System Building from Below: Institutional Change in Dutch Water Control Systems

2002 ◽  
Vol 43 (3) ◽  
pp. 521-548 ◽  
Author(s):  
Arne Kaijser
Keyword(s):  
Institutional Change ◽  
Control Systems ◽  
Water Control ◽  
System Building

Water, Cacao, and The Early Maya of Chocóla

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jonathan Kaplan ◽  
Federico Paredes Umaña
Keyword(s):  
Control Systems ◽  
New World ◽  
Intensive Agriculture ◽  
Water Control ◽  
Long Distance ◽  
Ancient Trade ◽  
Ancient City ◽  
The World ◽  
Maya People ◽  
Material Substances

Before the authors’ research, Chocolá was no more than an intriguing legend. Chocolá’s apparent political links to the greatest Preclassic southern Maya area polity, Kaminaljuyu, would make any discovery about Chocolá conceivably vital to a better understanding of Maya origins and New World archaeology, as both ancient cities are located in the Southern Maya Region. Two facts led researchers to search more specifically for the material bases for Chocolá’s rise to power: 1) Mesoamerica’s greatest rainfall, 2) cacao groves around the modern village lying atop the ancient city. Cacao was so important to the Maya that, mythologically, the cacao god was the maize god’s brother and uncle of the “Hero Twins,” conceived as the aboriginal creators of the Maya people. If water control systems have been documented archaeologically at virtually all great ancient cities around the world, cacao is uniquely a Maya “invention,” the Maya being the first people in the world to domesticate the plant and cultivate it through intensive agriculture. These two discoveries—impressive water management and cacao at Preclassic Chocolá—likely are not coincidental. A complex, hierarchical society would have been in place for arboriculture of water-thirsty cacao for long-distance ancient trade. Thus, two material substances, one necessary for human survival, the other highly valued throughout Mesoamerica as consumable and essential in Maya mythology, may explain, in part, how this and other Southern Maya “kingdoms of chocolate” may represent a “sweet beginning” for one of the greatest civilizations of the ancient world.

scholarly journals An internet of things for water utility monitoring and control

2018 ◽  
Vol 7 (2.1) ◽  
pp. 20
Author(s):  
Kranthi Madala ◽  
D Divya Bharathi ◽  
Sushma Chowdary Polavarapu
Keyword(s):  
Internet Of Things ◽  
Control Systems ◽  
Emerging Technology ◽  
Water Monitoring ◽  
Water Utilities ◽  
Monitoring And Control ◽  
Water Control ◽  
Water Utility ◽  
Control Approach ◽  
And Control

The aim of thepaper is to advise more efficient water monitoring and control approach to reduce the water loss. This may assist users, operatorsto improve water control systems, by using the emerging technology. Net of factors is one of the essential strategies for making consumption of water assets more efficient and for developing extra utilityproperstructures. Now–a–days the water monitoring and control is dealing with a few issues. As an example the manipulate structures usedby using waterdistributionutilities ought to function over a hugevicinity. Massive water utilities go through transit losses due to leaks and burstpipes. An IoT answer for water tracking and control ambitions at being capable of gather more than one device, analyzing these recordsand dispatching themand consequences from processing to diverse programs or to other devices.

A Middle Formative Irrigation System near Santa Clara Coatitlan in the Basin of Mexico

1982 ◽  
Vol 47 (1) ◽  
pp. 133-144 ◽  
Author(s):  
Deborah L. Nichols
Keyword(s):  
Control Systems ◽  
Methodological Problem ◽  
Irrigation System ◽  
Theoretical Issue ◽  
Water Control ◽  
Settlement Systems ◽  
Excellent Opportunity ◽  
Basin Of Mexico ◽  
Middle Formative ◽  
The Relationship

A major theoretical issue in studies of prehistoric societies in the Basin of Mexico concerns the relationship between irrigation and the development of prehistoric settlement systems. Locating and dating the remains of prehistoric water control systems, however, presents a major methodological problem. The discovery of a series of stratified prehistoric canals in the exposed profiles of contemporary borrow pits near Santa Clara Coatitlan provided an excellent opportunity for dating a prehistoric irrigation system. Results of recent excavations, reported on in this paper, demonstrate that these canals are part of a middle Formative floodwater irrigation system, which is the earliest confirmed evidence, to date, for the use of irrigation in the Basin of Mexico.

Materialist Factors

2018 ◽  
pp. 263-315
Author(s):  
Jonathan Kaplan ◽  
Federico Paredes Umaña
Keyword(s):  
Control Systems ◽  
Hydraulic Engineering ◽  
Ancient Maya ◽  
Complex Society ◽  
Water Control ◽  
Long Distance ◽  
Ancient City

This chapter details the two principal materialist research foci of the project, water and cacao. Water control systems in Mesoamerica and at ancient Maya cities are reviewed in order to set the discoveries at Chocolá in context in an attempt to understand both functional and ideological meanings of water control at the ancient city. Chocolá’s hydraulic engineering, including stone conduits and canals, closely resembles the systems at Takalik Abaj and Kaminaljuyu, suggesting a deliberate sharing of technology and underscoring the likelihood of links between these three ancient cities and polities. Similarly, the context of cacao in ancient Mesoamerica and specifically in the ancient Maya world is explained, leading to the hypothesis of intensive surplus arboriculture—large cacao groves—that, it is proposed, underlay Chocolá’s rise to wealth and power as a complex society. In addition, a “mystery tale” is recounted, in which one of the most stunning carved monuments of the Southern Maya Region, the so-called Shook Altar, plays a central role in the authors’ theory of surplus cacao production at Chocolá and long-distance trade of the commodity.

scholarly journals Muskrats

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
James E. Miller
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Control Systems ◽  
The United States ◽  
Water Levels ◽  
Agricultural Crops ◽  
Aquatic Habitats ◽  
Water Control ◽  
Ondatra Zibethicus ◽  
Farm Ponds ◽  
Growth Laws

The muskrat (Ondatra zibethicus) is a common, semi-aquatic rodent native to the United States. It spends its life in aquatic habitats and is well adapted for swimming. Although muskrats are an important part of native ecosystems, their burrowing and foraging activities can damage agricultural crops, native marshes and water control systems, such as aquaculture and farm ponds and levees. Such damage can significantly impact agricultural crops like rice that rely on consistent water levels for growth. Laws, regulations, and ordinances regarding the take of muskrats varies by state and province where they are found and regulations on seasons, bag limits, and type of traps or devices that can be used to take them must be carefully followed.

UNESCO Libyan Valleys Survey XXIII: The 1989 Season

1991 ◽  
Vol 22 ◽  
pp. 31-60 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. W. W. Barker ◽  
D. D. Gilbertson ◽  
G. D. B. Jones ◽  
D. A. Welsby ◽  
J. Wakely
Keyword(s):  
Economic System ◽  
Control Systems ◽  
Food Storage ◽  
Water Control ◽  
Preliminary Results ◽  
Architectural Survey

AbstractThis report presents the preliminary results of the final season of the UNESCO Libyan Valleys Survey, that took place in October 1989. The fieldwork was divided in two parts. The first part of the work concentrated on the settlements in the Wadi Buzra, a northern tributary of the Wadi Sofeggin, especially at Souk el Awty. The major monument here consists of a substantial church (published elsewhere by D. A. Welsby in this volume), which was investigated by architectural survey and limited excavation, as were the surrounding late Romano-Libyan farms. The modern name of the settlement suggests that it may have been an important centre in Islamic as well as the Romano-Libyan periods, but the excavation did not obtain conclusive chronological evidence. The second part of the fieldwork was in the Wadi Umm el-Kharab, a southern tributary of the Sofeggin. Here, the team carried out a detailed study of a series of fortified farms of the later Romano-Libyan period, to compare with the open farm of the earlier Romano-Libyan period in Wadi el Amud previously studied by the project. An analysis of the constructional details of the major farms was integrated with excavations to recover stratified dating evidence from within the farms and faunal and botanical evidence from associated middens, and with a survey of the water-control systems of walls down the length of the wadi. The study indicates that the wadi was settled by people living in open farms and nucleated settlements in the first four centuries AD, but that by the fifth and sixth centuries AD these were replaced by fortified farms. There is evidence that the occupants of the fortified farms cultivated the wadi within an integrated economic system characterised by centralised food storage, rather than as independent units.

CYBERSECURITY AND THE CRITICAL VULNERABILITY OF THE DUTCH WATER CONTROL SYSTEMS

Insight ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 19 (4) ◽  
pp. 37-40
Author(s):  
Berber de Liefde ◽  
Jan de Liefde
Keyword(s):  
Control Systems ◽  
Water Control
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