Early Development of the Romania's Banking System and the Role of Foreign Banks

2008 ◽  
Author(s):  
Arnaldo Mauri ◽  
Claudia Gabriela Baicu
Keyword(s):  
Early Development ◽  
Banking System ◽  
Foreign Banks

scholarly journals THE ROLE OF THE CENTRAL BANK IN THE FUNCTION OF IMPROVEMENT OF LIQUIDITY OF BANKING SECTOR IN BOSNIA AND HERZEGOVINA

2019 ◽  
Vol 12 (24) ◽  
Author(s):  
Goran Mitrović ◽  
Živko Erceg
Keyword(s):  
Monetary Policy ◽  
Central Bank ◽  
Bosnia And Herzegovina ◽  
Banking Sector ◽  
Banking System ◽  
Policy Instruments ◽  
Foreign Banks ◽  
Dayton Agreement ◽  
The Impact

The monetary policy of Bosnia andHerzegovina is rather limited because it is basedon the principles of a currency boardcharacterized by the impossibility of implementingthe basic monetary policy instruments incomparison with the monetary policy of theEuropean Union. However, the constant presenceof European integrations should point the need fora more drastic change in the monetary policy ofBosnia and Herzegovina. By entering theEuropean Monetary Union (EMU), the monetaryterritory of Bosnia and Herzegovina will becomeone of the branches of the European Central Bank(ECB). In addition, it is not difficult to concludewhy the Law about the Central Bank of Bosnia andHerzegovina has been adopted with the first lawsof the Dayton Agreement, if it is known that thelargest part of the banking system, and thereforethe financial market, is owned by foreign banks.This work will point out the significance of theCentral Bank of Bosnia and Herzegovina, as oneof the most important factors for maintaining thepermanent liquidity of the banking sector inBosnia and Herzegovina. The possibilities andlimitations of the Central Bank of Bosnia andHerzegovina will be determined, with theassumption of macroeconomic sustainability overa longer period of time. The need of reforming thebanking system in Bosnia and Herzegovina will beanalyzed through the constant implementation ofthe Basel standards with the increasingparticipation of foreign banks in the Bosnia andHerzegovina. It will be determined the impact ofthe implementation of the Basel III in the bankingindustry in Bosnia and Herzegovina and itsconsequences on the banking and economicsystem.models, on the ways of financing theelimination of adverse consequences of naturaldisasters.

scholarly journals Do foreign banks intensify borrower discouragement? The role of developed European institutions in ameliorating SME financing constraints

2019 ◽  
Vol 38 (1) ◽  
pp. 3-20 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ana Mol-Gómez-Vázquez ◽  
Ginés Hernández-Cánovas ◽  
Johanna Koëter-Kant
Keyword(s):  
Banking System ◽  
European Countries ◽  
Foreign Banks ◽  
Banking Union ◽  
Financing Constraints ◽  
European Institutions ◽  
Enforcement Mechanisms ◽  
Debt Enforcement ◽  
New Evidence

The growing activity of foreign banks in most European countries may increase financing constraints by intensifying the problem of borrower discouragement. We provide new evidence of this association by analysing a sample of small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) operating in 25 developed and developing European countries. We find that financing constraints increase with foreign banks for those SMEs operating in countries where the share of banking assets owned by foreign banks is above 34%. Our results also show that borrower discouragement may decrease, or increase less, with the presence of foreign banks for SMEs operating in countries with high income, with cheap debt enforcement mechanisms, or having a private bureau that provides credit information about firms and individuals. These results suggest that unification towards better institutions needs to occur in Europe before the banking union progresses to a more open banking system.

Problems and prospects for the Russian banking supervision development in modern conditions

2020 ◽  
Vol 26 (6) ◽  
pp. 1283-1296
Author(s):  
K.A. Omarieva ◽  
P.G. Isaeva
Keyword(s):  
Banking System ◽  
Main Role ◽  
Banking Supervision ◽  
Monetary System ◽  
The Russian Federation ◽  
Document Flow ◽  
Development Methods ◽  
Further Development ◽  
Development Prospects

Subject. The article addresses problems and prospects for the banking supervision development in the Russian Federation under modern conditions. Objectives. We review the essence and methods of organization of the banking supervision, and identify the main problems and prospects for its development. Methods. To provide valid, reliable and reasoned recommendations, we apply normative and integrated approaches to the study of the banking supervision effectiveness in the current circumstances. Results. The paper investigates main problems and development prospects for the Russian banking supervision. The essential importance of supervision comes from the main role of the banking system in maintaining accounts of economic entities and making settlements. Even minor failures or delays in operations can lead to negative outcomes and disastrous consequences for the entire monetary system and the national economy. Therefore, we highlight issues that require attention, and make proposals for further development of the banking supervision. Conclusions. In the context of dynamically developing economy, the banking practice is becoming more complex. As a result, there is a need for new financial instruments that can reduce risks, increase the speed and efficiency of operations and document flow, and help achieve the world levels of introduced standards.

EMERGING TRENDS IN BANKING SECTOR - ITS CHALLENGES AND OPPORTUNITIES

2018 ◽  
Vol 6 (26) ◽  
Author(s):  
Karigoleshwar .
Keyword(s):  
Banking Sector ◽  
Banking Industry ◽  
Banking System ◽  
Major Change ◽  
Commercial Banking ◽  
Foreign Banks ◽  
Emerging Trends ◽  
Reserve Bank ◽  
Challenges And Opportunities ◽  
Multiple Regions

In financial sector the banking industry is the largest player, has also been undergoing a major change. Today the banking industry is stronger and capable of withstanding the pressures of competition. Today, we are having a fairly well developed banking system with different classes of banks – public sector banks, foreign banks, private sector banks – both old and new generation, regional rural banks and co-operative banks with the Reserve Bank of India as the fountain Head of the system. In the banking field, there has been an unprecedented growth and diversification of banking industry has been so stupendous that it has no parallel in the annals of banking anywhere in the world. The banking industry has experienced a series of significant transformations in the last few decades. Among the most important of them is the change in the type of organizations that dominate the landscape. Since the eighties, banks have increased the scope and scale of their activities and several banks have become very large institutions with a presence in multiple regions of the country.' The paper examines the new trends in commercial banking. The present era the cashless transactions, E-cheques, mobile wallets. The paper attempts to present the emerging trends and its challenges that recently emerged in the banking sector with special emphasis on digitization. It will be useful to the academicians, banking and insurance personnel, students and researchers. Common readers also know the latest innovations in banking sector

scholarly journals Natural Disasters and Economic Growth: The Mitigating Role of Microfinance Institutions

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (9) ◽  
pp. 5055
Author(s):  
John Sseruyange ◽  
Jeroen Klomp
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Natural Disasters ◽  
Legal Status ◽  
Agricultural Sector ◽  
Banking System ◽  
Fe Model ◽  
Microfinance Institutions ◽  
Natural Event ◽  
Negative Effect

In this study, we explore whether microfinance institutions (MFIs) can mitigate the adverse macroeconomic consequences of natural disasters. The provision of capital immediately following a natural event is recognized as one of the necessary conditions for a fast economic recovery. However, one concern is that a large majority of natural disasters occur in developing countries where households and the private sector have only limited access to the formal banking system. As an alternative, MFIs may fill up this gap in providing liquidity in the form of microcredit. The existing evidence on how MFIs respond to disaster effects is foremost based on case and micro-level evidence. In turn, the focus of this study is more on the macro impact of MFI activities after a natural disaster. Based on the finding obtained from an OLS-FE model using an unbalanced panel considering more than 80 developing countries and emerging economies, we can conclude that natural disasters harm macroeconomic performance primarily through their effect on the agricultural sector. However, access to lending facilities from MFIs mitigates a large part of this negative effect. Moreover, the extent to which MFIs are able to mitigate these effects depends to a great extent on their nature, i.e., their organizational structure, profitability, legal status, age, and the number of clients they serve.

The Role of Serotonin in the Development of Psychiatric Disorders: Studies on Drug Dependence and Anxiety-like Behaviour Following the Genetic Reduction of the Serotonin Transporter

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
◽  
Alana Oakly
Keyword(s):  
Psychiatric Disorders ◽  
Early Development ◽  
Drug Dependence ◽  
Primary Objective ◽  
Behavioural Response ◽  
Mrna Levels ◽  
Self Administration ◽  
Knock Out ◽  
Enhanced Sensitivity

<p>Rationale: Given the high prevalence and large burden of psychiatric disorders it is imperative to determine the underling etiology in order for better understanding and treatment. The neurotransmitter serotonin (5-HT) has been associated with mental disorders in humans both pharmacologically and genetically. Individuals with the short-allele of a prominent polymorphism within the 5-HT transporter (SERT) show increased incidence of mood disorders and drug dependence. However, whether or not dysregulation in the 5-HT system causes, or is just associated with, psychiatric disorders is impossible to determine from human studies alone. Consequently, it is imperative to employ an animal model of down-regulated SERT function. To better understand the role of 5-HT in drug dependence, the rat’s behavioural response to the psychostimulant (±) 3, 4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA), a preferentially serotonergically mediated drug, was assessed. Finally, the ability to rescue the anxiety-like phenotype in the SERT-/- rat by altering extracellular 5-HT during early development was also evaluated.  Objective: The primary objective of the current thesis was to determine whether dysregulation of 5-HT is directly linked to the occurrence of psychiatric disorders, particularly drug dependence and anxiety.  Methods: A model of down-regulated SERT function, the SERT knock-out (SERT-/-) rat, was used for all experiments in order to determine a causal relationship between 5-HT dysregulation and psychiatric disorders. In Chapter 2, the response of the SERT-/- rats to various tasks usually disrupted by MDMA was assessed. In Chapter 3, the sensitivity of the SERT-/- rats to the reinforcing effects of MDMA was determined using the self-administration paradigm. Finally, in Chapter 4, whether the anxiety-like behaviour of the SERT-/- rat could be rescued through normalising excessive extracellular 5-HT neonatally was assessed. An attempt was also made to determine a mechanism by which 5-HT dysregulation could alter behaviour. To this end, gene expression previously found to be up- or down-regulated in the SERT-/- rat was assessed in the neonatally treated rats.  Results: The results of Chapter 2 indicated the SERT is necessary for MDMA’s disruption of startle habituation but not its psychomotor effects. Moreover, for those rats that could discriminate low dose MDMA from saline, genetic removal of the SERT resulted in the inability to discriminate MDMA from amphetamine, implying that, in these rats, MDMA was now subjectively indistinguishable from amphetamine. Indeed, this alteration also resulted in enhanced sensitivity to the reinforcing properties of MDMA, giving MDMA the qualities of a traditional psychostimulant in SERT-/- rats (Chapter 3). Finally, lowering the excessive 5-HT during neonatal development in SERT-/- rats led to a rescue of mild, but not high, anxiety-like behaviour in males. However, mRNA levels of long 3’NTR BDNF and 5-HT1a, genes associated with neurodevelopment, remained unchanged across genotypes and treatment groups (Chapter 4).  Conclusions: Genetic removal of the 5-HT transporter results in an altered behavioural response to MDMA, in particular an increased sensitivity to its reinforcing properties. However, while the genetic removal of the SERT results in enhanced extracellular 5-HT, the pathological phenotypes present in this rat are likely due to this increase occurring in early development, not its continued presence in adulthood. Overall, these findings contribute to the growing body of literature indicating that enhanced brain 5-HT during early development can lead to pathological behaviour in adulthood.</p>

DOLARIZATION OF THE FINANCIAL MARKET OF UKRAINE: CAUSES, EVOLUTION, CONSEQUENCES

2021 ◽  
Vol 1 (21(49)) ◽  
pp. 56-66
Author(s):  
Ihor Krupka
Keyword(s):  
Interest Rates ◽  
Financial Market ◽  
Foreign Currency ◽  
Banking System ◽  
Market Potential ◽  
National Currency ◽  
Foreign Banks ◽  
Stable Operation ◽  
Negative Consequences ◽  
International Financial Market

The purpose of the article is to assess the level of domestic financial market dollarization, find out the causes of this economic phenomenon, trace its evolution and identify current features, substantiate proposals to minimize the negative consequences for the financial market and the economy in general. The methods of theoretical analysis, synthesis and generalization, analysis of statistical data and its graphical interpretation are used in the research. The results of the research showed that the main reasons for dollarization in Ukraine were high inflation and sharp fluctuations in the exchange rate of the national currency. In general, the dollarization of national financial markets occurs through the following channels: 1) borrowing on the international financial market; 2) the entrance of foreign banks to a domestic market; 3) investing abroad, when a national financial market is not sufficiently developed to create high-quality and highly liquid assets, dollarization provides rapid access to foreign financial assets and optimization of the profitability and risk structure of an investment portfolio; 4) the difference (spread) between interest rates in national and foreign currency. Based on the study of the domestic financial market, the following conclusions are made: 1) the level of Ukraine`s financial market dollarization in the aggregate and in terms of its separate segments is high; 2) this level poses a threat to the stable operation of financial intermediaries and the banking system in case of the national currency devaluation; 3) currency imbalance of assets and liabilities in the banking system has strongly decreased since 2008, but is still significant; 4) foreign currency is widely used by economic agents in the shadow sector of the economy. We consider the current dollarization level dangerous for the development of the country's financial system, and its reduction to a scientifically sound natural level should become one of the main tasks of the National Bank of Ukraine. Achieving the natural dollarization level and effective use of the domestic financial market potential will allow to intensify Ukraine's national economy development and promote integration into the international financial market and the global financial space.

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