centrality and selectivity) in the Atlantic Forest, Brazil. We classified bird species according to their dietary specialization into three categories: obligate, partial and opportunistic fruit-eating birds. To test if network roles changed according to dietary specialization, fruit productivity and traits, we used a generalized linear model analysis. The selected 14 species of plant interacted with 52 bird species, which consumed 2199 fruits. The most central and generalist fruit-eating bird, Turdus albicolis, interacted with plants that produced more fruits, such as Miconia cinerascens, and had, on average, larger seeds, such as Myrcia splendens. The most selective birds interacted with fruits with a higher concentration of lipids and less intense colour, and plants that produced fewer fruits. Obligate fruit-eating birds, such as Patagioenas plumbea, were more selective than partial and opportunistic birds. Different plant traits are therefore related to the different network roles of fruit-eating birds in the Atlantic Forest, which are also dependent on bird dietary specialization.

Multiple interaction types determine the impact of ant predation of caterpillars in a forest community

Ecology ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 97 (12) ◽  
pp. 3379-3388 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert E. Clark ◽  
Timothy E. Farkas ◽  
Isaac Lichter-Marck ◽  
Emily R. Johnson ◽  
Michael S. Singer
Keyword(s):  
Forest Community ◽  
Ant Predation ◽  
Interaction Types ◽  
Multiple Interaction ◽  
The Impact

scholarly journals Opportunities and limitations of exotic Pinus radiata as a facilitative nurse for New Zealand indigenous forest restoration

2019 ◽  
Vol 49 ◽  
Author(s):  
Adam S. Forbes ◽  
David A. Norton ◽  
Fiona E. Carswell
Keyword(s):  
Pinus Radiata ◽  
Natural Forest ◽  
Forest Community ◽  
Stand Age ◽  
Native Forest ◽  
Forest Species ◽  
Old Growth ◽  
Indigenous Forest ◽  
The Relationship

Background: We investigated the long-term potential of non-harvest Pinus radiata plantations for the facilitation and restoration of a natural forest community dominated by indigenous woody species. We investigated the relationship between indigenous regeneration and light levels and the hypothesis that proximity to indigenous seed sources is critical. We studied nine Pinus radiata stands of different ages located within Kinleith Forest, which is a large (ca. 66 000 ha) commercial exotic plantation forest located in New Zealand’s central North Island. Methods: We constructed a chronosequence of P. radiata plantation stands aged 2–89 years to represent long-term natural forest regeneration following plantation establishment. We surveyed structural, compositional and contextual aspects of this secondary succession and compared these results with an old-growth indigenous forest reference site located within the study area. Results: The exotic P. radiata canopy facilitated a regeneration trajectory characterised by shade-tolerant indigenous forest species. We found that the structure and composition of P. radiata understories were strongly influenced by stand age and proximity to indigenous forest. Stand age was important from the perspective of creating shaded conditions for the establishment of shade-tolerant woody forest species. Our results suggest that proximal indigenous forest was required for the consistent natural establishment of larger-fruited, bird-dispersed mature forest canopy species in P. radiata plantations. Conclusions: Our results showed that, even at ecologically isolated sites, the microclimate conditions created by plantation Pinus radiata stands supported a suite of readily-dispersed indigenous forest plants. Based on these results we suggest that non-harvest P. radiata stands provide an important opportunity for the restoration of indigenous forest communities in New Zealand’s production landscapes. Where restoration of forest composition similar to old-growth is the restoration objective, however, interventions might be necessary to direct and accelerate the secondary forest succession. Further replicated study is required into the relationship between native forest proximity and understorey regeneration patterns.

scholarly journals Dietary specialization is linked to reduced species durations in North American fossil canids

2018 ◽  
Vol 5 (4) ◽  
pp. 171861 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mairin Balisi ◽  
Corinna Casey ◽  
Blaire Van Valkenburgh
Keyword(s):  
North American ◽  
Dispersal Ability ◽  
Medium Size ◽  
High Coverage ◽  
Dietary Specialization ◽  
Size Evolution ◽  
Primary Model ◽  
Average Size ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Cope’S Rule

How traits influence species persistence is a fundamental question in ecology, evolution and palaeontology. We test the relationship between dietary traits and both species duration and locality coverage over 40 million years in North American canids, a clade with considerable ecomorphological disparity and a dense fossil record. Because ecomorphological generalization—broad resource use—may enable species to withstand disturbance, we predicted that canids of average size and mesocarnivory would exhibit longer durations and wider distributions than specialized larger or smaller species. Second, because locality coverage might reflect dispersal ability and/or survivability in a range of habitats, we predicted that high coverage would correspond with longer durations. We find a nonlinear relationship between species duration and degree of carnivory: species at either end of the carnivory spectrum tend to have shorter durations than mesocarnivores. Locality coverage shows no relationship with size, diet or duration. To test whether generalization (medium size, mesocarnivory) corresponds to an adaptive optimum, we fit trait evolution models to previously generated canid phylogenies. Our analyses identify no single optimum in size or diet. Instead, the primary model of size evolution is a classic Cope's Rule increase over time, while dietary evolution does not conform to a single model.

Interstellar gas in the central region of the Galaxy

1967 ◽  
Vol 31 ◽  
pp. 239-251 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. J. Kerr
Keyword(s):  
Central Region ◽  
Galactic Plane ◽  
Neutral Hydrogen ◽  
Continuum Emission ◽  
Galactic Centre ◽  
Interstellar Gas ◽  
Hydrogen Recombination ◽  
The Galaxy ◽  
Centre Region ◽  
The Relationship

A review is given of information on the galactic-centre region obtained from recent observations of the 21-cm line from neutral hydrogen, the 18-cm group of OH lines, a hydrogen recombination line at 6 cm wavelength, and the continuum emission from ionized hydrogen.Both inward and outward motions are important in this region, in addition to rotation. Several types of observation indicate the presence of material in features inclined to the galactic plane. The relationship between the H and OH concentrations is not yet clear, but a rough picture of the central region can be proposed.

The relationship of the scleractinian corals to the rugose corals

Paleobiology ◽  
1980 ◽  
Vol 6 (02) ◽  
pp. 146-160 ◽  
Author(s):  
William A. Oliver
Keyword(s):  
Critical Points ◽  
Scleractinian Corals ◽  
Convincing Evidence ◽  
Early Triassic ◽  
Rugose Corals ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Biologic Factors

The Mesozoic-Cenozoic coral Order Scleractinia has been suggested to have originated or evolved (1) by direct descent from the Paleozoic Order Rugosa or (2) by the development of a skeleton in members of one of the anemone groups that probably have existed throughout Phanerozoic time. In spite of much work on the subject, advocates of the direct descent hypothesis have failed to find convincing evidence of this relationship. Critical points are:(1) Rugosan septal insertion is serial; Scleractinian insertion is cyclic; no intermediate stages have been demonstrated. Apparent intermediates are Scleractinia having bilateral cyclic insertion or teratological Rugosa.(2) There is convincing evidence that the skeletons of many Rugosa were calcitic and none are known to be or to have been aragonitic. In contrast, the skeletons of all living Scleractinia are aragonitic and there is evidence that fossil Scleractinia were aragonitic also. The mineralogic difference is almost certainly due to intrinsic biologic factors.(3) No early Triassic corals of either group are known. This fact is not compelling (by itself) but is important in connection with points 1 and 2, because, given direct descent, both changes took place during this only stage in the history of the two groups in which there are no known corals.

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