scholarly journals High second-order nonlinearities induced in lead silicate glass by electron-beam irradiation

1993 ◽  
Vol 18 (9) ◽  
pp. 693 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. G. Kazansky ◽  
A. Kamal ◽  
P. St. J. Russell
Keyword(s):  
Electron Beam ◽  
Silicate Glass ◽  
Electron Beam Irradiation ◽  
Second Order ◽  
Lead Silicate ◽  
Beam Irradiation ◽  
Lead Silicate Glass

Electron-beam irradiation-induced nonlinearity in silicate glass films and fabrication of nonlinear optical gratings

1999 ◽  
Vol 86 (5) ◽  
pp. 2393-2396 ◽  
Author(s):  
Makoto Nakanishi ◽  
Okihiro Sugihara ◽  
Naomichi Okamoto ◽  
Hisashi Fujimura ◽  
Chikara Egami
Keyword(s):  
Electron Beam ◽  
Silicate Glass ◽  
Nonlinear Optical ◽  
Electron Beam Irradiation ◽  
Beam Irradiation ◽  
Optical Gratings ◽  
Glass Films

Methods to Monitor and Improve the Performance of Specimen Holders for Transmission Electron Cryomicroscopy

1996 ◽  
Vol 54 ◽  
pp. 454-455
Author(s):  
B. L. Armbruster ◽  
B. Kraus ◽  
M. Pan
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Electron Beam ◽  
Electron Beam Irradiation ◽  
Beam Irradiation ◽  
Quality Of Data ◽  
Electron Cryomicroscopy ◽  
Thermal Equilibration ◽  
Transmission Electron ◽  
Electron Microscopes

One goal in electron microscopy of biological specimens is to improve the quality of data to equal the resolution capabilities of modem transmission electron microscopes. Radiation damage and beam- induced movement caused by charging of the sample, low image contrast at high resolution, and sensitivity to external vibration and drift in side entry specimen holders limit the effective resolution one can achieve. Several methods have been developed to address these limitations: cryomethods are widely employed to preserve and stabilize specimens against some of the adverse effects of the vacuum and electron beam irradiation, spot-scan imaging reduces charging and associated beam-induced movement, and energy-filtered imaging removes the “fog” caused by inelastic scattering of electrons which is particularly pronounced in thick specimens.Although most cryoholders can easily achieve a 3.4Å resolution specification, information perpendicular to the goniometer axis may be degraded due to vibration. Absolute drift after mechanical and thermal equilibration as well as drift after movement of a holder may cause loss of resolution in any direction.

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