Two Views of the Impact of Strong Wind Events on Forests of the Southern United States

2010 ◽  
Vol 50 (3) ◽  
pp. 291-304 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pete Bettinger ◽  
Krista L. Merry ◽  
Donald L. Grebner
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Southern United States ◽  
Strong Wind ◽  
Wind Events ◽  
The Impact

scholarly journals The intensity of slope and fluvial processes after a catastrophic windthrow event in small catchments in the Tatra Mountains

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (6) ◽  
pp. 1405-1423
Author(s):  
Dariusz Strzyżowski ◽  
Elżbieta Gorczyca ◽  
Kazimierz Krzemień ◽  
Mirosław Żelazny
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Changes ◽  
Bedload Transport ◽  
Strong Wind ◽  
Tatra Mountains ◽  
Salvage Logging ◽  
Fluvial Processes ◽  
Wind Events ◽  
And Control ◽  
The Tatra Mountains ◽  
The Impact

AbstractStrong wind events frequently result in creating large areas of windthrow, which causes abrupt environmental changes. Bare soil surfaces within pits and root plates potentially expose soil to erosion. Absence of forest may alter the dynamics of water circulation. In this study we attempt to answer the question of whether extensive windthrows influence the magnitude of geomorphic processes in 6 small second- to third-order catchments with area ranging from 0.09 km2 to 0.8 km2. Three of the catchments were significantly affected by a windthrow which occurred in December 2013 in the Polish part of the Tatra Mountains, and the other three catchments were mostly forested and served as control catchments. We mapped the pits created by the windthrow and the linear scars created by salvage logging operations in search of any signs of erosion within them. We also mapped all post-windthrow landslides created in the windthrow-affected catchments. The impact of the windthrow on the fluvial system was investigated by measuring a set of channel characteristics and determining bedload transport intensity using painted tracers in all the windthrow-affected and control catchments. Both pits and linear scars created by harvesting tend to become overgrown by vegetation in the first several years after the windthrow. The only signs of erosion were observed in 10% of the pits located on convergent slopes. During the period from the windthrow event in 2013 until 2019, 5 very small (total area <100 m2) shallow landslides were created. The mean distance of bedload transport was similar (t-test, p=0.05) in most of the windthrow-affected and control catchments. The mapping of channels revealed many cases of root plates fallen into a channel and pits created near a channel. A significant amount of woody debris delivered into the channels influenced the activity of fluvial processes by creating alternating zones of erosion and accumulation.

Conclusion

2021 ◽  
pp. 217-220
Author(s):  
Candace Bailey
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Civil War ◽  
Social Status ◽  
Southern United States ◽  
Southern Women ◽  
Satisfactory Explanation ◽  
Women's Music ◽  
History Of ◽  
And Gender ◽  
The Impact

This history of women’s music in the southern United States—one taking into account regional practices—offers new perspectives into class, social aspirations, and gender; it differs substantially from composer-centric narratives. It is the first study to interrogate the impact of the Civil War on women’s music—how it affected repertory, performance circumstances, and careers. The dissimilar women examined here prove that a single, fixed signifier, such as cultural class, social status, parlor music, or domesticity cannot sufficiently account for southern women’s music practices. Gentility provides a more satisfactory explanation by allowing a nuanced examination of southern women—both white and of color—and their musicking.

scholarly journals The view from the streets

2020 ◽  
Vol 117 (1) ◽  
pp. 19-24
Author(s):  
Vahisha Hasan
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Liberation Theology ◽  
Social Action ◽  
Southern United States ◽  
Front Line ◽  
Black Liberation ◽  
Black Liberation Theology ◽  
Faith Based ◽  
Black Lives Matter ◽  
The Impact

This article offers a view of the impact of Dr. James Cone’s Black liberation theology on faith-based social action from an orientation of front-line activism of people of faith. The significance of the southern United States and the founding/founders of the Black Lives Matter movement are two examples through which the article explores this impact. Six questions posited by theologian Diana Hayes, as well as the liberatory possibilities in their answers, are crucial for the front-line activism of tomorrow.

scholarly journals Heat Flux Sources Analysis to the Ross Ice Shelf Polynya Ice Production Time Series and the Impact of Wind Forcing

2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 188
Author(s):  
Zian Cheng ◽  
Xiaoping Pang ◽  
Xi Zhao ◽  
Alfred Stein
Keyword(s):  
Heat Flux ◽  
Time Series ◽  
Wind Forcing ◽  
Strong Wind ◽  
Ice Shelf ◽  
Ross Ice Shelf ◽  
Wind Events ◽  
Ice Production ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Flux Component

The variation of Ross Ice Shelf Polynya (RISP) ice production is a synergistic result of several factors. This study aims to analyze the 2003–2017 RISP ice production time series with respect to the impact of wind forcing on heat flux sources. RISP ice production was estimated from passive microwave sea ice concentration images and reanalysis meteorological data using a thermodynamic model. The total ice production was divided into four components according to the amount of ice produced by different heat fluxes: solar radiation component (Vs), longwave radiation component (Vl), sensible heat flux component (Vfs), and latent heat flux component (Vfe). The results show that Vfs made the largest contribution, followed by Vl and Vfe, while Vs had a negative contribution. Our study reveals that total ice production and Vl, Vfs, and Vfe highly correlated with the RISP area size, whereas Vs negatively correlated with the RISP area size in October, and had a weak influence from April to September. Since total ice production strongly correlates with the polynya area and this significantly correlates with the wind speed of the previous day, strong wind events lead to sharply increased ice production most of the time. Strong wind events, however, may only lead to mildly increasing ice production in October, when enlarged Vs reduces the ice production. Wind speed influences ice production by two mechanisms: impact on polynya area, and impact on heat exchange and phase transformation of ice. Vfs and Vfe are influenced by both mechanisms, while Vs and Vl are only influenced by impact on polynya area. These two mechanisms show different degrees of influence on ice production during different periods. Persistent offshore winds were responsible for the large RISP area and high ice production in October 2005 and June 2007.

scholarly journals Temporal and spatial variations in the frequency of compound hot, dry, and windy events in the central United States

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ameneh Tavakol ◽  
Vahid Rahmani ◽  
John Harrington
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Great Plains ◽  
Heat Waves ◽  
Critical Role ◽  
Management Strategies ◽  
Crop Damage ◽  
Strong Wind ◽  
Central United States ◽  
Low Humidity ◽  
Wind Events

Abstract Simultaneous low humidity, high temperature, and high wind speeds disturb the water balance in plants, intensify evapotranspiration, and can ultimately lead to crop damage. In addition, these events have been linked to flash droughts and can play a critical role in the spread of human ignited wildfires. The spatial patterns and temporal changes of hot, dry, and windy events (HDWs) for two time periods, 1949 to 2018 (70-years) and 1969 to 2018 (50-years) were analyzed in the central United States. The highest frequencies of HDWs were observed at stations in western Kansas and west Texas. Annually, the highest number of events happened concurrently with the major heat waves and droughts in 1980 and 2011. Temporally, an overall decrease in the HDWs was significant in the eastern regions of North Dakota and South Dakota, and an upward trend was significant in Texas and the western part of the Great Plains. Significant trends in HDWs co-occurred more frequently with significant trends in extreme temperatures compared with low humidity or strong wind events. The results of this study provide valuable information on the location of places where HDWs are more likely to occur. The information provided could be used to improve water management strategies.

scholarly journals Intense and Extreme Wind Speeds Observed by Anemometer and Seismic Networks: An Eastern U.S. Case Study

2014 ◽  
Vol 53 (11) ◽  
pp. 2417-2429 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. C. Pryor ◽  
R. Conrick ◽  
C. Miller ◽  
J. Tytell ◽  
R. J. Barthelmie
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Wind Speed ◽  
Eastern United States ◽  
High Wind ◽  
Synoptic Scale ◽  
Near Surface ◽  
Wind Speeds ◽  
Extreme Wind ◽  
Wind Events ◽  
The Impact

AbstractThe scale and intensity of extreme wind events have tremendous relevance to determining the impact on infrastructure and natural and managed ecosystems. Analyses presented herein show the following. 1) Wind speeds in excess of the station-specific 95th percentile are coherent over distances of up to 1000 km over the eastern United States, which implies that the drivers of high wind speeds are manifest at the synoptic scale. 2) Although cold fronts associated with extratropical cyclones are a major cause of high–wind speed events, maximum sustained and gust wind speeds are only weakly dependent on the near-surface horizontal temperature gradient across the front. 3) Gust factors (GF) over the eastern United States have a mean value of 1.57 and conform to a lognormal probability distribution, and the relationship between maximum observed GF and sustained wind speed conforms to a power law with coefficients of 5.91 and −0.499. Even though there is coherence in the occurrence of intense wind speeds at the synoptic scale, the intensity and spatial extent of extreme wind events are not fully characterized even by the dense meteorological networks deployed by the National Weather Service. Seismic data from the USArray, a program within the Earthscope initiative, may be suitable for use in mapping high-wind and gust events, however. It is shown that the seismic channels exhibit well-defined spectral signatures under conditions of high wind, with a variance peak at frequencies of ~0.04 s−1 and an amplitude that appears to scale with the magnitude of observed wind gusts.

scholarly journals Land and Racial Wealth Inequality

2011 ◽  
Vol 101 (3) ◽  
pp. 371-376 ◽  
Author(s):  
Melinda C Miller
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Civil War ◽  
Home Ownership ◽  
Wealth Inequality ◽  
Southern United States ◽  
Cherokee Nation ◽  
Racial Wealth Gap ◽  
Wealth Gap ◽  
Using Data ◽  
The Impact

Could racial wealth inequality have been reduced if freed slaves had been granted land following the Civil War? This paper exploits a plausibly exogenous variation in policies of the Cherokee Nation and southern United States to identify the impact of free land on the size of the racial wealth gap. Using data on land, livestock, and home ownership, I find evidence that former slaves who had access to free land were absolutely wealthier and experienced lower levels of racial wealth inequality in 1880 than former slaves who did not. Furthermore, their children continued to experience these advantages in 1900.

scholarly journals The Paths of Extratropical Cyclones Associated with Wintertime High-Wind Events in the Northeastern United States

2015 ◽  
Vol 54 (9) ◽  
pp. 1871-1885 ◽  
Author(s):  
James F. Booth ◽  
Harald E. Rieder ◽  
Dong Eun Lee ◽  
Yochanan Kushnir
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Daily Maximum ◽  
Extratropical Cyclones ◽  
Separate Analysis ◽  
Climatic Data ◽  
Strong Wind ◽  
High Wind ◽  
Northeastern United States ◽  
Cyclone Tracks ◽  
Wind Events

AbstractThis study analyzes the association between wintertime high-wind events (HWEs) in the northeastern United States and extratropical cyclones. Sustained wind maxima in the daily summary data from the National Climatic Data Center’s integrated surface database are analyzed for 1979–2012. For each station, a generalized Pareto distribution is fit to the upper tail of the daily maximum wind speed data, and probabilistic return levels at 1, 3, and 5 yr are derived. Wind events meeting the return-level criteria are termed HWEs. The HWEs occurring on the same day are grouped into simultaneous wind exceedance dates, termed multistation events. In a separate analysis, extratropical cyclones are tracked using ERA-Interim. The multistation events are associated with the extratropical cyclone tracks on the basis of cyclone proximity on the day of the event. The multistation wind events are found to be most often associated with cyclones traveling from southwest to northeast, originating west of the Appalachian Mountains. To quantify the relative frequency of the strong-wind-associated cyclones, the full set of northeastern cyclone tracks is separated on the basis of path, using a crosshairs algorithm designed for this region. The tracks separate into an evenly distributed set of four pathways approaching the northeastern United States: from due west, from the southwest, and from the southeast and storms starting off the coast north of the Carolinas. Using the frequency of the tracks in each of the pathways, it is shown that the storms associated with multistation wind events are most likely to approach the northeastern United States from the southwest.

scholarly journals Pedestrian Wind Distribution Within an Urban University City Campus using Wind Tunnel Test

2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (3S3) ◽  
pp. 373-382 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Wind Tunnel ◽  
Wind Tunnel Test ◽  
Tall Buildings ◽  
Storm Event ◽  
Strong Wind ◽  
Wind Speeds ◽  
Urban City ◽  
Wind Events ◽  
Wind Distribution ◽  
The Impact

There is a necessity to further explore the pedestrian wind studies in Malaysia as in concerning the impact and risk of hazard wind towards community due to the occurrence of strong wind events. The gradually increase of high-rise buildings in an urban city might lead to artificial strong wind, causing wind discomfort or infrastructure damages, In this study, the research framework is demonstrated and the wind distribution within Universiti Teknologi Malaysia Kuala Lumpur (UTMKL) city campus is revealed by conducting wind tunnel test. The results showed that the high wind speeds are spotted near high buildings (MJIIT, Menara Razak, and Residensi Tower of UTMKL) where U(z)/U(zref) ranging from 0.60-0.90. Factors that are causing the wind amplification near tall buildings are downdraft wind at windward of building, wakes at corners, and leeward of building, as well as the venturi effect occurred between two tall buildings. The layout of the buildings also shall be one of the factors that affecting the wind distribution, as there is a case where a group of buildings served as a shelter and refrained the wind to flow through some areas. This preliminary result is also aligned with the storm event that happened. Thus, for the sake of the safety and comfort of the pedestrians, incorporating the wind tunnel data in the future master planning in this city campus should be considered to reduce the wind nuisance issues

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