scholarly journals Functional innovation promotes diversification of form in the evolution of an ultrafast trap-jaw mechanism in ants

PLoS Biology ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 19 (3) ◽  
pp. e3001031
Author(s):  
Douglas B. Booher ◽  
Joshua C. Gibson ◽  
Cong Liu ◽  
John T. Longino ◽  
Brian L. Fisher ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Complex Traits ◽  
High Speed ◽  
Animal Movement ◽  
Phylogenetic Reconstruction ◽  
Form And Function ◽  
Function Change ◽  
Order Of Magnitude ◽  
History Of ◽  
Spring Mechanism ◽  
And Function

Evolutionary innovations underlie the rise of diversity and complexity—the 2 long-term trends in the history of life. How does natural selection redesign multiple interacting parts to achieve a new emergent function? We investigated the evolution of a biomechanical innovation, the latch-spring mechanism of trap-jaw ants, to address 2 outstanding evolutionary problems: how form and function change in a system during the evolution of new complex traits, and whether such innovations and the diversity they beget are repeatable in time and space. Using a new phylogenetic reconstruction of 470 species, and X-ray microtomography and high-speed videography of representative taxa, we found the trap-jaw mechanism evolved independently 7 to 10 times in a single ant genus (Strumigenys), resulting in the repeated evolution of diverse forms on different continents. The trap mechanism facilitates a 6 to 7 order of magnitude greater mandible acceleration relative to simpler ancestors, currently the fastest recorded acceleration of a resettable animal movement. We found that most morphological diversification occurred after evolution of latch-spring mechanisms, which evolved via minor realignments of mouthpart structures. This finding, whereby incremental changes in form lead to a change of function, followed by large morphological reorganization around the new function, provides a model for understanding the evolution of complex biomechanical traits, as well as insights into why such innovations often happen repeatedly.

scholarly journals The Organismal Form and Function Lab-Course: A New CURE for a Lack of Authentic Research Experiences in Organismal Biology

2019 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
C E Oufiero
Keyword(s):  
High Speed ◽  
Animal Movement ◽  
Undergraduate Research ◽  
Student Body ◽  
Research Experiences ◽  
Form And Function ◽  
Organismal Biology ◽  
High Speed Cinematography ◽  
Conducting Research ◽  
And Function

Synopsis There are many benefits to engaging students in authentic research experiences instead of traditional style lectures and “cookbook” labs. Many Course-based Undergraduate Research Experiences (CUREs) have been developed that provide research experiences to a more inclusive and diverse student body, allow more students to obtain research experiences, and expose students to the scientific process. Most CUREs in the biological sciences focus on cellular and molecular biology, with few being developed in ecology, evolution, and organismal biology. Here, I present a one-semester CURE focused on organismal form and function. The goal of the course was to have students develop their own research questions and hypotheses in relation to invertebrate form and movement, using high-speed cinematography to collect their data. In this paper, I describe the motivation for the course, provide the details of teaching the course, including rubrics for several assignments, the outcomes of the course, caveats, and ways a similar course can be implemented at other institutions. The course was structured to use a scaffolding approach during the first half of the semester to provide the content of form–function relationships and allow students to acquire the laboratory skills to quantify animal movement. The second half of the course focused on student-driven inquiry, with class time dedicated to conducting research. As there is a push to engage more students in research, I hope this course will inspire others to implement similar classes at other universities, providing a network of collaboration on integrative organismal student-driven research.

"Itzt kommen die Soldaten"

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tilman Venzl
Keyword(s):  
Literary History ◽  
18Th Century ◽  
Military History ◽  
Form And Function ◽  
Social Structural ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Subject ◽  
And Function ◽  
The Military ◽  
First Time

In the 18th century, as many as 300 German-language plays were produced with the military and its contact and friction with civil society serving as focus of the dramatic events. The immense public interest these plays attracted feeds not least on the fundamental social structural change that was brought about by the establishment of standing armies. In his historico-cultural literary study, Tilman Venzl shows how these military dramas literarily depict complex social processes and discuss the new problems in an affirmative or critical manner. For the first time, the findings of the New Military History are comprehensively included in the literary history of the 18th century. Thus, the example of selected military dramas – including Lessing's Minna von Barnhelm and Lenz's Die Soldaten – reveals the entire range of variety characterizing the history of both form and function of the subject.

scholarly journals Transformasi Upacara Belian Ke Dalam Tari Gitang Paser

JOGED ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 547-562
Author(s):  
Jumiati Jumiati
Keyword(s):  
Belief System ◽  
Slow Motion ◽  
Transformation Process ◽  
Form And Function ◽  
A Value ◽  
Function Change ◽  
Three Stages ◽  
Fast Motion ◽  
And Function ◽  
Meaning And Function

Upacara Belian merupakan ritual pengobatan, membayar hutang, dan pembersihan kampung yang terdapat di Kabupaten Paser. Upacara Belian ini dilatar belakangi oleh sistem kepercayaan terhadap kekuatan-kekuatan gaib. Inti upacara Belian berupa gerak-gerak dan mantra-mantar. Gerak yang dihadiran pada upacara Belian ini menimbulkan inspirasi bagi seorang seniman bernama Irusmiati untuk mentransformasikan upacara Belian menjadi tari Gitang Paser.Gerak dalam tari Gitang ini terinspirasi dari dua motif gerak yang dilakukan oleh Mulung yaitu perambut (gerak lambat), kerkesek (gerak cepat) serta bunyi gitang. Kedua unsur ini dikembangkan dalam irama, ritme dan penggunaan tenaga sehingga menjadikannya lebih dinamisUntuk mengtahui aspek apa saja yang bertransformasi pada upacara Belian ke dalam tari Gitang Paser maka peneliti menggunakan konsep yang dikemukaka n oleh Djoharnurani yang mengemukakan bahwa proses transfomasi dapat dilalui dalam tiga tahap yaitu; 1) tahap pemahaman dan penghayatan makna; 2) tahap resepsi; dan 3) tahap tindak resepsi. Pada butir pertama adalah pemahaman dan penghayatan makna terhadap nilai-nilai yang ditransformasikan. Butir kedua adalah resepsi yang berarti penerimaan memang salah satu aspek yang ada dalam proses transformasi. Kemudian pada aspek tindak resepsilah transformasi membawa rangsangan idesional atau gagasan untuk membuat suatu yang baru. Maka melalui dari tiga tahap ini lah hasil transformasi antara upacara Belian dan tari Gitang Paser dari aspek rasa, bentuk, dan makna masing-masing bisa berubah, masih nampak ataupun menjadi samar-samar.Hasil analisis di atas menunjukkan adanya suatu perubahan bentuk penyajian, makna serta fungsi upacara Belian ke dalam tari Gitang. Hasil yang didapat memberikan nilai yang bersifat mengembangkan. Salah satu pengembangan yang dapat dilihat dari bentuk penyajian yaitu gerak, gerak pada upacara Belian lebih sederhana hanya menggunakan dua motif yaitu perambut dan kerkesek ketika berubah maka gerak tersebut lebih dinamis karena memiliki berbagai macam motif. Pengembangan yang terjadi pada bentuk penyajian memberikan dampak perubahan pula pada fungsi. Fungsi pada upacara lebih pada ritual pengobatan ketika berubah menjadi tari Gitang fungsi tersebut sebagai hiburan semata tanpa meninggalkan suasana magis. Ketika bentuk dan fungsi berubah mengakibatkan perubahan makna yang terjadi pada tari Gitang yaitu hilangnya kepercayaan masyarakat setempat terhadap upacara Belian.  Belian ceremony is a ritual of treatment, debt repayment, and cleaning of villages located in Paser District. This Belian ceremony is based on a belief system of supernatural powers. The core of the Belian ceremony is in the form of movements and mantras. The movement attended at this Belian ceremony inspired an artist named Irusmiati to transform the Belian ceremony into a Gitang Paser dance. Motion in Gitang dance is inspired by two motive motifs performed by Mulung that is perambut (slow motion) kerkesek (fast motion) and the sound of gitang. It is developed in rhythm, rhythm and use of power making it more dynamic. To know what aspects are transformed at Belian ceremony into Gitang Paser dance then the researcher uses the concept proposed by Djoharnurani which shows that the process of transfomation can be passed in three stages that is 1) Stage of understanding and appreciation of meaning 2) the reception stage and 3) stage of action. In the first point is the understanding and appreciation of the meaning of values that are transformed. The second point is acceptance which means acceptance is one of the aspects that exist in the transformation process. Then on the aspect stage of action transformation brings about an ational stimulus or an idea to create a new one. So through these three stages is the result of the transformation between Belian ceremonies into Gitang Paser dance from the aspect of taste, form, and meaning of each can change, remain visible or become blurred. The results of the above analysis indicate a change in the form of presentation, meaning and function of Belian ceremony into Gitang dance. The results obtained provide a value that is developing. One of the developments that can be seen from the form of motion presentation, motion at Belian ceremony is simpler by using only two motifs that is perambut and kerkesek When changed the motion is more dynamic because it has a variety of motives. The development that occurs in the form of presentation gives effect to changes also on the function. The function at this ceremony is more on the treatment ritual when it transforms into a Gitang dance function as a mere entertainment without leaving the magical atmosphere. When the form and function change resulted in a change of meaning that occurred in Gitang dance that is the loss of local belief in Belian ceremony. 

Descriptive Biostatistics and Epidemiology for Craniofacial Surgeons: The What, Who, When, Where, How, and Why in Data Description, Analysis, Presentation, and Interpretation

FACE ◽  
2021 ◽  
pp. 273250162110529
Author(s):  
Jack C. Yu ◽  
Dhairya Shukla ◽  
Atbin Doroodchi ◽  
Ramtin Doroodchi ◽  
Hesamoldin Khodadadi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Incomplete Data ◽  
Radical Mastectomy ◽  
Complex Nature ◽  
Mathematical Methods ◽  
Level Of Evidence ◽  
Data Description ◽  
Form And Function ◽  
Vaccine Trials ◽  
History Of ◽  
And Function

Physicians often make diagnosis and treatment decisions based on incomplete data. That is why we practice medicine. We use accumulated knowledge and prior experience, individual and collective, to restore form and function of our patients to return them to normalcy with continued, durable homeostasis. However, due to the complex nature, our diagnosis may be wrong and our treatments ineffective or even harmful. The history of medicine and surgery is replete with such examples from snake oil and bloodletting to Halstedian radical mastectomy. Without knowing the governing dynamics, the cause-effect relationship is often obscure. Prospective, blinded, placebo-controlled trials provide the highest level of evidence, like the COVID vaccine trials, to determine if a treatment works. However, trials cannot explain in detail how and why a treatment works, or why it does not. Variabilities and uncertainty abound and require the correct mathematical methods to tease out the signal from the noise, causality from association. Collectively, statistics is the science of uncertainty and the extraction of reliable, useful information from raw data. The objectives of this review are to provide craniofacial surgeons with a primer in descriptive statistics: how to design investigations, collect, prepare, present, and interpret clinical data. Since large datasets at regional and national depositories represent powerful and valuable resources, and that their proper use requires a working knowledge in epidemiology, we included sections on incidence, prevalence, sensitivity, and specificity regarding diagnosis, treatments, and testing.

scholarly journals Virtual paleontology: computer-aided analysis of fossil form and function

2014 ◽  
Vol 88 (4) ◽  
pp. 633-635 ◽  
Author(s):  
Imran A. Rahman ◽  
Selena Y. Smith
Keyword(s):  
Imaging Techniques ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Fossil Plants ◽  
Element Analysis ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Form And Function ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
History Of ◽  
Micro Tomography ◽  
And Function

‘Virtual paleontology’ entails the use of computational methods to assist in the three-dimensional (3-D) visualization and analysis of fossils, and has emerged as a powerful approach for research on the history of life. Three-dimensional imaging techniques allow poorly understood or previously unknown anatomies of fossil plants, invertebrates, and vertebrates, as well as microfossils and trace fossils, to be described in much greater detail than formerly possible, and are applicable to a wide range of preservation types and specimen sizes (Table 1). These methods include non-destructive high-resolution scanning technologies such as conventional X-ray micro-tomography and synchrotron-based X-ray tomography. In addition, form and function can be rigorously investigated through quantitative analysis of computer models, for example finite-element analysis.

scholarly journals THE ROAD AS AN ESSENTIAL ELEMENT OF THE CONTENT OF THE SHOW GARDEN

space&FORM ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 2020 (46) ◽  
pp. 133-146
Author(s):  
Izabela Myszka ◽  
◽  
Katarzyna Augustyniak ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Essential Element ◽  
Entire Space ◽  
Research Results ◽  
The Road ◽  
Form And Function ◽  
Decisive Influence ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Subject ◽  
And Function ◽  
Road System

In this article, we focus on the subject of the show garden and place for path in the garden, in particular its forms and functions in space and meaning. The form and function of path was examined on the basis of selected, representative examples of historical gardens and contemporary show gardens of the festival in Chaumont-sur-Loire. The results showed that a path is the leading element of every garden, and its form has a decisive influence on the composition of the entire space and allows you to note content. Based on the research results, road system diagrams in historical gardens were developed and model concepts for show gardens inspired by the history of gardens were developed. The currently very touching topic of Quarantine has become the leitmotif of the garden content.

scholarly journals Understanding the urbanization impacts of high-speed rail in China

2021 ◽  
Vol 58 (2) ◽  
pp. 21-34
Author(s):  
Anthony Perl ◽  
Taotao Deng ◽  
Leandro Correa ◽  
Dandan Wang ◽  
Yulin Yan
Keyword(s):  
Urban Form ◽  
High Speed ◽  
Industrial Development ◽  
Vital Role ◽  
High Speed Rail ◽  
National Network ◽  
Rail Network ◽  
Form And Function ◽  
Negative Impacts ◽  
And Function

Advances in transport technology have been shown to play a vital role in urban development over millennia. From the engineering and pavement innovations of the Roman road network to the aerospace breakthroughs that enabled jet aircraft, cities have been reshaped by the mobility changes resulting from new designs for moving people and goods. This article explores the urbanization impacts of High-Speed Rail’s introduction in China, which has built the world’s largest High-Speed Rail network in record time. Since High-Speed Rail was launched in Japan in 1964, this technology has worked to reshape intercity travel as a revolutionary transportation alternative. High-Speed Rail has developed steadily across Japan, France, Germany, Italy, Switzerland during the 1970s and 1980s. It expanded to Russia, Spain, the United Kingdom, and Sweden in the 1990s. In the 21st century, China began developing High-Speed Rail on an unprecedented scale, and now has a national network that is longer than the totality of the rest of the world’s High-Speed Rail operations combined. China’s High-Speed Rail operation is exerting a transformative influence on urban form and function. This article synthesizes secondary research results to analyse the impacts of HSR on urbanization. These effects include population redistribution, urban spatial expansion and industrial development. We offer a typol-ogy that considers the urban effects of High-Speed Rail at three spatial levels: the station area, the urban jurisdiction, and the regional agglomeration. When organized through our typology, research findings demonstrate that High-Speed Rail influences urban population size, urban spatial layout and industrial development by changing the acces-sibility of cities. We highlight the processes by which High-Speed Rail ultimately affects the urbanization process for people, land use, and industrial development. However, High-Speed Rail’s impacts on urbanization are not always positive. While leveraging the development opportunity enabled by High-Speed Rail, governments around the world should also avoid potential negative impacts by drawing lessons from the experience of High-Speed Rail’s rapid de-ployment in China.

scholarly journals A Historical Review of Enzymatic Debridement: Revisited

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Brett David W
Keyword(s):  
Wound Care ◽  
Historical Review ◽  
The Body ◽  
Form And Function ◽  
Bacterial Collagenase ◽  
History Of ◽  
Biochemical Research ◽  
The Many ◽  
And Function ◽  
Enzymatic Debridement

The following is an update to a book entitled, “A Historical Review of Enzymatic Debridement: Revisited”, which I wrote in 2003. Since its publication, while the relevant clinical evidence has remained consistent, the amount of biochemical research and knowledge gained has been impressive. In the first chapter a sampling of the typical topical enzymatic debriding agents that have been used in wound care are reviewed and interestingly enough only one remains on the market. The FDA has removed all others from the marketplace and an explanation is provided in chapter one along with descriptions of the use and mode of action (MoA) of these agents. Chapter two is a review of the many different types of collagen found in the body, including their structure, form, and function as so much additional insight into this molecule has been gained since 2003. In chapter three we see an account depicting the many advances in understanding matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) reviewed in detail. Form, function, tissue orientation and preferred substrates are addressed. Finally, in chapter four we see the history of the MoA of MMPs as compared to bacterial collagenase starting in the early ‘80s to the time of this current publication. In addition we see the level of complexity of bacterial collagenases compared to MMPs, helping us to better understand why bacterial collagenase is much more efficient at removing necrotic tissue from wounds than are our own (endogenous) MMPs. I hope the reader finds this review useful from an academic standpoint, but more importantly from a clinical framework helping to understand the role of these types of therapies in wound care.

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