scholarly journals An Ancient Fingerprint Indicates the Common Ancestry of Rossmann-Fold Enzymes Utilizing Different Ribose-Based Cofactors

PLoS Biology ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 14 (3) ◽  
pp. e1002396 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paola Laurino ◽  
Ágnes Tóth-Petróczy ◽  
Rubén Meana-Pañeda ◽  
Wei Lin ◽  
Donald G. Truhlar ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Common Ancestry ◽  
Rossmann Fold ◽  
The Common

Colonial Roots of the Aryan Invasion/Migration Theory and the Contemporary Archaeological Evidence in Western Sources

2021 ◽  
pp. 037698362110521
Author(s):  
Kundan Singh
Keyword(s):  
European Ancestry ◽  
Common Ancestry ◽  
Graduate Study ◽  
Archaeological Evidence ◽  
Current Form ◽  
European Languages ◽  
Invasion Theory ◽  
Imperial Power ◽  
Migration Theory ◽  
The Common

William Jones, famously, by identifying close linkages between Sanskrit and European languages, gave birth to research into the common ancestry between Indians and Europeans. In the earlier years of contention on the matter, India was considered the cradle of civilisation and Sanskrit as the mother of all Indo-European languages. With the rise in the imperial power of Europe over India, the cradle of civilisation began to shift outside India and ultimately landed in Europe. Simultaneously, the idea of invasion of India by the ‘Aryan race’, or the Aryan invasion theory (AIT), was promoted. Since then, however, one archaeological find over another have consistently refuted the AIT, proving it as false. As flawed as it remains, this theory has, nonetheless, persisted and morphed in its current form as the Aryan migration theory (AMT) and continues to find mention and favour in contemporary academic discourse. In mainstream academia, today, whether in grade-school texts or in texts meant for undergraduate and graduate study, whenever India and Hinduism are mentioned, the coming of Aryans from outside of India and establishing Hinduism and civilisation in India are discussed as veritable facts. By examining the theory in anticolonial and postcolonial contexts, we show that despite considerable archaeological evidence refuting the theories of the invasion or migration of Aryans into India, its colonial embeddedness in the notion of the racial superiority of the Europeans or people with European ancestry that the theory does not fade into oblivion.

scholarly journals The common ancestry of life

2010 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 64 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eugene V Koonin ◽  
Yuri I Wolf
Keyword(s):  
Common Ancestry ◽  
The Common

Triassic reptiles from the Elgin area: Ornithosuchus and the origin of carnosaurs

1964 ◽  
Vol 248 (744) ◽  
pp. 53-134 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
New Species ◽  
Lower Cretaceous ◽  
The Other ◽  
Type Material ◽  
Common Ancestry ◽  
New Information ◽  
Restricted Sense ◽  
The Common ◽  
A New Species

The osteology of Ornithosuchus is described in some detail. This study is largely based on material discussed by previous workers, but also takes into account specimens hitherto undescribed. It is considered that the species O. taylori Broom 1913 is invalid, being based on larger individuals of the form previously named O. woodwardi by Newton (1894). Furthermore, evidence is presented to show that specimens previously described by Huxley (1877) and Walker (1961) as Dasygnathus longidens are also referable to Ornithosuchus . It is concluded that but one species is present in the material, the correct name for which is Ornithosuchus longidens (Huxley). At least eleven individuals are present with skulls ranging from about 50 to 450 mm in length. Observations on the smaller members of this series suggest that changes in the shape and proportions of the skull took place with growth in a similar manner to those seen in living crocodiles. In the light of new information concerning the osteology of Ornithosuchus it is considered that this reptile is a primitive carnosaur, occupying a position very close to the ancestry of the Jurassic and Cretaceous members of this group. An examination of descriptions and figures of Triassic reptiles referred by von Huene (1932) and later authors to the Carnosauria has led to the conclusion that the great bulk of this material is more properly allocated to the Prosauropoda, and that the only Triassic carnosaurs known at the present time, apart from Ornithosuchus , are Teratosaurus and Sinosaurus , these two names being here used in a restricted sense. It is suggested that Ornithosuchus is close to the common ancestry of both the Megalosauridae and the Tyrannosauridae, and the derivation of the skull patterns of these forms from that of Ornithosuchus is discussed. Additional fenestrations marginal to the preorbital fossa and in the surangular of advanced carnosaurs are held to be related to the development of the pterygoid musculature rather than to the need to lighten the skull. In the course of a brief review of the Carnosauria the view is put forward that Acrocanthosaurus is a Lower Cretaceous representative of the tyrannosaur group, using this term in a broad sense, and is perhaps related to the Cenomanian Spinosaurus and the Wealden Altispinax . As a result of examination of English megalosaurian material, the name Eustreptospondylus oxoniensis gen. et sp.nov. is proposed for the Oxford specimen previously known as ‘ Streptospondylus’ cuvieri , and Metriacanthosaurus gen.nov. for Megalosaurus parkeri . The incomplete cranium from Dives figured by Piveteau (1923) is made the type of a new species, E. divesensis , to which certain other carnosaurian material from Normandy is provisionally allocated. Following Chakravarti (1935), the endoskeletal elements included by Matley (1923) in the type material of the Indian nodosaur Lametasaurus are held to belong to one or other of the two carnosaurs Indosuchus and Indosaurus, but the numerous scutes are not thought to be carnosaurian and the name Lametasaurus is here restricted to them. It is suggested that Indosuchus from the ? Turonian is a tyrannosaund. On the other hand Ceratosaurus and Proceratosaurus are regarded as coelurosaurs. A modified classification of the Infra-order Carnosauria is given, in which two main groups are recognized; Superfamily Megalosauroidea to include the Megalosauridae, and Superfamily Tyrannosauroidea to include the Ornithosuchidae (restricted), Spinosauridae and Tyrannosauridae.

Periphrastic Progressive Constructions in Dutch and Afrikaans: A Contrastive Analysis

2017 ◽  
Vol 29 (4) ◽  
pp. 305-378 ◽  
Author(s):  
Adri Breed ◽  
Frank Brisard ◽  
Ben Verhoeven
Keyword(s):  
Exact Nature ◽  
Common Ancestry ◽  
Contrastive Analysis ◽  
Written Text ◽  
Verb Constructions ◽  
The Common

Given the common ancestry of Dutch and Afrikaans, it is not surprising that they use similar periphrastic constructions to express progressive meaning:aan het(Dutch) andaan die/’t(Afrikaans) lit. ‘at the’;bezig met/(om)te(Dutch) lit. ‘busy with/to’ andbesig om telit. ‘busy to’ (Afrikaans); and so-called cardinal posture verb constructions (zitten/sit‘sit’,staan‘stand’,liggen/lê‘lie’ andlopen/loop‘walk’), CPVte(‘to’ Dutch) and CPVen(‘and’ Afrikaans). However, these cognate constructions have grammaticalized to different extents. To assess the exact nature of these differences, we analyzed the constructions with respect to overall frequency, collocational range, and transitivity (compatibility with transitive predicates and passivizability). We used two corpora that are equal in size (both about 57 million words) and contain roughly the same types of written text. It turns out that the use of periphrastic progressives is generally more widespread in Afrikaans than in Dutch. As far as grammaticalization is concerned, we found that the Afrikaansaan die- and CPV-constructions, as well as the Dutchbezig- and CPV-constructions, are semantically restricted. In addition, only the Afrikaansbesig- and CPVen-constructions allow passivization, which is remarkable for such periphrastic expressions.*

scholarly journals Evaluation of genetic variability of the breed Norik of Muran according to pedigree information

2018 ◽  
Vol 63 (No. 5) ◽  
pp. 195-200 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Halo ◽  
E. Mlyneková ◽  
M. Horná ◽  
M. Ivančíková ◽  
A. Hrdá
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Diversity ◽  
Genetic Variability ◽  
Average Length ◽  
Pedigree Information ◽  
Common Ancestry ◽  
Generation Interval ◽  
The Core ◽  
Equivalent Number ◽  
The Common ◽  
Gene Origin

The Norik of Muran, a unique draught horse bred in Slovakia, belongs to country’s biodiversity treasures. The genetic diversity of this horse type was evaluated on the basis of indicators derived from the common ancestry and the probability of gene origin. The pedigree file of the analyzed horses involved 115 individuals (15 stallions and 100 mares). The number of complete generations was 4.49 on average. The maximum number of ancestor generations at the examined population of living horses was 5.38 and the equivalent number in the generation of ancestors was 5.14. The highest average length of the generation interval was 10.97 years in the father–son direction compared to father–daughter (9.74), mother–son (10.87), and mother–daughter (8.99 years – the lowest average length). The generation interval overall average length was 10.14 years. The total coefficient of relatedness was 1.72% on average. The efficient number of core ancestors evenly used in breeding in comparison with the core ancestors mildly decreased to 198. Therefore the Austrian Norik incorporation in the breeding program is the opportunity how to maintain genetic diversity.

Inbreeding and Outbreeding

2001 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nickolas M. Waser ◽  
Charles F. Williams
Keyword(s):  
Common Ancestor ◽  
Genetic Relatedness ◽  
Genetic Material ◽  
Common Ancestry ◽  
Selfish Genes ◽  
Gene Copies ◽  
Common Parlance ◽  
The Common ◽  
Diploid Individual ◽  
Definition Of

Contemplate the descent of a piece of DNA (or RNA in organisms using this as their genetic material). The DNA is copied, and copies are passed to descendants. If the copies were error-free we could rightly think of them as perfect clones that pass down indefinitely through the eons. This logic led Richard Dawkins to speak of immortal coils in his book on selfish genes; here, it instead brings up issues of the common ancestry of genes and of individuals, and of the definition and consequences of inbreeding and outbreeding, the subjects of this chapter. When two individuals share one or more ancestor, they are relatives, both in common parlance and by technical definition in biology. The consequence of their mating is inbreeding, that is, the production of offspring receiving copies of a given gene through both mother and father that can be traced to the common ancestor(s). These gene copies are identical by descent (IBD; not to be confused with an acronym for inbreeding depression, see below), a shorthand for “identical by the fact of descending as copies of the same original piece of DNA”. The probability that two gene copies are IBD in a diploid individual, or its inbreeding coefficient, symbolized by f, is a simple function of the genetic relatedness of its parents and the segregation of genes during meiosis and gametogenesis. Because the probability is one-half that two gametes from the same individual carry identical gene copies, fertilization by self produces f of one-half, a brother-sister mating or parent-offspring mating produces f of one-quarter, a first-cousin mating produces f of one-sixteenth, and so on (see “Measurement of Inbreeding and Outbreeding,” below). In these examples, we assume that neither common ancestor(s) nor parents themselves are inbred; such inbreeding reflects additional common ancestry and so inflates f. From all of this, a definition of outbreeding as “mating of nonrelatives” follows automatically. As just defined, inbreeding and outbreeding rely on an absolute measure of relatedness. An alternative definition that may be of more value in real, finite populations (as opposed to ideal, infinite ones) is that inbreeding is mating with relatives more often than expected by chance, and outbreeding the opposite.

Alberic of Trois-Fontaines’ Genealogies

2019 ◽  
Vol 23 (2) ◽  
pp. 240-264
Author(s):  
Antoni Grabowski
Keyword(s):  
Thirteenth Century ◽  
Common Ancestry ◽  
Sources Of Information ◽  
Independent Research ◽  
The Family ◽  
Interesting Idea ◽  
Family Connections ◽  
The Common

Alberic of Trois-Fontaines was a thirteenth-century Cistercian and a well-read chronicler. He wrote about the happenings taking place in Europe, from Ruś to Wales. Among many subjects, he was especially keen on finding out the origins of the families and the genealogical relations. He not only summarised chronicles but undertook independent research on the topic of genealogies of rulers and nobles. The extent of his writing on this subject shows that it was one of his main interests. While his knowledge about the family connections was sometimes appreciated, it was also perceived as full of mistakes. There was almost no discussion about the meaning of the various genealogies presented by Alberic. This is regrettable, as Alberic expresses a very interesting idea in the text: the common ancestry for the whole European nobility. In the article I point out Alberic’s probable sources of information, the role genealogical matter had in the chronicle. Finally I discuss the inspirations for the special treating of genealogy in the chronicle pointing at Peter of Poitiers’ example.

Gods and/or Ancestors: Practicing Lineage in Contemporary Singapore

2014 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 3-32
Author(s):  
Khee Heong Koh ◽  
Chang Woei Ong
Keyword(s):  
Urban Environment ◽  
Voluntary Associations ◽  
Common Ancestry ◽  
Chinese Community ◽  
Nuclear Families ◽  
The Social ◽  
Cultural Experiences ◽  
The Common ◽  
The Ideal

AbstractThis paper attempts to examine the roles and functions that lineages play in the social and cultural experiences of certain segments of Singapore’s Chinese community. Since Maurice Freedman argued over half a century ago that beyond the nuclear families and their immediate kin, the Chinese in Singapore normally did not organize themselves according to the ideal of lineage, researches on Chinese voluntary associations in Singapore have by and large overlooked the fact that the practice of organizing kinsmen around the ideas of lineage has persisted up to the present day. The paper looks at two cases — the Wengshan Hongs and the Bangtou Bais — of lineage practices in contemporary Singapore. The former highlights an intangible display of kinship consciousness in a religious space. Gods, rather than ancestors, are symbols that help to bind its kinsmen together. By comparison, the Bangtou Bai lineage is very explicit in the display of their common ancestry identity. The common surname association, the religious space, and the lineage space have been converged. It is the contention of the authors of this paper that the two cases can represent two major strategies of combining religious affiliations and memories of ancestors in a fast-developing urban environment.

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