Public Satisfaction With Police: The Importance of Procedural Justice and Police Performance in Police-Citizen Encounters

2009 ◽  
Vol 42 (2) ◽  
pp. 159-178 ◽  
Author(s):  
Murphy Kristina
Keyword(s):  
Procedural Justice ◽  
Survey Data ◽  
National Sample ◽  
Police Legitimacy ◽  
Relative Importance ◽  
Police Performance ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Positive Effect ◽  
Satisfaction With Police

Alarge body of literature has demonstrated that when authorities use procedural justice with those they regulate, people will be more satisfied with those authorities and will be more willing to cooperate and comply with their directions and rules. In the context of policing, procedural justice has also been shown to be important for shaping citizens' views about police legitimacy, their satisfaction with police and also in fostering cooperation with police. What remains largely unexamined, however, is whether the positive effect of procedural justice varies across different types of police-citizen encounters. Using survey data collected from a national sample of 1,462 Australians, the present study will examine the relative importance of procedural justice on overall ratings of police satisfaction across two types of police-citizen encounters (citizen-initiated contacts and police-initiated contacts). It will be shown that procedural justice is most important in police-initiated contacts, while police performance is most important in citizen-initiated contacts.

Policing immigrants: Using a randomized control trial of procedural justice policing to promote trust and cooperation

2016 ◽  
Vol 51 (1) ◽  
pp. 3-22 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kristina Murphy ◽  
Lorraine Mazerolle
Keyword(s):  
Procedural Justice ◽  
Community Engagement ◽  
Survey Data ◽  
Field Trial ◽  
Randomized Control Trial ◽  
Immigrant Status ◽  
Randomized Field Trial ◽  
Randomized Control ◽  
Willingness To Report ◽  
Positive Effect

Immigrants are often less trusting of police than non-immigrants because they can feel ill-served by police and the laws they enforce. Procedural justice policing has been regarded as central to improving public trust and confidence in police. Using survey data from citizens exposed to the world’s first randomized field trial of procedural justice policing (Queensland Community Engagement Trial), we found that trust in police, but not willingness to report crime to police, was higher among those exposed to the procedural justice condition compared to the control condition. Interestingly, the effect of procedural justice on trust and crime reporting was moderated by age and immigrant status; procedural justice had a more positive effect for immigrants, particularly those younger than 26 years of age.

Measuring, Managing, and Enhancing Procedural Justice in Policing: Promise and Pitfalls

2016 ◽  
Vol 29 (2) ◽  
pp. 149-171 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert E. Worden ◽  
Sarah J. McLean
Keyword(s):  
Procedural Justice ◽  
Police Legitimacy ◽  
Police Performance ◽  
Systematic Observation ◽  
Patrol Officers ◽  
Monthly Basis ◽  
Modest Improvement ◽  
Police Contacts ◽  
Police Agencies ◽  
Video And Audio

The procedural justice that citizens subjectively experience with the police affects police legitimacy. The procedural justice of policing is typically not measured in police agencies, nor is it an outcome for which managers are held accountable. We examine whether and how the measurement of procedural justice would affect its management. Survey-based measures of subjective procedural justice in police contacts were reported to two departments’ command staffs on a monthly basis in Compstat meetings. The impacts of thusly measuring performance were estimated. We also analyzed an indicator of procedural justice that was based on systematic observation through video and audio recording of police-citizen encounters, and we interviewed patrol officers and supervisors about supervisors’ efforts to manage procedural justice. Neither indicator of police performance revealed consistent changes. However, a modest improvement on one platoon was detected. We discuss the implications for enhancing police legitimacy.

Potential Uses of Vinegar as a Medicine and Related in vivo Mechanisms

2016 ◽  
Vol 86 (3-4) ◽  
pp. 127-151 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zeshan Ali ◽  
Zhenbin Wang ◽  
Rai Muhammad Amir ◽  
Shoaib Younas ◽  
Asif Wali ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Structure ◽  
Review Paper ◽  
Heart Diseases ◽  
Folk Medicine ◽  
Active Role ◽  
Current Review ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Positive Effect

While the use of vinegar to fi ght against infections and other crucial conditions dates back to Hippocrates, recent research has found that vinegar consumption has a positive effect on biomarkers for diabetes, cancer, and heart diseases. Different types of vinegar have been used in the world during different time periods. Vinegar is produced by a fermentation process. Foods with a high content of carbohydrates are a good source of vinegar. Review of the results of different studies performed on vinegar components reveals that the daily use of these components has a healthy impact on the physiological and chemical structure of the human body. During the era of Hippocrates, people used vinegar as a medicine to treat wounds, which means that vinegar is one of the ancient foods used as folk medicine. The purpose of the current review paper is to provide a detailed summary of the outcome of previous studies emphasizing the role of vinegar in treatment of different diseases both in acute and chronic conditions, its in vivo mechanism and the active role of different bacteria.

scholarly journals You are what you eat: relative importance of diet, gut microbiota and nestmates for honey bee, Apis mellifera, worker health

Apidologie ◽  
2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gina Retschnig ◽  
Johannes Rich ◽  
Karl Crailsheim ◽  
Judith Pfister ◽  
Vincent Perreten ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Apis Mellifera ◽  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
Honey Bee ◽  
Exposure Period ◽  
Short Exposure ◽  
Relative Importance ◽  
Worker Health ◽  
Negative Effect ◽  
Positive Effect

AbstractIn eusocial honey bees, Apis mellifera, diet, gut microbiota and nestmates can all contribute to the health of freshly emerged individual workers, but their relative importance for longevity and body weight is currently unknown. Here, we show that diet is most relevant, followed by gut microbiota and the presence of nestmates. Freshly emerged workers were randomly assigned to eight treatments (with or without honey/pollen, protein-substitute lactalbumin, antibiotic tetracycline and nestmates for 24 h) and maintained under standardised laboratory conditions. Longevity and food consumption were measured daily and fresh body weight was assessed at day 7. The data show a significantly better survival and a higher body weight in workers supplied with honey/pollen. Survival was higher in the lactalbumin treatments compared to the ones restricted to sucrose only, but lower compared to those with honey/pollen, highlighting the importance of micronutrients. In contrast, antibiotic treatment had a significant negative effect on longevity and body weight, which may be explained by inactivated gut microbiota and/or toxicity of the antibiotics. There was no positive effect of nestmates, probably due to the short exposure period. In contrast, nestmates showed a negative effect on survival in antibiotic-treated workers, possibly by transmitting pathogens and antibiotic-induced gut dysbiosis. In conclusion, a macro- and micronutrient-rich diet appears to be the key to individual honey bee worker health. Providing an optimal diet and possibly gut microbiota appears to be a promising way to promote managed A. mellifera health.

Does policy motivation drive party activism? A study of party activists in three Asian democracies

2020 ◽  
pp. 135406882090802
Author(s):  
Sejin Koo
Keyword(s):  
Survey Data ◽  
Local Community ◽  
Election Campaigns ◽  
Data Set ◽  
Political Actors ◽  
Party Activist ◽  
Party Activists ◽  
Party Characteristics ◽  
Positive Effect ◽  
Policy Motivation

Studies of party activism highlight that party activists are driven by various motivations and that these affect their level of activism. However, it remains unclear whether policy-motivated activists are more engaged in party activities than those motivated by other incentives and whether the motivation–activism link varies with party characteristics. This article investigates these questions by focusing on political actors linking parties and voters in the local community. I use a party activist survey data set collected during recent national election campaigns in three Asian young democracies: Taiwan, Korea, and Mongolia. The results demonstrated the prominence of policy motivation as an impetus for activists’ intraparty commitment. I also found that the positive effect of policy motivation is especially robust in small parties, while it is muted in large parties and that party membership increases the probability of intraparty commitment, challenging the widely held belief that formal membership is pointless in Asian parties.

Willingness to cooperate with police: A population-based study of Australian young adult illicit stimulant users

2016 ◽  
Vol 17 (3) ◽  
pp. 301-318 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ellen M Leslie ◽  
Adrian Cherney ◽  
Andrew Smirnov ◽  
Helene Wells ◽  
Robert Kemp ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Young Adult ◽  
Procedural Justice ◽  
Drug Users ◽  
Illicit Drug ◽  
Population Based ◽  
Police Legitimacy ◽  
Population Based Study ◽  
Reduction Strategies ◽  
Willingness To Cooperate

While procedural justice has been highlighted as a key strategy for promoting cooperation with police, little is known about this model’s applicability to subgroups engaged in illegal behaviour, such as illicit drug users. This study compares willingness to cooperate with police and belief in police legitimacy, procedural justice and law legitimacy among a population-based sample of Australian young adult amphetamine-type stimulant (ATS; i.e. ecstasy and methamphetamine) users and non-users. We then examine predictors of willingness to cooperate among ATS users. ATS users were significantly less willing to cooperate with police and had significantly lower perceptions of police legitimacy, procedural justice and law legitimacy, compared to non-users. However, belief in police legitimacy independently predicted willingness to cooperate among ATS users. We set out to discuss the implications of these findings for policing, including the role of procedural justice in helping police deliver harm reduction strategies.

Nanocomposite Photocatalyst Based on Layered Double Hydroxides (LDHs) Associated with TiO2

2014 ◽  
Vol 92 ◽  
pp. 100-109 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jonjaua Ranogajec ◽  
Andrijana Sever-Skapin ◽  
Ognjen Rudic ◽  
Snezana Vucetic
Keyword(s):  
Photocatalytic Activity ◽  
Layered Double Hydroxides ◽  
Direct Contact ◽  
Building Materials ◽  
Specific Problem ◽  
The Self ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Double Hydroxides ◽  
Positive Effect ◽  
Material Porosity

The surfaces of building materials are constantly exposed to the actions of environmental factors, pollutants of inorganic and organic origin as well as to microorganisms, which significantly contribute to corrosion phenomena.The application of coatings decreases the negative action of the pollutants minimizing their direct contact with the substrate. Different types of coatings with additional functions have been developed. A specific problem of these applications is the lack of compatibility of the photocatalysts with the surface of the building materials and the detachment of potentially toxic TiO2nanoparticles. In the present study, this problem was solved by the proper immobilization of TiO2nanoparticles onto the photocatalyst support, layered double hydroxides (LDHs). The newly formed coating possesses acceptable porosity for a porous building material (porosity within the range of 30-46 %) and satisfied photocatalytic activity, as well as mineralogical compatibility with the substrates (mortars, renders, bricks). Additionally, a positive effect considering the self-cleaning phenomenon was attained.

Dropouts from Higher Education: Path Analysis of a National Sample

1981 ◽  
Vol 18 (2) ◽  
pp. 133-141 ◽  
Author(s):  
Barbara Hazard Munro
Keyword(s):  
Path Analysis ◽  
Causal Model ◽  
National Sample ◽  
College Completion ◽  
School Class ◽  
College Dropout ◽  
National Longitudinal Study ◽  
High School Class ◽  
The Social ◽  
Positive Effect

Path analysis was used to test the Tinto model of college dropout using a sample drawn from the National Longitudinal Study of the High School Class of 1972. Through path analysis, a more parsimonious causal model was derived. Pre-college characteristics predicted college integration, but did not directly affect the dropout decisions. Factors related to the integration of the student into the college's academic setting appeared to be far more important to subsequent dropout decisions than were factors related to integration into the social setting. The commitment of the student to the goal of college completion had the strongest positive effect on the decision to remain in school.

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