The biodiversity, biogeography, life-cycles and phylogeny of the Monorchiidae (Digenea: Trematoda) in Australian waters, with a restructuring of the higher classification of the family

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
◽  
Qi Xiang Wee
Keyword(s):  
Life Cycles ◽  
The Family

A further revision in the classification of the family Metastrongylidae Leiper [1909] (Phylum Nematoda)

Parasitology ◽  
1951 ◽  
Vol 41 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 91-96 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ellsworth C. Dougherty
Keyword(s):  
Chromosome Number ◽  
Intermediate Host ◽  
Life Cycles ◽  
The Body ◽  
Basic Pattern ◽  
Histological Studies ◽  
Evolutionary Scheme ◽  
The Family ◽  
Marine Littoral

1. Recent studies by Gerichter have demonstrated that I have erred in referring the skrjabingylin lungworms to the family Trichostrongylidae.2. On the basis of his data and a re-evaluation of my theories of metastrongylid evolution it is suggested that the Skrjabingylinae (except Dictyocaulus) are close to the Filaroidinae and that quite possibly the position of the vulva in the former is the consequence of a secondary shift from opening just anterior to the anus to opening in the mid-region of the body; the ‘trichostrongylid’ configuration of the ovejectoral apparatus would thus be convergent.3. The genus Dictyocaulus is removed from the Skrjabingylinae and left in a subfamily Dictyocaulinae in the family Metastrongylidae, although its trichostrongylid affinities are very suggestive. If trichostrongylid, this genus is considered to exhibit convergence with the metastrongylids and not to represent an evolutionary link between the two families.4. The nature of metastrongylid life cycles is discussed, and the compatibility of known data with the evolutionary scheme proposed for the family is pointed out. It is evident that in metastrongylids symbiotizing marine littoral and pelagic hosts (Pinnipedia and Odontoceti) larval development must rely upon new intermediate host groups if the basic pattern has been retained from ancestors in terrestrial hosts.5. The possible importance of histological studies and of investigations on chromosome number and structure for a further understanding of the evolution of the suborder Strongylina is pointed out.6. A revised scheme for the evolution of the Metastrongylidae is presented as Fig. 1. The family Metastrongylidae now includes six subfamilies: Metastrongylinae, Filaroidinae, Skrjabingylinae, Pseudaliinae, Protostrongylinae, and Dictyocaulinae. The basic premises previously expressed (Dougherty, 1949b) on the evolution of the family are retained in the amended scheme.

Ontogenesis, morphology and higher classification of archaeococcids (Homoptera: Coccinea: Orthezioidea)

2018 ◽  
pp. 1-260
Author(s):  
I.A. Gavrilov-Zimin
Keyword(s):  
Scale Insect ◽  
Life Cycles ◽  
Individual Development ◽  
Scale Insects ◽  
Original Research ◽  
Traditional Concept ◽  
The Family ◽  
Generic Composition ◽  
Reproduction Pattern

The monograph summarizes original research data and published literature data on reproduction, life cycles, individual development and morphology of scale insects of the superfamily Orthezioidea (archaeococcids). The superfamily system is accepted mainly in its traditional concept, i.e. with four well-defined families: Margarodidae s. l., Ortheziidae, Carayonemidae, and Phenacoleachiidae. The tribe Matsucoccini (Margarodidae s. l.: Xylococcinae s. l.) is considered as a most archaic group of scale insects according to morphological, reproductive and ontogenetic characters. A complicated ontogenesis with an alternation of movable/immovable instars and with arostrate imago of both sexes (as in Matsucoccus Cockerell, 1909 and many other Margarodidae s. l.) is presumed to be initial in scale insect evolution and such ontogenesis is supposed to be an apomorphy of suborder Coccinea. Distribution of different variants of ovoviviparity/viviparity amongst scale insect families is overviewed. It is demonstrated that the evolution of scale insects shows multiple cyclic conversions of oviparous reproduction pattern to ovoviviparous/viviparous ones with the appearance of new and new peculiar adaptations to eggs protection; the most ancient scale insects (Matsucoccini and their ancestor) were probably facultatively ovoviviparous, whereas the origin of the whole neococcid phylogenetic line (Coccoidea s. s.) was probably connected with obligate complete ovoviviparity, which also appeared in some “derived” archaeococcids of the tribe Iceryini (Margarodidae s. l.), in the families Phenacoleachiidae and Carayonemidae. New taxonomic additions and changes in generic composition of some tribes are provided for the family Margarodidae s. l., in its subfamilies Monophlebinae and Callipappinae s. l. The tribe Labioproctini tr. nov. (Monophlebinae) is erected for six genera possessing peculiar quadrilocular wax pores: Aspidoproctus Newstead, 1901, Hemaspidoproctus Morrison, 1927, Labioproctus Green, 1922, Lecaniodrosicha Takahashi, 1930, Misracoccus Rao, 1950, and Walkeriana Signoret, 1876. The presence of quadrilocular pores are considered as a synapomorphic character of the Labioproctini tr. nov. and Ortheziidae. Disputable taxonomic position of Xenococcidae Tang, 1992 is discussed and this family is also placed in Orthezioidea. New genera and species are described and illustrated, based mainly on material collected in the Oriental region: Eremostoma klugei gen. et sp. nov., Crambostoma largecicatricosum gen. et sp. nov. (both in Callipappinae s. l.: Coelostomidiini s. l.), Buchnericoccus reynei sp. nov., Monophlebus neglectus sp. nov. (both in Monophlebinae: Monophlebini), Crypticerya ovivivipara sp. nov., Icerya oculicicatricata sp. nov., I. siamensis sp. nov. (all three in Monophlebinae: Iceryini).

Lafoeina amirantensis (Cnidaria: Hydrozoa, Campanulinoidea), the hydroid stage of the medusa Cirrholovenia tetranema (Cnidaria: Hydrozoa, Lovenelloidea)

Zootaxa ◽  
2005 ◽  
Vol 919 (1) ◽  
pp. 1 ◽  
Author(s):  
ALVARO E. MIGOTTO ◽  
ANDRÉ S. CABRAL
Keyword(s):  
Life History ◽  
Sao Paulo ◽  
Life Cycles ◽  
Important Method ◽  
Constituent Species ◽  
The Family ◽  
Polyp Stage ◽  
The Many ◽  
Species Being

The metagenetic Lafoeina is one of the many leptothecate genera with uncertain affinities, the life cycles of its constituent species being poorly known. The genus has traditionally been recognized as belonging to the polyphyletic superfamily Campanulinoidea, family Campanulinidae, taxa that artificially group together a variety of probably unrelated species. Life-history studies are the most important method to link species that were originally based solely on medusa or polyp stage, as is the case of Lafoeina spp. Findings of Lafoeina amirantensis at the coast of São Sebastião (São Paulo, Brazil) allowed us to study its juvenile medusa and to observe new facts pertinent to the classification of the Order Leptothecata. The hydrotheca of L. amirantensis is similar to those of the genus Cuspidella, except for the absence of nematophores in the latter. The newly released medusa of L. amirantensis is similar in morphology to the young medusae of Cirrholovenia tetranema, a species belonging to the family Cirrholoveniidae (superfamily Lovenelloidea).

scholarly journals VICTOR: Genome-based Phylogeny and Classification of Prokaryotic Viruses

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jan P. Meier-Kolthof ◽  
Markus Göker
Keyword(s):  
Sequence Divergence ◽  
Life Cycles ◽  
Bacterial Strains ◽  
Data Set ◽  
Archaeal Viruses ◽  
Serious Infections ◽  
The Family ◽  
Branch Support ◽  
The Common

AbstractBacterial and archaeal viruses (“phages”) play an enormous role in global life cycles and have recently regained importance as therapeutic agents to fight serious infections by multi-resistant bacterial strains. Nevertheless, taxonomic classification of phages is up to now only insufficiently informed by genome sequencing. Despite thousands of publicly available phage genomes, it still needs to be investigated how this wealth of information can be used for the fast, universal and accurate classification of phages. The Genome BLAST Distance Phylogeny (GBDP) approach is a truly whole-genome method currently used forin silicoDNA: DNA hybridization and phylogenetic inference from prokaryotic genomes. Based on the principles of phylogenetic systematics, we here established GBDP for phage phylogeny and classification, using the common subset of genome-sequenced and officially classified phages. Trees inferred with the best GBDP variants showed only few deviations from the official phage classification, which were uniformly due to incorrectly annotated GenBank entries. Except for low resolution at the family level, the majority of taxa was well supported as monophyletic. Clustering genome sequences with distance thresholds optimized for the agreement with the classification turned out to be phylogenetically reasonable. Accordingly modifying genera and species is taxonomically optional but would yield more uniform sequence divergence as well as stronger branch support. Analysing an expanded data set containing > 4000 phage genomes from public databases allowed for extrapolating regarding the number, composition and host specificity of future phage taxa. The selected methods are implemented in an easy-to-use web service “VICTOR” freely available athttp://ggdc.dsmz.de/victor.php.

Three new species, two new genera, and new family Biphragmosagittidae (Сhaetognatha) from Southwest Pacific Ocean

2011 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
pp. 161-173
Author(s):  
A.P. Kassatkina
Keyword(s):  
New Species ◽  
Type Species ◽  
Morphological Characters ◽  
The Body ◽  
New Order ◽  
New Genera ◽  
New Family ◽  
The Family ◽  
Three New Species

Resuming published and own data, a revision of classification of Chaetognatha is presented. The family Sagittidae Claus & Grobben, 1905 is given a rank of subclass, Sagittiones, characterised, in particular, by the presence of two pairs of sac-like gelatinous structures or two pairs of fins. Besides the order Aphragmophora Tokioka, 1965, it contains the new order Biphragmosagittiformes ord. nov., which is a unique group of Chaetognatha with an unusual combination of morphological characters: the transverse muscles present in both the trunk and the tail sections of the body; the seminal vesicles simple, without internal complex compartments; the presence of two pairs of lateral fins. The only family assigned to the new order, Biphragmosagittidae fam. nov., contains two genera. Diagnoses of the two new genera, Biphragmosagitta gen. nov. (type species B. tarasovi sp. nov. and B. angusticephala sp. nov.) and Biphragmofastigata gen. nov. (type species B. fastigata sp. nov.), detailed descriptions and pictures of the three new species are presented.

scholarly journals Extensive Phylogenetic Analysis of Piscine Orthoreovirus Genomic Sequences Shows the Robustness of Subgenotype Classification

Pathogens ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 41
Author(s):  
Marcos Godoy ◽  
Daniel A. Medina ◽  
Rudy Suarez ◽  
Sandro Valenzuela ◽  
Jaime Romero ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Phylogenetic Analysis ◽  
Genetic Variation ◽  
Sequence Analysis ◽  
Molecular Phylogeny ◽  
Phylogenetic Trees ◽  
Genomic Segment ◽  
Double Stranded Rna ◽  
The Family ◽  
Original Classification

Piscine orthoreovirus (PRV) belongs to the family Reoviridae and has been described mainly in association with salmonid infections. The genome of PRV consists of about 23,600 bp, with 10 segments of double-stranded RNA, classified as small (S1 to S4), medium (M1, M2 and M3) and large (L1, L2 and L3); these range approximately from 1000 bp (segment S4) to 4000 bp (segment L1). How the genetic variation among PRV strains affects the virulence for salmonids is still poorly understood. The aim of this study was to describe the molecular phylogeny of PRV based on an extensive sequence analysis of the S1 and M2 segments of PRV available in the GenBank database to date (May 2020). The analysis was extended to include new PRV sequences for S1 and M2 segments. In addition, subgenotype classifications were assigned to previously published unclassified sequences. It was concluded that the phylogenetic trees are consistent with the original classification using the PRV genomic segment S1, which differentiates PRV into two major genotypes, I and II, and each of these into two subgenotypes, designated as Ia and Ib, and IIa and IIb, respectively. Moreover, some clusters of country- and host-specific PRV subgenotypes were observed in the subset of sequences used. This work strengthens the subgenotype classification of PRV based on the S1 segment and can be used to enhance research on the virulence of PRV.

scholarly journals Sequence data from isolated lichen-associated melanized fungi enhance delimitation of two new lineages within Chaetothyriomycetidae

2021 ◽  
Vol 20 (7) ◽  
pp. 911-927
Author(s):  
Lucia Muggia ◽  
Yu Quan ◽  
Cécile Gueidan ◽  
Abdullah M. S. Al-Hatmi ◽  
Martin Grube ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sequence Data ◽  
Single Species ◽  
Sister Group ◽  
Asexual Propagation ◽  
Dna Sequence Data ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
The Family ◽  
Rock Inhabiting Fungi ◽  
Stable Habitat

AbstractLichen thalli provide a long-lived and stable habitat for colonization by a wide range of microorganisms. Increased interest in these lichen-associated microbial communities has revealed an impressive diversity of fungi, including several novel lineages which still await formal taxonomic recognition. Among these, members of the Eurotiomycetes and Dothideomycetes usually occur asymptomatically in the lichen thalli, even if they share ancestry with fungi that may be parasitic on their host. Mycelia of the isolates are characterized by melanized cell walls and the fungi display exclusively asexual propagation. Their taxonomic placement requires, therefore, the use of DNA sequence data. Here, we consider recently published sequence data from lichen-associated fungi and characterize and formally describe two new, individually monophyletic lineages at family, genus, and species levels. The Pleostigmataceae fam. nov. and Melanina gen. nov. both comprise rock-inhabiting fungi that associate with epilithic, crust-forming lichens in subalpine habitats. The phylogenetic placement and the monophyly of Pleostigmataceae lack statistical support, but the family was resolved as sister to the order Verrucariales. This family comprises the species Pleostigma alpinum sp. nov., P. frigidum sp. nov., P. jungermannicola, and P. lichenophilum sp. nov. The placement of the genus Melanina is supported as a lineage within the Chaetothyriales. To date, this genus comprises the single species M. gunde-cimermaniae sp. nov. and forms a sister group to a large lineage including Herpotrichiellaceae, Chaetothyriaceae, Cyphellophoraceae, and Trichomeriaceae. The new phylogenetic analysis of the subclass Chaetothyiomycetidae provides new insight into genus and family level delimitation and classification of this ecologically diverse group of fungi.

Keys to the Trematoda. Volume II (ed. Jones, A., Bray, R. A. and Gibson, D. I.), pp. 768. Commonwealth Agricultural Bureau International (CABI Publishing), UK and The Natural History Museum, London, UK, 2005. ISBN 0 85199 587 X. £150.00.

Parasitology ◽  
2006 ◽  
Vol 132 (1) ◽  
pp. 153-154
Author(s):  
TOMÁš SCHOLZ
Keyword(s):  
Natural History ◽  
Wide Spectrum ◽  
Animal Health ◽  
Life Cycles ◽  
Huge Number ◽  
History Museum ◽  
Cabi Publishing ◽  
Vertebrate Hosts ◽  
Commonwealth Agricultural Bureau

Trematodes (flukes or digeneans) are by far the most abundant group of parasitic flatworms (Neodermata), and their importance for human and animal health is indisputable. In addition, they exhibit a variety of unique adaptations to parasitism and, probably most remarkably, possess extraordinarily complicated life-cycles. Classification of trematodes represents a very difficult task due to the huge number of existing species and variety of morphological forms, sites of infection within invertebrate and vertebrate hosts and ability to infect a wide spectrum of animals. Therefore, identification of any trematode may represent a problem even for an experienced specialist. This is the reason why I appreciated so much the publication of the first volume of the Keys to the Trematoda in 2002.

A comparison of methodological approaches to the subfamilial classification of the Naididae (Oligochaeta)

1987 ◽  
Vol 65 (3) ◽  
pp. 691-707 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. F. L. Nemec ◽  
R. O. Brinkhurst
Keyword(s):  
Data Matrix ◽  
Jaccard Coefficient ◽  
Data Set ◽  
Parsimony Method ◽  
Fit Statistics ◽  
Reconstruction Methods ◽  
Linkage Methods ◽  
The Family ◽  
First Time

A data matrix of 23 generic or subgeneric taxa versus 24 characters and a shorter matrix of 15 characters were analyzed by means of ordination, cluster analyses, parsimony, and compatibility methods (the last two of which are phylogenetic tree reconstruction methods) and the results were compared inter alia and with traditional methods. Various measures of fit for evaluating the parsimony methods were employed. There were few compatible characters in the data set, and much homoplasy, but most analyses separated a group based on Stylaria from the rest of the family, which could then be separated into four groups, recognized here for the first time as tribes (Naidini, Derini, Pristinini, and Chaetogastrini). There was less consistency of results within these groups. Modern methods produced results that do not conflict with traditional groupings. The Jaccard coefficient minimizes the significance of symplesiomorphy and complete linkage avoids chaining effects and corresponds to actual similarities, unlike single or average linkage methods, respectively. Ordination complements cluster analysis. The Wagner parsimony method was superior to the less flexible Camin–Sokal approach and produced better measure of fit statistics. All of the aforementioned methods contain areas susceptible to subjective decisions but, nevertheless, they lead to a complete disclosure of both the methods used and the assumptions made, and facilitate objective hypothesis testing rather than the presentation of conflicting phylogenies based on the different, undisclosed premises of manual approaches.

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