Investigating the role of the placental sulfate transporter Slc13a4 in fetal development

2015 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joanna Rakoczy
Keyword(s):  
Fetal Development ◽  
Sulfate Transporter

scholarly journals A Potential Role and Contribution of Androgens in Placental Development and Pregnancy

Life ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (7) ◽  
pp. 644
Author(s):  
Agata M. Parsons ◽  
Gerrit J. Bouma
Keyword(s):  
Fetal Development ◽  
Fetal Loss ◽  
Membrane Receptors ◽  
Placental Development ◽  
Placental Function ◽  
Fetal Physiology ◽  
Estrogen Synthesis ◽  
And Function ◽  
Pregnancy Disorders

Successful pregnancy requires the establishment of a highly regulated maternal–fetal environment. This is achieved through the harmonious regulation of steroid hormones, which modulate both maternal and fetal physiology, and are critical for pregnancy maintenance. Defects in steroidogenesis and steroid signaling can lead to pregnancy disorders or even fetal loss. The placenta is a multifunctional, transitory organ which develops at the maternal–fetal interface, and supports fetal development through endocrine signaling, the transport of nutrients and gas exchange. The placenta has the ability to adapt to adverse environments, including hormonal variations, trying to support fetal development. However, if placental function is impaired, or its capacity to adapt is exceeded, fetal development will be compromised. The goal of this review is to explore the relevance of androgens and androgen signaling during pregnancy, specifically in placental development and function. Often considered a mere precursor to placental estrogen synthesis, the placenta in fact secretes androgens throughout pregnancy, and not only contains the androgen steroid nuclear receptor, but also non-genomic membrane receptors for androgens, suggesting a role of androgen signaling in placental function. Moreover, a number of pregnancy disorders, including pre-eclampsia, gestational diabetes, intrauterine growth restriction, and polycystic ovarian syndrome, are associated with abnormal androgen levels and androgen signaling. Understanding the role of androgens in the placenta will provide a greater understanding of the pathophysiology of pregnancy disorders associated with androgen elevation and its consequences.

Role of nutrition in preventing insulin resistance in children

2016 ◽  
Vol 29 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Annalisa Blasetti ◽  
Simone Franchini ◽  
Laura Comegna ◽  
Giovanni Prezioso ◽  
Francesco Chiarelli
Keyword(s):  
Insulin Resistance ◽  
Insulin Sensitivity ◽  
Fetal Development ◽  
Maternal Nutrition ◽  
Dietary Habits ◽  
Prenatal Period ◽  
Dietary Carbohydrates ◽  
Macro And Micronutrients

AbstractNutrition during prenatal, early postnatal and pubertal period is crucial for the development of insulin resistance and its consequences. During prenatal period fetal environment and nutrition seems to interfere with metabolism programming later in life. The type of dietary carbohydrates, glycemic index, protein, fat and micronutrient content in maternal nutrition could influence insulin sensitivity in the newborn. The effects of lactation on metabolism and nutritional behavior later in life have been studied. Dietary habits and quality of diet during puberty could prevent the onset of a pathological insulin resistance through an adequate distribution of macro- and micronutrients, a diet rich in fibers and vegetables and poor in saturated fats, proteins and sugars. We want to overview the latest evidences on the risk of insulin resistance later in life due to both nutritional behaviors and components during the aforementioned periods of life, following a chronological outline from fetal development to adolescence.

scholarly journals Thyroid hormone regulated genes in cerebral cortex development

2017 ◽  
Vol 232 (2) ◽  
pp. R83-R97 ◽  
Author(s):  
Juan Bernal
Keyword(s):  
Cerebral Cortex ◽  
Thyroid Hormones ◽  
Fetal Development ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Control Of Gene Expression ◽  
Cellular Targets ◽  
Cerebral Cortex Development ◽  
Subplate Neurons ◽  
Genes Encoding

The physiological and developmental effects of thyroid hormones are mainly due to the control of gene expression after interaction of T3 with the nuclear receptors. To understand the role of thyroid hormones on cerebral cortex development, knowledge of the genes regulated by T3 during specific stages of development is required. In our laboratory, we previously identified genes regulated by T3 in primary cerebrocortical cells in culture. By comparing these data with transcriptomics of purified cell types from the developing cortex, the cellular targets of T3 can be identified. In addition, many of the genes regulated transcriptionally by T3 have defined roles in cortex development, from which the role of T3 can be derived. This review analyzes the specific roles of T3-regulated genes in the different stages of cortex development within the physiological frame of the developmental changes of thyroid hormones and receptor concentrations in the human cerebral cortex during fetal development. These data indicate an increase in the sensitivity to T3 during the second trimester of fetal development. The main cellular targets of T3 appear to be the Cajal-Retzius and the subplate neurons. On the other hand, T3 regulates transcriptionally genes encoding extracellular matrix proteins, involved in cell migration and the control of diverse signaling pathways.

scholarly journals The Role of Magnesium in Pregnancy and in Fetal Programming of Adult Diseases

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniela Fanni ◽  
C. Gerosa ◽  
V. M. Nurchi ◽  
M. Manchia ◽  
L. Saba ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fetal Programming ◽  
Fetal Development ◽  
Normal Values ◽  
Perinatal Period ◽  
Enzymatic Reactions ◽  
Neuromuscular Activity ◽  
Mitochondrial Functions ◽  
Human Pathology ◽  
Magnesium Status

AbstractMagnesium is an essential trace metal and a necessary factor for multiple biochemical functions in humans. Its role in biology is fundamental in over 600 enzymatic reactions implicated in protein synthesis, mitochondrial functions, neuromuscular activity, bone formation, and immune system competence. Magnesium status is relevant in fetal development during gestation and in the newborn growth during the perinatal period. Moreover, magnesium is able to influence fetal programming and disease presentation in childhood or adulthood. The aim of this review is to focus on this metal homeostasis, analyzing its normal values, the causes of hypomagnesemia, the interaction with drugs and other conditions, and the diseases associated with magnesium value alteration during pregnancy, in order to study its role in fetal programming of adult diseases. The data here reported clearly indicated the existence of a connection between magnesium status and human pathology starting from intrauterine life and extending into childhood and adulthood.

The role of growth hormone in fetal development

2002 ◽  
Vol 12 (3) ◽  
pp. 137-146 ◽  
Author(s):  
M.J Waters ◽  
P.L Kaye
Keyword(s):  
Growth Hormone ◽  
Fetal Development

scholarly journals Current trends in the treatment of chronic placental insufficiency

2020 ◽  
Vol 69 (1) ◽  
pp. 45-52
Author(s):  
Ekaterina V. Novitskaya ◽  
Vyacheslav M. Bolotskikh ◽  
Victoria O. Polyakova ◽  
Igor M. Kvetnoy
Keyword(s):  
Growth Retardation ◽  
Fetal Development ◽  
Intrauterine Growth Retardation ◽  
Experimental Studies ◽  
Placental Insufficiency ◽  
Melatonin Treatment ◽  
Successful Pregnancy ◽  
Intrauterine Growth ◽  
Current Trends

According to literature, intrauterine growth retardation complicates about 5% of pregnancies and is usually caused by chronic placental insufficiency. This article reviews literature data on modern views on the issue. Special attention is paid to the role of melatonin in chronic placental insufficiency and intrauterine growth. Examples of experimental studies demonstrate successful pregnancy course and functional fetal development in animals with melatonin treatment. The data obtained by other researchers on the effect of melatonin on pregnancy, in particular, on chronic placental insufficiency in women, are analyzed. Also in this review, we suggest that melatonin, which is a powerful antioxidant, can reduce morbidity and mortality associated with intrauterine growth retardation.

scholarly journals The Role of Sorting Nexin 17 in Cardiac Development

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yufei Wu ◽  
Yaqun Zhou ◽  
Jian Huang ◽  
Ke Ma ◽  
Tianyou Yuan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fetal Development ◽  
Messenger Rna ◽  
Cellular Proliferation ◽  
Cardiac Development ◽  
Heart Defects ◽  
Homozygous Deletion ◽  
Embryonic Lethality ◽  
Rat Tissues ◽  
Sorting Nexin

Sorting nexin 17 (SNX17), a member of sorting nexin (SNX) family, acts as a modulator for endocytic recycling of membrane proteins. Results from our previous study demonstrated the embryonic lethality of homozygous defect of SNX17. In this study, we investigated the role of SNX17 in rat fetal development. Specifically, we analyzed patterns of SNX17 messenger RNA (mRNA) expression in multiple rat tissues and found high expression in the cardiac outflow tract (OFT). This expression was gradually elevated during the cardiac OFT morphogenesis. Homozygous deletion of the SNX17 gene in rats resulted in mid-gestational embryonic lethality, which was accompanied by congenital heart defects, including the double-outlet right ventricle and atrioventricular and ventricular septal defects, whereas heterozygotes exhibited normal fetal development. Moreover, we found normal migration distance and the number of cardiac neural crest cells during the OFT morphogenesis. Although cellular proliferation in the cardiac OFT endocardial cushion was not affected, cellular apoptosis was significantly suppressed. Transcriptomic profiles and quantitative real-time PCR data in the cardiac OFT showed that SNX17 deletion resulted in abnormal expression of genes associated with cardiac development. Overall, these findings suggest that SNX17 plays a crucial role in cardiac development.

The Role of microRNAs Identified in the Amniotic Fluid

MicroRNA ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 8-16 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fasoulakis Zacharias ◽  
Theodora Marianna ◽  
Tsirkas Ioannis ◽  
Tsirka Theodora ◽  
Kalagasidou Sofia ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Amniotic Fluid ◽  
Fetal Development ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Current Data ◽  
Adverse Outcomes ◽  
Many Body ◽  
Kidney Fibrosis ◽  
Physiological Processes ◽  
Fetal Nutrition

Aim:The study aimed to provide an overall view of current data considering the presence of microRNAs in amniotic fluid.Methods:The available literature in MEDLINE, regarding the role of the amniotic fluid in pregnancy and fetal development, was searched for related articles including terms such as “microRNA”, “Amniotic fluid”, “Adverse outcome” and others.Results:The amniotic fluid has an undoubtedly significant part in fetal nutrition, with a protecting and thermoregulatory role alongside. MicroRNAs have proven to be highly expressed during pregnancy in many body liquids including amniotic fluid and are transferred between cells loaded in exosomes, while they are also implicated in many processes during fetal development and could be potential biomarkers for early prediction of adverse outcomes.Conclusion:Current knowledge reveals that amniotic fluid microRNAs participate in many developmental and physiological processes of pregnancy including proliferation of fibroblasts, fetal development, angiogenesis, cardioprotection, activation of signaling pathways, differentiation and cell motility, while the expression profile of specific microRNAs has a potential prognostic role in the prediction of Down syndrome, congenital hydronephrosis and kidney fibrosis.

scholarly journals Review: The role of leukaemia inhibitory factor in the establishment of pregnancy

1999 ◽  
Vol 160 (2) ◽  
pp. 181-190 ◽  
Author(s):  
D Vogiagis ◽  
LA Salamonsen
Keyword(s):  
Fetal Development ◽  
Potential Role ◽  
Mammalian Species ◽  
Inhibitory Factor ◽  
Leukaemia Inhibitory Factor ◽  
Blastocyst Implantation ◽  
Important Cytokine

Leukaemia inhibitory factor (LIF) is a pleiotrophic cytokine required for blastocyst implantation in mice. Uterine expression of LIF and that of its receptors has been demonstrated in a number of mammalian species indicating that LIF may have widespread importance in the establishment of pregnancy. The variations in the reaction of the uterus in preparation for and during implantation are considerable between species and understanding the differences and similarities assists in the interpretation of how this cytokine functions. Recent studies suggest that reduced endometrial LIF contributes to human infertility. Studies also demonstrate a potential role in placentation and fetal development. Thus, LIF has become an important cytokine warranting further investigation in the human. It is anticipated that when the mechanisms underlying normal embryonic and endometrial development are elucidated, fertility and infertility will be more precisely understood and hence able to be effectively controlled.

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