The Destruction of the San Sabá Apache Mission: A Discussion of the Casualties

2004 ◽  
Vol 60 (4) ◽  
pp. 617-627 ◽  
Author(s):  
Juan M. Romero de Terreros
Keyword(s):  
New Mexico ◽  
New Spain ◽  
Direct Link ◽  
Northern Boundary ◽  
Arms Trade ◽  
Peaceful Settlement ◽  
Central Texas ◽  
Franciscan Order

The Lipan Apache mission on the banks of the San Sabá River was located on the northern boundary of Coahuila, New Spain, in the center of today’s state of Texas. On March 16, 1758, Norteño tribes, allied with the Comanches, attacked and destroyed the mission, demonstrating their hostility to what they saw as the Spaniards’ unjust support of their traditional enemy, the Apaches. The destruction of the mission contributed to the failure of the most far-reaching attempt by the Spanish Crown and the Franciscan Order to settle the Apaches in Texas. The Spanish believed that the mission was the only means to ensure a peaceful settlement of central Texas native tribes and simultaneously to check French illegal arms trade in the northern borderlands. Once the Lipan Apaches were pacified, the reasoning went, definitive settlement of all the Norteño tribes and their allies would follow. These settlements of pacified tribes would also provide the much-desired direct link between Spanish settlements in Texas and those of New Mexico.

The Destruction of the San Sabá Apache Mission: A Discussion of the Casualties

2004 ◽  
Vol 60 (04) ◽  
pp. 617-627
Author(s):  
Juan M. Romero de Terreros
Keyword(s):  
New Mexico ◽  
New Spain ◽  
Direct Link ◽  
Northern Boundary ◽  
Arms Trade ◽  
Peaceful Settlement ◽  
Central Texas ◽  
Franciscan Order

The Lipan Apache mission on the banks of the San Sabá River was located on the northern boundary of Coahuila, New Spain, in the center of today’s state of Texas. On March 16, 1758, Norteño tribes, allied with the Comanches, attacked and destroyed the mission, demonstrating their hostility to what they saw as the Spaniards’ unjust support of their traditional enemy, the Apaches. The destruction of the mission contributed to the failure of the most far-reaching attempt by the Spanish Crown and the Franciscan Order to settle the Apaches in Texas. The Spanish believed that the mission was the only means to ensure a peaceful settlement of central Texas native tribes and simultaneously to check French illegal arms trade in the northern borderlands. Once the Lipan Apaches were pacified, the reasoning went, definitive settlement of all the Norteño tribes and their allies would follow. These settlements of pacified tribes would also provide the much-desired direct link between Spanish settlements in Texas and those of New Mexico.

Our Debt to the Franciscan Missionaries of New Mexico

1944 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 79-87
Author(s):  
J. Manuel Espinosa
Keyword(s):  
New Mexico ◽  
New Spain ◽  
Special Care ◽  
The Other ◽  
Literary Style ◽  
Official History ◽  
History Of ◽  
Franciscan Order ◽  
The Many

It is especially fitting that the Academy of American Franciscan History is being formally inaugurated this month, for in this same month of April, three hundred and thirty-five years ago, the Franciscan Commissary General of the Indies, by authority of the General of the Franciscan Order, instructed Fray Juan de Torquemada to prepare an official history of the Franciscan province of New Spain, the first to be published, in words that may well be repeated here. He wrote: “Considering how just and desirable it is that the memory of saintly men, who by their heroic deeds honored our Holy Religion, … be preserved for all time … :We are of the opinion that in our own times it is desirable to prepare chronicles that make known these deeds … And having investigated with special care the persons in this province of ours of talent, learning, virtue, and the other qualifications necessary for such an important and arduous undertaking, we have agreed that your reverence, who has all of these qualifications, be entrusted and charged … with bringing to light the many unknown facts of importance that are worthy of being recorded and known by everyone. And thus, by these presents, we request, and if necessary so order, that your reverence undertake to gather all of the reports and writings … that may be found, for the preparation of new chronicles of all the provinces, verifying anew the facts in each case, and inquiring into, or tracing and checking, the specific and general matters of importance … which in that and the other provinces of New Spain may be verified and written up, your reverence preparing all in good literary style and in historical form…

Bartolomé de las Casas, Judge Alonso de Zorita, and the Franciscans: A Collaborative Effort for the Spiritual Conquest of the Borderlands

1981 ◽  
Vol 38 (1) ◽  
pp. 45-57 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ralph H. Vigil
Keyword(s):  
Seventeenth Century ◽  
New Mexico ◽  
Sixteenth Century ◽  
New Spain ◽  
Church And State ◽  
Colonial Period ◽  
Las Casas ◽  
Bartolome De Las Casas ◽  
Franciscan Order ◽  
Spiritual Conquest

These brief remarks on the Dominican friar Bartolomé de Las Casas, Licenciate Alonso de Zorita, and the Franciscan Order in sixteenth-century Mexico should not be interpreted as characteristic of either the century or the colonial period as a whole. Church and state generally complemented each other, but the origins “of the longenduring conflict between clerical and anticlerical forces” in Mexico and the Borderlands “reach into earliest colonial times.” An example is the jurisdictional dispute between Archbishop Juan Pérez de la Serna and Viceroy Diego Carrillo de Mendoza y Pimental in the 1620s. Another is the long and bitter conflict between Franciscan missionaries and Spanish governors in seventeenth-century New Mexico. Nevertheless, cooperation between representatives of Church and State in New Spain is apparent even before the arrival of the saintly “Twelve Apostles” headed by Fray Martín de Valencia in 1524.

To Sin No More

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
David Rex Galindo
Keyword(s):  
Eighteenth Century ◽  
Native Americans ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
New Spain ◽  
New World ◽  
Spanish America ◽  
Rural And Urban Areas ◽  
Rural And Urban ◽  
Spanish Atlantic ◽  
Franciscan Order

For 300 years, Franciscans were at the forefront of the spread of Catholicism in the New World. In the late seventeenth century, Franciscans developed a far-reaching, systematic missionary program in Spain and the Americas. After founding the first college of propaganda fide in the Mexican city of Querétaro, the Franciscan Order established six additional colleges in New Spain, ten in South America, and twelve in Spain. From these colleges Franciscans proselytized Native Americans in frontier territories as well as Catholics in rural and urban areas in eighteenth-century Spain and Spanish America. This is the first book to study these colleges, their missionaries, and their multifaceted, sweeping missionary programs. By focusing on the recruitment of non-Catholics to Catholicism as well as the deepening of religious fervor among Catholics, the book shows how the Franciscan colleges expanded and shaped popular Catholicism in the eighteenth-century Spanish Atlantic world. This book explores the motivations driving Franciscan friars, their lives inside the colleges, their training, and their ministry among Catholics, an often-overlooked duty that paralleled missionary deployments. It argues that Franciscan missionaries aimed to reform or “reawaken” Catholic parishioners just as much as they sought to convert non-Christian Native Americans.

Genetic Structure is Inconsistent with Subspecies Designations in the Western Massasauga Sistrurus tergeminus

2015 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 350-359 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wade A. Ryberg ◽  
Johanna A. Harvey ◽  
Anna Blick ◽  
Toby J. Hibbitts ◽  
Gary Voelker
Keyword(s):  
New Mexico ◽  
Conservation Status ◽  
Genetic Research ◽  
Peripheral Populations ◽  
Isolated Populations ◽  
North Central ◽  
Sistrurus Catenatus ◽  
Central Texas ◽  
Difficult Challenge ◽  
Incomplete Sampling

Abstract The massasauga Sistrurus catenatus was historically divided into three subspecies, but this long-standing taxonomy has recently been called into question. Genetic research now recognizes a split of the species into the eastern massasauga S. catenatus and western massasauga S. tergeminus, with the latter split into two subspecies, the desert massasauga S. t. edwardsii and the prairie massasauga S. t. tergeminus. Although the distinction between geographically isolated populations of S. catenatus and S. tergeminus is well-supported genetically, the geographic relationships among populations of S. t. tergeminus and S. t. edwardsii remain unresolved because of incomplete sampling throughout the species’ range. This poses a difficult challenge for conservation and management of this species. Sistrurus t. tergeminus does not have state or federal conservation status, but S. t. edwardsii has been petitioned for listing under the U.S. Endangered Species Act. In this study, we used nuclear and mitochondrial DNA from 52 individuals from 7 states to explore the taxonomic and geographic relationships between S. t. tergeminus and S. t. edwardsii populations. Maximum likelihood and Bayesian inference frameworks for both nuclear and mtDNA genes indicated that S. t. tergeminus and S. t. edwardsii populations were genetically indistinguishable. However, at the species level, we did find eight well-supported mtDNA clades within S. tergeminus, including individuals from five peripheral populations in 1) Arizona and western New Mexico, 2) Colorado and Kansas, 3) Missouri, 4) Oklahoma, and 5) southern Texas. These peripherally isolated populations surrounded a larger population of individuals from north-central Texas, New Mexico, and Oklahoma that was contiguous with three additional genetically distinct populations. We conclude that the putative subspecies S. t. tergeminus and S. t. edwardsii, as currently defined, most likely represent polytypic phenotypes of S. tergeminus rather than discrete taxonomic entities. Instead, we suggest that S. tergeminus existed historically as a large, contiguous collection of populations that only recently became fragmented into several, as opposed to two, potentially discrete taxonomic entities.

Demographic, Ethnic and Occupational Structure of New Mexico, 1790

1978 ◽  
Vol 35 (1) ◽  
pp. 45-88 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alicia V. Tjarks
Keyword(s):  
Eighteenth Century ◽  
New Mexico ◽  
New Spain ◽  
Decisive Role ◽  
Great Difficulty ◽  
Occupational Structure ◽  
Population Statistics ◽  
Late Eighteenth Century ◽  
Late Eighteenth ◽  
Franciscan Missions

Since early times civil and religious authorities of New Spain showed considerable interest in population statistics of New Mexico. Such an interest was directly related to the peculiarities of settlement in the province since the Reconquest, fourteen years after the bloody Indian uprising of 1680. From then on, control over New Mexico could only be sustained with great difficulty—final pacification could not be achieved until the late eighteenth century—for a purely geopolitical reason: keeping New Mexico for the Crown as a defensive bulwark in the northern approaches of New Spain against the penetration of hostile Indians and foreigners. In that sense, the Franciscan missions performed a decisive role in affirming the Spanish occupation of the territory.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document