The Personal and Demonstrative Pronoun “nie” in Hebei Dialect

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Huayun WANG ◽  
Shuanjun AN ◽  
Yuhong SANG
Keyword(s):  
Demonstrative Pronoun

scholarly journals Marking of quality modifiers in 2nd-generation IE languages

2020 ◽  
Vol 56 (3) ◽  
pp. 477-527
Author(s):  
Artemij Keidan
Keyword(s):  
Second Generation ◽  
General Tendency ◽  
Common Pattern ◽  
2Nd Generation ◽  
Demonstrative Pronoun

AbstractIn PIE, quality modifiers were expressed by stative verbs and nominal epithets, rather than by special adjectival lexemes. Adjectives did not form a separate lexical class. This made the encoding of the NP constituency less explicit. If we consider what I suggest calling “second-generation IE languages” we can observe a general tendency to create new, more explicit morphological means of dependency marking within a NP. The exact outcomes of this diachronic process vary from one language to another. However, if we parametrise the variation, a common pattern becomes clearly observable. In all the languages analysed in the present paper, there is a pronoun undergoing grammaticalisation as a dependency marker. What varies is (1) the position of this element with respect to the nominal base (pre- vs. postposed); (2) the degree of agglutination (bound morpheme vs. clitic vs. free morpheme); and (3) the locus of marking (head vs. modifier vs. double or alternant marking); (4) the source morpheme that undergoes grammaticalisation (relative vs. demonstrative pronoun).

SUBORDINATE AND MATRIX SYNONYMIC INFINITIVE UTTERANCES IN FRENCH FICTION OF THE XX – XXI CENTURIES

2021 ◽  
pp. 15-25
Author(s):  
Anastasiia LEPETIUKHA
Keyword(s):  
Communicative Intention ◽  
Inverse Reconstruction ◽  
Demonstrative Pronoun ◽  
Structural Types ◽  
The Matrix ◽  
Terminal Chain

In this article subordinate and matrix infinitive utterances are defined as one-basis (with one transformational terminal chain) and two-basis (with two or more transformational terminal chains) synonymic transforms of the virtual (linguistic) primary propositionnal structure with the concessive, temporal, causal, final, hypothetical semantic meanings. They are actualized in the form of preferential options-compressed, extended or quantitatively equacomponential discourse innovations with the explicit predicate and the implicit actant coreferent or non-coreferent with the actant of the matrix utterance according to the communicative intention or the idiostyle of the author. Different semantic-structural types of subordinate infinitive utterances, the matrix infinitive utterances containing the verb savoir, the specific extended polypredicative constructions (with the extender-demonstrative pronoun) and the quantitatively equacomponential structures with the initial infinitive are distinguished. The inverse reconstruction (discourse → language) of the virtual transformational processes is carried out in order to identify all the members of the virtual synonymic chains. It is proved that the procedure of the inverse reconstruction and the identification of the primary proposition are impossible in case of the insufficience of the expression. The “alternativeˮ linguistic experiment allows for justifying the co(n)textual (linguistic and situational) pertinence of the analyzed synonymic preferential options and determining the author’s idiostylistic peculiarities.

Multisemioottisen tekstin jäsentyminen

Virittäjä ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 125 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Leena Immonen
Keyword(s):  
Television News ◽  
Visual Language ◽  
Visual Design ◽  
Systemic Functional Grammar ◽  
Lexical Cohesion ◽  
Verbal Language ◽  
Visual Elements ◽  
Demonstrative Pronoun ◽  
The Subject ◽  
News Interviews

Artikkelissa tarkastellaan verbaalisen ja visuaalisen kielen yhteistyötä audiovisuaalisessa multisemioottisessa tekstissä. Tarkastelun kohteena on 40 haastattelu-uutista, jotka on lähetetty Yleisradion puoli yhdeksän uutisissa. Haastattelu-uutisesta analysoidaan tarkemmin uutistoimittajan puhumaa selostusta ja sen oheista kuvaa – jaksoa, joka edeltää haastateltavan puhetta kuvatilassa. Aihetta lähestytään teoreettisesti ja metodologisesti systeemis-funktionaalisen (SF) kieliteorian ja siihen läheisesti liittyvän visuaalisen suunnittelun kieliopin keinoin. Artikkelissa keskitytään SF­teorian metafunktioista tekstuaalisuuteen ja vastaavasti visuaalisen suunnittelun kieliopin sommitteluun. Analyysi osoittaa, että televisiouutisten verbaalinen ja visuaalinen kieli toimivat saumattomassa yhteistyössä siten, että molemmilla on omat tehtävänsä. Verbaalinen kieli välittää pääosin informaation, mutta kohtauksen kuvalla on merkityksenannossa keskeinen asema. Informaationkulussa verbaalisen informaatioyksikön teema–reema-rakenteen vaihtelu lankeaa yksiin visuaalisen informaatioyksikön tutun ja uuden kanssa, kun kuvassa havainnollistetaan viestiä käyttämällä sommittelun rajausta. Jos selostuksen teema–reema-rakenteen aikana kuvassa esiintyy kohde, jolla on visuaalista huomioarvoa, kuvan elementit korostavat sitä toistamalla mainitun teeman aihetta, mutta reeman sanomaa ei erikseen visualisoida. Multisemioottisessa, audio­visuaalisessa tekstissä voidaan verbaalisen kielen leksikaalisen koheesion ohella puhua visuaalisesta koheesiosta. Kuvan sommittelussa käytetään toistoa fokusoimalla samoja kuvaelementtejä ja rajataan eri osia kokonaisuuksista. Yhdeksi haastattelu­uutisen erityispiirteeksi osoittautuu demonstratiivipronomini tämä, erityisesti paikallis­sijaiset muodot tässä ja tästä. Demonstratiivin korrelaatti voi audiovisuaalisen tekstin sisällä sijaita paitsi verbaalisessa selostuksessa myös suoraan kuvan elementissä tai toiminnossa, jota korostetaan rajauksella. Artikkeli osoittaa, että television haastattelu-uutinen on konventionaalinen ja professionaalinen teksti, joka on rakenteeltaan vakiintunut. Sen välttämättömiä rakenne­osia ovat uutistenlukijan ingressistä ja toimittajan puheen sanan ja liikkuvan kuvan yhteistyössä muodostuvat jaksot, jotka päättyvät studion ulkopuolisessa tilassa toteutettuun haastatteluun. Jaksot rakentuvat pienistä yksityiskohdista, joilla jokaisella on merkityksensä ja funktionsa uutiskokonaisuudessa.   Forming the structure of a multisemiotic text: analysis of televised news interviews This article deals with the fusion of verbal and visual language in audiovisual and multisemiotic texts. The analysis focuses on forty news interviews broadcast during the eight-thirty evening news on Yleisradio (the Finnish Broadcasting Company). The reporter’s speech and its enclosed frame, i.e. the sequence which precedes the interviewer’s speech, are here analysed in close detail. The subject is approached theoretically and methodically using the principles of of systemic-functional grammar (SF) and of the closely related theory of visual design grammar. This article focuses on the textuality of SF theory’s metafunctions and on the design of visual design grammar respectively. The analysis shows that both the verbal and visual language of a news broadcast function in collaboration, both having their own unique roles. The verbal language is mainly responsible for transmitting information, whereas the associated visual scenes also play a major part in providing meaning. Within the flow of information, the interplay of the theme and rheme is also manifested on screen, whereby new information presented verbally is subsequently represented visually as new elements that can be highlighted and topicalised through the judicious use of framing and cropping. If a visually noteworthy element appears during the theme-and-rheme structure of the narrative, the elements of the enclosed frame indicate the subject of a given theme by repeating it. The rheme message is not separately visualised. When discussing the audiovisual text, we can talk not only about the lexical cohesion of verbal language but also about visual cohesion. In composing enclosed frames, for instance, repetition can be used in focusing the same visual elements or cropping out certain parts of a wider picture. A specific characteristic of the verbal language in news interviews seems to be the use the demonstrative pronoun tämä (‘this’) and especially the use of its local cases tässä (‘here’) and tästä (‘from here/about this’). In an audiovisual text, the antecedent of the demonstrative pronoun can be located not only in the narrative but also directly within the elements of the enclosed frame or in functions highlighted in the enclosed frame by framing. The article shows that television news interviews form a conventional and professional text with an established structure. Their essential parts are the periods that consist of the newsreader’s introduction, the sequences consisting of the reporter’s words, and the moving images that end up in an interview outside the studio.

Objects in the German prefield

2020 ◽  
pp. 15-39
Author(s):  
Markus Bader
Keyword(s):  
Word Order ◽  
Language Production ◽  
Initial Position ◽  
Experimental Investigations ◽  
Demonstrative Pronoun ◽  
New Findings ◽  
The Subject ◽  
New Speakers ◽  
Referential Form ◽  
Free Word

From the perspective of language production, this chapter discusses the question of whether to move the subject or the object to the clause-initial position in a German Verb Second clause. A review of experimental investigations of language production shows that speakers of German tend to order arguments in such a way that the most accessible argument comes first, with accessibility defined in terms like animacy (‘animate before inanimate’) and discourse status (e.g. ‘given before new’). Speakers of German thus obey the same ordering principles that have been found to be at work in English and other languages. Despite the relative free word order of German, speakers rarely produce sentences with object-before-subject word order in experimental investigations. Instead, they behave like speakers of English and mostly use passivization in order to bring the underlying object argument in front of the underlying subject argument when the object is more accessible than the subject. Corpus data, however, show that object-initial clauses are not so infrequent after all. The second part of the chapter, therefore, discusses new findings concerning the discourse conditions that favour the production of object-initial clauses. These findings indicate, among other things, that the clausal position of an object is affected not only by its referent’s discourse status but also by its referential form. Objects occur in clause-initial position most frequently when referring to a given referent in the form of a demonstrative pronoun or NP.

Debuccalization in a Coordinating Conjunction and a Distal Démonstrative Pronoun

2013 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 149-164
Author(s):  
Jingtao Sun
Keyword(s):  
Historical Texts ◽  
Demonstrative Pronoun ◽  
Disyllabic Word ◽  
Research Findings

Based on Chinese historical texts and modern dialect materials, this paper addresses debuccalization that occurred in a coordinating conjunction and a distal demonstrative pronoun. The research findings are twofold. First, the conjunction xan51 ('and') in Beijing and surrounding dialects very likely derived from the verb bàn ('accompany'). Second, the predicate distal demonstrative pronoun, háng, resulted from the debuccalization of a monosyllable derived from fusion of the disyllabic word nàyang ('like that').

Le rôle de certains facteurs (morpho-)syntaxiques et informationnels dans le choix de il ou de celui-ci

Revue Romane ◽  
2011 ◽  
Vol 46 (1) ◽  
pp. 137-164 ◽  
Author(s):  
Annemie Demol
Keyword(s):  
The Third ◽  
Demonstrative Pronoun ◽  
Topic Shift ◽  
Third Person ◽  
Syntactic Function ◽  
The Third Person

This contribution1 provides a corpus-based analysis of some (morpho-) syntactic factors that influence the choice between the third person clitic pronoun il and the demonstrative pronoun celui-ci : the syntactic function of the antecedent, as well as its form, and the syntactic function of the pronoun itself. Special attention is paid to a series of counterexamples to Zribi-Hertz’s (1992) constraint on discursive promotion. The different tendencies observed for il and celui-ci with respect to the syntactic criteria examined, provide evidence for the hypothesis that il marks topic continuity and celui-ci a topic shift and ultimately lead to a reformulation of the constraint on discursive promotion in terms of topic promotion.

An Old English formulaic system and its contexts in Cynewulf's poetry

2011 ◽  
Vol 40 ◽  
pp. 151-174
Author(s):  
Charles D. Wright
Keyword(s):  
Old English ◽  
Specific Identification ◽  
Demonstrative Pronoun

AbstractA group of half-lines in Cynewulf's poetry that take the form þurh + demonstrative pronoun + adjective + gesceap/gesceaft constitutes a distinctively Cynewulfian realization of a more widespread formulaic system (x X gesceaft). Only Cynewulf substitutes (in two closely similar contexts) gesceap for gesceaft, and Cynewulf consistently uses both words to refer to a specific ‘created thing’ instead of to ‘creation’. Within the system as a whole, the specific referent of gesceaft in the sense ‘creation’ (heaven, or earth, or all of creation) is often clarified by deixis, specifically in the type of demonstrative pronoun that modifies the word. Cynewulf's choice of the distal pronoun þæt likewise indicates that the apparently ambiguous referents of gesceap/gesceaft in Juliana 273b and 728a and Elene 789a are heavenly or unearthly things, and analysis of context as well as Christian-Latin analogues supports a specific identification of the referent in each case. While availing himself of an existing formulaic system, then, Cynewulf was innovative in its metrical realization as well as in its semantic application.

The origin of the copulas (d/n)a and de in the Eastern Maroon Creole

Diachronica ◽  
2002 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
pp. 81-133 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bettina Migge
Keyword(s):  
Demonstrative Pronoun ◽  
Sufficient Detail ◽  
Il Y A ◽  
Internal Change ◽  
Main Input ◽  
Analyse Comparative ◽  
Processus De Changement ◽  
Existential Construction ◽  
Primary Substrate ◽  
Substrate Influence

Summary It is generally assumed that the copulas (d/n)a and de in the creoles of Suriname emerged due to processes of reanalysis and grammaticalization from that and there, respectively. While Arends (1989) argued that these processes were triggered and guided by substrate influence, McWhorter (1997a) explicitly excludes such influence. Neither of the two studies is conclusive, however, since they did not examine in sufficient detail relevant data from the primary substrate input. The aim of the present study is to fill this gap by exploring in detail the copular domain in the Eastern Maroon Creole (EMC), a conservative descendant of the early Suriname Creole, and its main input languages, the varieties of Gbe and Kikongo. The comparative analysis reveals close similarities between the three languages. When combined with findings from diachronic research (Arends 1986, 1989), these finding suggests that the overall make-up of the copular domain emerged due to influence from the primary substrate input, particularly from Gbe. The main functional and distributional properties of (d/n)a were modeled on the demonstrative pronoun that functioning as a resumptive pronoun in non-native varieties of English and on the focus markers in the substrate languages. Those of de were based on the non-nominal copulas in the substrate varieties and on the locative adverb there in existential construction. Subsequent to their emergence, they were affected by language-internal change. Résumé On accepte en général l’idée que les copules (d/n)a et de dans les créoles du Suriname se sont développées à la suite d’un processus de réanalyse et de grammaticalisation du pronom démonstratif anglais that et de l’adverbe locatif there. Arends (1989) propose que ces processus ont été provoqués et guidés par le substrat principal du créole. Par contre, McWhorter (1997a) nie que le substrat ait influencé l’émergence des deux copules. Les résultats de ces deux études ne sont probablement pas tout à fait définitifs, vu que leurs analyses du substrat n’étaient pas suffisamment détaillées. Le but de cette étude est d’analyser l’origine de (d/n)a et de en faisant une analyse comparative détaillée de la prédication en Eastern Maroon Creole (EMC), un descendant du créole ancien du Suriname, et dans le substrat principal de ce créole ancien, notamment les variétés de la langue gbe et de la langue kikongo. L’enquête montre qu’il y a des ressemblances importantes entre les trois langues. En conjonction avec les données diachroniques (Arends 1986, 1989), les résultats de l’étude comparative montrent que l’organisation structurelle de la prédication dans les créoles surinamien est calquée sur celle du substrat, essentiellement les langues gbe. Les propriétés fonctionnelles et distributives de (d/n)a sont dues au pronom démonstratif anglais that dans sa fonction comme marqueur d’emphase dans les variétés d’anglais seconde langue et les particules d’emphase dans les variétés de gbe et de kikongo. Celles de de sont dues à celles de la copule non-nominale dans les langue du substrat et de l’adverbe locatif there. Après leur émergence ces éléments ont été modifiés par des processus de changement langagier ne mettant pas en cause le substrat. Zusammenfassung Es wird generell angenommen, dass sich die Kopulas (d/n)a und de in den Kreolsprachen von Suriname durch Reanalyse- und Grammatikalisierungsprozesse von dem englischen Demonstrativpronomen that und dem Adverb there her entwickelt haben. Arends (1989) argumentiert, dass diese Prozesse durch Substrateinflüsse in Gang gesetzt und geleitet worden sind, wohingegen McWhorter (1997a) die Beteiligung von Substrateinflüssen explizit ausschließt. Die Ergebnisse dieser beiden Studien können jedoch nicht als abschließend betrachtet werden, da sie auf einer nicht sehr detaillierten Analyse der Substratsprachen basieren. Das Ziel der vorliegenden Studie ist es daher, durch einen Vergleich der Kopuladomäne im Eastern Maroon Creole (EMC), eine konservative Tochtersprache des frühen Plantagenkreols von Suriname, und den Hauptsubstratsprachen, Varietäten des Gbe und Kikongo, den Ursprung der Kopuladomäne in den surinamesischen Kreols erneut zu untersuchen. Die komparative Analyse zeigt, dass signifikante Ähnlichkeiten zwischen den Kopulasystemen der drei Sprachen bestehen. Kombiniert mit den Ergebnissen einer diachronen Studie (Arends 1986, 1989), deuten diese Ähnlichkeiten darauf hin, dass die Struktur der prädikativen Konstruktionen durch den Einfluss der Substratsprachen, insbesondere des Gbe, entstanden sind. Die funktionellen und distributionellen Charakteristika von (d/n)a basieren auf denen des Demonstrativpronomens that in seiner Funktion als Fokusmarker in Zweitsprachvarietäten des Englischen und denen der Fokusmarker in den Substratsprachen. Die Charakteristika von de basieren auf denen der nicht-nominalen Kopula in den Substratsprachen und dem Adverb there. Einige wenige Charakteristika von (d/n)a und de entstanden durch sprachinternen Wandel.

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