scholarly journals Corollary discharge enables proprioception from lateral line sensory feedback

PLoS Biology ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 19 (10) ◽  
pp. e3001420
Author(s):  
Dimitri A. Skandalis ◽  
Elias T. Lunsford ◽  
James C. Liao
Keyword(s):  
Nervous System ◽  
Lateral Line ◽  
Body Position ◽  
Vital Role ◽  
Corollary Discharge ◽  
Integrative Model ◽  
Cell Physiology ◽  
Proprioceptive Information ◽  
Input Stimulus ◽  
Undulatory Locomotion

Animals modulate sensory processing in concert with motor actions. Parallel copies of motor signals, called corollary discharge (CD), prepare the nervous system to process the mixture of externally and self-generated (reafferent) feedback that arises during locomotion. Commonly, CD in the peripheral nervous system cancels reafference to protect sensors and the central nervous system from being fatigued and overwhelmed by self-generated feedback. However, cancellation also limits the feedback that contributes to an animal’s awareness of its body position and motion within the environment, the sense of proprioception. We propose that, rather than cancellation, CD to the fish lateral line organ restructures reafference to maximize proprioceptive information content. Fishes’ undulatory body motions induce reafferent feedback that can encode the body’s instantaneous configuration with respect to fluid flows. We combined experimental and computational analyses of swimming biomechanics and hair cell physiology to develop a neuromechanical model of how fish can track peak body curvature, a key signature of axial undulatory locomotion. Without CD, this computation would be challenged by sensory adaptation, typified by decaying sensitivity and phase distortions with respect to an input stimulus. We find that CD interacts synergistically with sensor polarization to sharpen sensitivity along sensors’ preferred axes. The sharpening of sensitivity regulates spiking to a narrow interval coinciding with peak reafferent stimulation, which prevents adaptation and homogenizes the otherwise variable sensor output. Our integrative model reveals a vital role of CD for ensuring precise proprioceptive feedback during undulatory locomotion, which we term external proprioception.

scholarly journals Corollary discharge prevents signal distortion and enhances sensing during locomotion

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dimitri A. Skandalis ◽  
Elias T. Lunsford ◽  
James C. Liao
Keyword(s):  
Hair Cell ◽  
Lateral Line ◽  
Sensory Feedback ◽  
Motor Command ◽  
Vital Role ◽  
Corollary Discharge ◽  
Integrative Model ◽  
Cell Physiology ◽  
Negative Consequences ◽  
Input Stimulus

AbstractSensory feedback during movement entails sensing a mix of externally- and self-generated stimuli (respectively, exafference and reafference). In many peripheral sensory systems, a parallel copy of the motor command, a corollary discharge, is thought to eliminate sensory feedback during behaviors. However, reafference has important roles in motor control, because it provides real-time feedback on the animal’s motions through the environment. In this case, the corollary discharge must be calibrated to enable feedback while avoiding negative consequences like sensor fatigue. The undulatory motions of fishes’ bodies generate induced flows that are sensed by the lateral line sensory organ, and prior work has shown these reafferent signals contribute to the regulation of swimming kinematics. Corollary discharge to the lateral line reduces the gain for reafference, but cannot eliminate it altogether. We develop a data-driven model integrating swimming biomechanics, hair cell physiology, and corollary discharge to understand how sensory modulation is calibrated during locomotion in larval zebrafish. In the absence of corollary discharge, lateral line afferent units exhibit the highly heterogeneous habituation rates characteristic of hair cell systems, typified by decaying sensitivity and phase distortions with respect to an input stimulus. Activation of the corollary discharge prevents habituation, reduces response heterogeneity, and regulates response phases in a narrow interval around the time of the peak stimulus. This suggests a synergistic interaction between the corollary discharge and the polarization of lateral line sensors, which sharpens sensitivity along their preferred axes. Our integrative model reveals a vital role of corollary discharge for ensuring precise feedback, including proprioception, during undulatory locomotion.

The Role of Neuropeptide Y and Peptide YY in the Development of Obesity via Gut-brain Axis

2019 ◽  
Vol 20 (7) ◽  
pp. 750-758 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yi Wu ◽  
Hengxun He ◽  
Zhibin Cheng ◽  
Yueyu Bai ◽  
Xi Ma
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Neuropeptide Y ◽  
Metabolic Diseases ◽  
Peptide Yy ◽  
Vital Role ◽  
Gut Peptides ◽  
Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver ◽  
The Central Nervous System

Obesity is one of the main challenges of public health in the 21st century. Obesity can induce a series of chronic metabolic diseases, such as diabetes, dyslipidemia, hypertension and nonalcoholic fatty liver, which seriously affect human health. Gut-brain axis, the two-direction pathway formed between enteric nervous system and central nervous system, plays a vital role in the occurrence and development of obesity. Gastrointestinal signals are projected through the gut-brain axis to nervous system, and respond to various gastrointestinal stimulation. The central nervous system regulates visceral activity through the gut-brain axis. Brain-gut peptides have important regulatory roles in the gut-brain axis. The brain-gut peptides of the gastrointestinal system and the nervous system regulate the gastrointestinal movement, feeling, secretion, absorption and other complex functions through endocrine, neurosecretion and paracrine to secrete peptides. Both neuropeptide Y and peptide YY belong to the pancreatic polypeptide family and are important brain-gut peptides. Neuropeptide Y and peptide YY have functions that are closely related to appetite regulation and obesity formation. This review describes the role of the gutbrain axis in regulating appetite and maintaining energy balance, and the functions of brain-gut peptides neuropeptide Y and peptide YY in obesity. The relationship between NPY and PYY and the interaction between the NPY-PYY signaling with the gut microbiota are also described in this review.

scholarly journals Yolk sac-derived Pdcd11-positive cells modulate zebrafish microglia differentiation through the NF-κB-Tgfβ1 pathway

2020 ◽  
Vol 28 (1) ◽  
pp. 170-183
Author(s):  
Ruimeng Yang ◽  
Ming Zhan ◽  
Miaomiao Guo ◽  
Hao Yuan ◽  
Yiqin Wang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Susceptibility Gene ◽  
Physiological Role ◽  
Vital Role ◽  
Yolk Sac ◽  
Cerebral White Matter ◽  
Neuron Development ◽  
Mature Brain ◽  
The Central Nervous System

AbstractMicroglia are the primary immune cells in the central nervous system, which plays a vital role in neuron development and neurodegenerative diseases. Microglial precursors in peripheral hematopoietic tissues colonize the central nervous system during early embryogenesis. However, how intrinsic and extrinsic signals integrate to regulate microglia’s differentiation remains undefined. In this study, we identified the cerebral white matter hyperintensities susceptibility gene, programmed cell death protein 11 (PDCD11), as an essential factor regulating microglia differentiation. In zebrafish, pdcd11 deficiency prevents the differentiation of the precursors to mature brain microglia. Although, the inflammatory featured macrophage brain colonization is augmented. At 22 h post fertilization, the Pdcd11-positive cells on the yolk sac are distinct from macrophages and neutrophils. Mechanistically, PDCD11 exerts its physiological role by differentially regulating the functions of nuclear factor-kappa B family members, P65 and c-Rel, suppressing P65-mediated expression of inflammatory cytokines, such as tnfα, and enhancing the c-Rel-dependent appearance of tgfβ1. The present study provides novel insights in understanding microglia differentiation during zebrafish development.

Central nervous control of voluntary food intake

1989 ◽  
Vol 13 ◽  
pp. 7-26 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. M. Forbes ◽  
J. E. Blundell
Keyword(s):  
Nervous System ◽  
Food Intake ◽  
Peptide Yy ◽  
Blood Stream ◽  
Vital Role ◽  
Nervous Control ◽  
Electrolytic Lesions ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Voluntary Food Intake

AbstractThe central nervous system is the integrator of most of the actions of the animal and as such plays a vital rôle in the control of voluntary food intake. Much of the work to understand how intake is controlled has been carried out with rats but that which has been done with pigs is included. The first experiments used electrolytic lesions in the designation of the ‘hunger centre’ and the ‘satiety centre’. Recent work has identified the paraventricular nucleus as a sensing site for experimental manipulations. Chemical stimulation of the brain has also been carried out to try to gain understanding of the rôle of neurotransmitters. Noradrenaline (NA) stimulates intake when given into many sites. Serotonin (5-HT) inhibits intake and has been claimed to play a rôle in the selection of macronutrients but 5-HT must now be interpreted in the light of the existence of several different subtypes of 5-HT receptors. Dopamine appears to moderate the hedonic response of eating. Numerous peptides are active in the brain where their rôle as neuromodulators may be quite different from their function in the periphery and at least three types of opioid receptors are implicated with kappa antagonists producing the most potent facilitatory effects. Neuropeptide Y and peptide YY produce massive orexigenic effects which readily overcome peripheral satiety factors. The brain cannot control intake in isolation. It receives inputs in the blood stream, such as glucose, as well as via the nervous system, both from the special senses and from visceral organs such as stomach, intestines and liver. Taste and olfaction are important in diet selection and a specific appetite for protein has been demonstrated in the pig.

Proprioception From a Spinocerebellar Perspective

2001 ◽  
Vol 81 (2) ◽  
pp. 539-568 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. Bosco ◽  
R. E. Poppele
Keyword(s):  
Spinal Cord ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Functional Organization ◽  
Body Position ◽  
Historical Context ◽  
Sensory Information ◽  
Functional Relationships ◽  
Central Neurons ◽  
Global Representation ◽  
Limb Kinematics

This review explores how proprioceptive sensory information is organized at spinal cord levels as it relates to a sense of body position and movement. The topic is considered in an historical context and develops a different framework that may be more in tune with current views of sensorimotor processing in other central nervous system structures. The dorsal spinocerebellar tract (DSCT) system is considered in detail as a model system that may be considered as an end point for the processing of proprioceptive sensory information in the spinal cord. An analysis of this system examines sensory processing at the lowest levels of synaptic connectivity with central neurons in the nervous system. The analysis leads to a framework for proprioception that involves a highly flexible network organization based in some way on whole limb kinematics. The functional organization underlying this framework originates with the biomechanical linkages in the limb that establish functional relationships among the limb segments. Afferent information from limb receptors is processed further through a distributed neural network in the spinal cord. The result is a global representation of hindlimb parameters rather than a muscle-by-muscle or joint-by-joint representation.

scholarly journals CX3CL1/CX3CR1 in Alzheimer’s Disease: A Target for Neuroprotection

2016 ◽  
Vol 2016 ◽  
pp. 1-9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peiqing Chen ◽  
Wenjuan Zhao ◽  
Yanjie Guo ◽  
Juan Xu ◽  
Ming Yin
Keyword(s):  
Alzheimer’S Disease ◽  
Alzheimer's Disease ◽  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Early Diagnosis ◽  
Vital Role ◽  
Therapeutic Interventions ◽  
Chemokine Ligand ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Receptor Cx3cr1

CX3C chemokine ligand 1 (CX3CL1) is an intriguing chemokine belonging to the CX3C family. CX3CL1 is secreted by neurons and plays an important role in modulating glial activation in the central nervous system after binding to its sole receptor CX3CR1 which mainly is expressed on microglia. Emerging data highlights the beneficial potential of CX3CL1-CX3CR1 in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer’s disease (AD), a common progressive neurodegenerative disease, and in the progression of which neuroinflammation plays a vital role. Even so, the importance of CX3CL1/CX3CR1 in AD is still controversial and needs further clarification. In this review, we make an attempt to present a concise map of CX3CL1-CX3CR1 associated with AD to find biomarkers for early diagnosis or therapeutic interventions.

scholarly journals In silico APC/C substrate discovery reveals cell cycle degradation of chromatin regulators including UHRF1

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jennifer L. Kernan ◽  
Raquel C. Martinez-Chacin ◽  
Xianxi Wang ◽  
Rochelle L. Tiedemann ◽  
Thomas Bonacci ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cell Cycle ◽  
Dna Methylation ◽  
In Silico ◽  
Cell Cycle Progression ◽  
Vital Role ◽  
Regulatory Proteins ◽  
Phase Cell ◽  
Cell Physiology ◽  
Cycle Progression ◽  
Chromatin Regulator

AbstractThe Anaphase-Promoting Complex/Cyclosome (APC/C) is an E3 ubiquitin ligase and critical regulator of cell cycle progression. Despite its vital role, it has remained challenging to globally map APC/C substrates. By combining orthogonal features of known substrates, we predicted APC/C substrates in silico. This analysis identified many known substrates and suggested numerous candidates. Unexpectedly, chromatin regulatory proteins are enriched among putative substrates and we show that several chromatin proteins bind APC/C, oscillate during the cell cycle and are degraded following APC/C activation, consistent with being direct APC/C substrates. Additional analysis revealed detailed mechanisms of ubiquitylation for UHRF1, a key chromatin regulator involved in histone ubiquitylation and DNA methylation maintenance. Disrupting UHRF1 degradation at mitotic exit accelerates G1-phase cell cycle progression and perturbs global DNA methylation patterning in the genome. We conclude that APC/C coordinates crosstalk between cell cycle and chromatin regulatory proteins. This has potential consequences in normal cell physiology, where the chromatin environment changes depending on proliferative state, as well as in disease.

scholarly journals Exosomes: A Novel Therapeutic Paradigm for Treatment of Depression

2020 ◽  
Vol 21 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shvetank Bhatt ◽  
Jovita Kanoujia ◽  
Arghya Kusum Dhar ◽  
Surendar Arumugam ◽  
Amanda K. A. Silva ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Small Rna ◽  
Potential Role ◽  
Vital Role ◽  
Physiological Processes ◽  
Treatment Of Depression ◽  
As Stress ◽  
Novel Therapeutic

Abstract: Extracellular vesicles (EVs) of endocytic origin are known as exosomes. These vesicles are released by cells and are accessible in biofluids, such as saliva, urine, and plasma. These vesicles are made up of small RNA, DNA, proteins and play a vital role in many physiological processes. In central nervous system (CNS), they participate in various physiological processes such as stress of nerve cells, communication between the cells, synaptic plasticity and neurogenesis. The role of exosomes in depression needs to be explored further. It is known that exosomes can cross blood brain barrier (BBB), which is made up of glial cells astrocytes. One of the advantages of these vescicles is that they are able to transfer macromolecules like DNA, protein, mRNAs and miRNAs to recipient cells. This review focuses on the potential role of exosomes in de-pression and their utilization as atreatmentoption or diagnostic tool of depression.

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