scholarly journals Role of Mad2 expression during the early development of the sea urchin

2017 ◽  
Vol 61 (6-7) ◽  
pp. 451-457
Author(s):  
Odile Bronchain ◽  
Wael Jdey ◽  
Laetitia Caraty ◽  
Brigitte Ciapa
Keyword(s):  
Early Development ◽  
Sea Urchin

Early development of the feeding larva of the sea urchin Heliocidaris tuberculata: role of the small micromeres

2018 ◽  
Vol 229 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-12
Author(s):  
Valerie B. Morris ◽  
Eleanor Kable ◽  
Demian Koop ◽  
Paula Cisternas ◽  
Maria Byrne
Keyword(s):  
Early Development ◽  
Sea Urchin ◽  
Heliocidaris Tuberculata ◽  
Feeding Larva

scholarly journals Select microRNAs are essential for early development in the sea urchin

2012 ◽  
Vol 362 (1) ◽  
pp. 104-113 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jia L. Song ◽  
Marlon Stoeckius ◽  
Jonas Maaskola ◽  
Marc Friedländer ◽  
Nadezda Stepicheva ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Early Development ◽  
Sea Urchin

The impact of CO 2 -driven ocean acidification on early development and calcification in the sea urchin Strongylocentrotus intermedius

2016 ◽  
Vol 112 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 291-302 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yaoyao Zhan ◽  
Wanbin Hu ◽  
Weijie Zhang ◽  
Minbo Liu ◽  
Lizhu Duan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Ocean Acidification ◽  
Early Development ◽  
Sea Urchin ◽  
Strongylocentrotus Intermedius ◽  
The Impact

The Role of Serotonin in the Development of Psychiatric Disorders: Studies on Drug Dependence and Anxiety-like Behaviour Following the Genetic Reduction of the Serotonin Transporter

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
◽  
Alana Oakly
Keyword(s):  
Psychiatric Disorders ◽  
Early Development ◽  
Drug Dependence ◽  
Primary Objective ◽  
Behavioural Response ◽  
Mrna Levels ◽  
Self Administration ◽  
Knock Out ◽  
Enhanced Sensitivity

<p>Rationale: Given the high prevalence and large burden of psychiatric disorders it is imperative to determine the underling etiology in order for better understanding and treatment. The neurotransmitter serotonin (5-HT) has been associated with mental disorders in humans both pharmacologically and genetically. Individuals with the short-allele of a prominent polymorphism within the 5-HT transporter (SERT) show increased incidence of mood disorders and drug dependence. However, whether or not dysregulation in the 5-HT system causes, or is just associated with, psychiatric disorders is impossible to determine from human studies alone. Consequently, it is imperative to employ an animal model of down-regulated SERT function. To better understand the role of 5-HT in drug dependence, the rat’s behavioural response to the psychostimulant (±) 3, 4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA), a preferentially serotonergically mediated drug, was assessed. Finally, the ability to rescue the anxiety-like phenotype in the SERT-/- rat by altering extracellular 5-HT during early development was also evaluated.  Objective: The primary objective of the current thesis was to determine whether dysregulation of 5-HT is directly linked to the occurrence of psychiatric disorders, particularly drug dependence and anxiety.  Methods: A model of down-regulated SERT function, the SERT knock-out (SERT-/-) rat, was used for all experiments in order to determine a causal relationship between 5-HT dysregulation and psychiatric disorders. In Chapter 2, the response of the SERT-/- rats to various tasks usually disrupted by MDMA was assessed. In Chapter 3, the sensitivity of the SERT-/- rats to the reinforcing effects of MDMA was determined using the self-administration paradigm. Finally, in Chapter 4, whether the anxiety-like behaviour of the SERT-/- rat could be rescued through normalising excessive extracellular 5-HT neonatally was assessed. An attempt was also made to determine a mechanism by which 5-HT dysregulation could alter behaviour. To this end, gene expression previously found to be up- or down-regulated in the SERT-/- rat was assessed in the neonatally treated rats.  Results: The results of Chapter 2 indicated the SERT is necessary for MDMA’s disruption of startle habituation but not its psychomotor effects. Moreover, for those rats that could discriminate low dose MDMA from saline, genetic removal of the SERT resulted in the inability to discriminate MDMA from amphetamine, implying that, in these rats, MDMA was now subjectively indistinguishable from amphetamine. Indeed, this alteration also resulted in enhanced sensitivity to the reinforcing properties of MDMA, giving MDMA the qualities of a traditional psychostimulant in SERT-/- rats (Chapter 3). Finally, lowering the excessive 5-HT during neonatal development in SERT-/- rats led to a rescue of mild, but not high, anxiety-like behaviour in males. However, mRNA levels of long 3’NTR BDNF and 5-HT1a, genes associated with neurodevelopment, remained unchanged across genotypes and treatment groups (Chapter 4).  Conclusions: Genetic removal of the 5-HT transporter results in an altered behavioural response to MDMA, in particular an increased sensitivity to its reinforcing properties. However, while the genetic removal of the SERT results in enhanced extracellular 5-HT, the pathological phenotypes present in this rat are likely due to this increase occurring in early development, not its continued presence in adulthood. Overall, these findings contribute to the growing body of literature indicating that enhanced brain 5-HT during early development can lead to pathological behaviour in adulthood.</p>

Synthesis of nuclear and cytoplasmic proteins in the early development of fishes and echinoderms

Development ◽  
1971 ◽  
Vol 26 (3) ◽  
pp. 611-622
Author(s):  
Maya R. Krigsgaber ◽  
Alla A. Kostomarova ◽  
Tamara A. Terekhova ◽  
Tatiana A. Burakova
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Early Development ◽  
Sea Urchin ◽  
Nuclear Volume ◽  
Sea Urchin Embryos ◽  
Cytoplasmic Proteins ◽  
Specific Activities ◽  
Strongylocentrotus Nudus ◽  
Silver Grains ◽  
Misgurnus Fossilis

Synthesis of nuclear and cytoplasmic proteins was studied biochemically and autoradiographically in early loach (Misgurnus fossilis) and sea-urchin (Strongylocentrotus nudus) embryos. After incubation with [14C]amino acids for 5–120 min the ratio of the specific activities of nuclear, mitochondrial and 12000 g supernatant proteins was shown to be equal approximately to 6:1:2 in loach embryos and to 8:4:3 in sea-urchin embryos independently of the duration of labelling. After incubation with [3H]amino acids the number of silver grains per unit section was on the average 2·4 times higher for nuclei than it was for cytoplasm at mid-blastula and mid-gastrula stages. At the mid-gastrula the vegeto-animal gradient of protein synthesis was found. A higher level of the synthesis of nuclear proteins as compared with that of cytoplasmic proteins appears to be related to an increase in the nuclear volume and the nucleo-cytoplasmic ratio during the early development of the loach and sea-urchin embryos.

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