Some Estimates of Engel Elasticities Based on National Sample Survey Data

1967 ◽  
Vol 130 (1) ◽  
pp. 84 ◽  
Author(s):  
N. Sreenivasa Iyengar
Keyword(s):  
Survey Data ◽  
National Sample ◽  
Sample Survey ◽  
National Sample Survey ◽  
Sample Survey Data

scholarly journals Rising Catastrophic Expenditure on Households Due to Tuberculosis: Is India Moving Away From the END-TB Goal?

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Banuru Muralidhara Prasad ◽  
Jaya Prasad Tripathy ◽  
V. R. Muraleedharan ◽  
Jamhoih Tonsing
Keyword(s):  
Survey Data ◽  
Fold Increase ◽  
National Sample ◽  
Cash Transfer ◽  
Sample Survey ◽  
Catastrophic Expenditure ◽  
Inpatient Hospitalization ◽  
National Sample Survey ◽  
Sample Survey Data ◽  
Risk Protection

Introduction: One of the targets of the END-TB strategy is to ensure zero catastrophic expenditure on households due to TB. The information about household catastrophic expenditure is limited in India and, therefore difficult to monitor. The objective is to estimate household and catastrophic expenditure for Tuberculosis using national sample survey data.Methods: For arriving at out-of-pocket expenditure due to tuberculosis and its impact on households the study analyzed four rounds of National Sample Survey data (52nd round-1995–1996, 60th round-2004–2005, 71st round-2014–15, and 75th round 2017–2018). The household interview survey data had a recall period of 365 days for inpatient/ hospitalization and 15 days for out-patient care expenditure. Expenditure amounting to >20% of annual household consumption expenditure was termed as catastrophic.Results: A 5-fold increase in median outpatient care cost in 75th round is observed compared to previous rounds and increase has been maximum while accessing public sector. The overall expense ratio of public v/s private is 1:3, 1:4, 1:5, and 1:5, respectively across four rounds for hospitalization. The prevalence of catastrophic expenditure due to hospitalization increased from 16.5% (52nd round) to 43% (71st round), followed by a decline to 18% in the recent 75th round.Conclusion: Despite free diagnostic and treatment services offered under the national program, households are exposed to catastrophic financial expenditure due to tuberculosis. We strongly advocate for risk protection mechanisms such as cash transfer or health insurance schemes targeting the patients of tuberculosis, especially among the poor.

Race, Sociopolitical Participation, and Black Empowerment

1990 ◽  
Vol 84 (2) ◽  
pp. 377-393 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lawrence Bobo ◽  
Franklin D. Gilliam
Keyword(s):  
Socioeconomic Status ◽  
Survey Data ◽  
Political Behavior ◽  
National Sample ◽  
Sample Survey ◽  
National Sample Survey ◽  
Sample Survey Data ◽  
Black Empowerment

Using 1987 national sample survey data that included a large black oversample, we reexamine black-white differences in sociopolitical participation. We hypothesized that increases in black empowerment would affect the level of black sociopolitical participation and change the nature of black-white differences in political behavior. The results show that blacks in high-black-empowerment areas—as indicated by control of the mayor's office—are more active than either blacks living in low-empowerment areas or their white counterparts of comparable socioeconomic status. Furthermore, the results show that empowerment influences black participation by contributing to a more trusting and efficacious orientation to politics and by greatly increasing black attentiveness to political affairs. We discuss the results' implications for theoretical interpretations of when and why black sociopolitical behavior differs from that of whites.

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