scholarly journals A SPECIFIC POISON IN THE LIVER EXTRACTS OF RABBITS INOCULATED WITH TYPHOID AND PRODIGIOSUS BACILLI INTRAVENOUSLY

1918 ◽  
Vol 28 (5) ◽  
pp. 571-583
Author(s):  
Julia T. Parker
Keyword(s):  
Anaphylactic Shock ◽  
Liver Extract ◽  
Lethal Dose ◽  
Toxic Substance ◽  
Normal Liver ◽  
Immune Serum ◽  
Minimum Lethal Dose ◽  
Lethal Doses

1. The livers of rabbits inoculated with cultures of Bacillus typhosus or Bacillus prodigiosus under certain conditions contain a toxic substance extractable with salt solution. When the toxic extracts are injected intravenously into normal rabbits the latter animals develop symptoms resembling those of anaphylactic shock and succumb. The lethal doses of the toxic extracts are far smaller than those of normal liver extract. 2. The livers of rabbits injected with typhoid antigen also yield a toxic extract. 3. Boiling as well as filtration through a Berkefeld filter only partially detoxicates the extract. 4. Tolerance to one to two lethal doses of the poisonous extracts can be induced by cautious immunization. 5. Rabbits actively immunized to Bacillus typhosus or Bacillus prodigiosus usually resist one lethal dose of the homologous liver poison; and animals tolerant to the typhoid liver poison resist one minimum lethal dose at least of Bacillus typhosus. 6. Typhoid immune serum is not detoxicating either in vivo or in vitro for the typhoid liver poison. 7. The liver poisons are specific, since rabbits actively immunized to either Bacillus typhosus or Bacillus prodigiosus withstand at least one minimum lethal dose of the homologous but not of the heterologous-liver poisons.

scholarly journals CHEMOTHERAPY OF TRYPANOSOME AND SPIROCHETE INFECTIONS

1919 ◽  
Vol 30 (5) ◽  
pp. 417-436 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wade H. Brown ◽  
Louise Pearce
Keyword(s):  
Animal Species ◽  
Lethal Dose ◽  
Normal Animal ◽  
Repeated Administration ◽  
Toxic Effects ◽  
Laboratory Animals ◽  
Short Intervals ◽  
Arsonic Acid ◽  
Minimum Lethal Dose

The essential facts to be gathered from these studies of the toxicologic action of N-phenylglycineamide-p-arsonic acid may be summarized very briefly. The substance is one which lends itself well to almost any method of administration and can be given to animals in very large doses. The tolerance of different animal species varies rather widely but with one exception the reaction of laboratory animals to toxic doses of the drug is of favorable character. That is, toxic effects are confined to doses relatively close to the minimum lethal dose and the recovery of animals from sublethal intoxications is remarkably rapid and complete. This feature of the action of the drug makes possible the repeated administration of even very large doses at comparatively short intervals of time without incurring the dangers incident to cumulative action or to superposition of toxic effects. On the contrary, by taking advantage of this peculiarity of action, it is possible to develop such a degree of tolerance on the part of animals that the dose of the drug administered can be progressively increased to a point well above that which is fatal to the normal animal, and this stands out as the feature of the toxicologic action of N-phenylglycineamide-p-arsonic acid which is of greatest significance in the use of the drug for therapeutic purposes.

scholarly journals THE ACTION OF STROPHANTHIN ON THE LIVING CAT'S HEART

1919 ◽  
Vol 29 (5) ◽  
pp. 485-512 ◽  
Author(s):  
Samuel A. Levine
Keyword(s):  
Toxic Effect ◽  
Lethal Dose ◽  
Toxic Dose ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Minimum Lethal Dose ◽  
Determining Factor

1. Cats vary considerably in their susceptibility to strophanthin and in the extent of the difference between the minimum lethal dose and the minimum toxic dose. 2. The amount of strophanthin necessary to produce a toxic effect in a given cat is independent of the speed of administration to a period of 4 hours. An improvement in the clinical administration of the drug is thereby indicated. 3. A theory of the action of strophanthin is formulated which reconciles the results which point to the importance of the total amount taken up by the heart with those inidicate that the concentration of the drug is the determining factor.

Biochemical and Physiological Studies of the Purified Toxin of Walterinnesia Aegyptea ‘The Egyptian Black Snake’

1956 ◽  
Vol 33 (3) ◽  
pp. 502-507
Author(s):  
A. H. MOHAMED ◽  
O. ZAKY
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Guinea Pig ◽  
Lethal Dose ◽  
Salivary Secretion ◽  
Crystalline Form ◽  
Physiological Studies ◽  
Minimum Lethal Dose

1. Two methods for preparation of the toxin in a purified crystalline form are described. 2. The toxin is probably a secondary proteose. 3. It has an excitatory parasympathetic effect on the uterus of the guinea-pig and on the intestine of the rabbit. The effect is abolished by atropine. 4. It causes excessive salivary secretion, again abolished by atropine. 5. It causes partial or complete block of perfused isolated amphibian and mammalian hearts. It also causes extrasystoles. Both effects are abolished by atropine. 6. The minimum lethal dose for rats is 0.035-0.05 mg. toxin/100 g. body weight. Atropine did not save the life of the animal although it prolonged it. 7. The possibility of a histamine-like action of the venom is discussed.

Minimum Lethal Dose

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
John H. Duffus ◽  
Monica Nordberg ◽  
Douglas M. Templeton
Keyword(s):  
Lethal Dose ◽  
Minimum Lethal Dose

scholarly journals IMMUNOLOGY OF THE PERUVIAN STRAINS OF LEPTOSPIRA ICTEROIDES

1921 ◽  
Vol 33 (2) ◽  
pp. 253-260 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hideyo Noguchi ◽  
I. J. Kligler
Keyword(s):  
New York ◽  
Guinea Pig ◽  
Incubation Period ◽  
Yellow Fever ◽  
Guinea Pigs ◽  
Lethal Dose ◽  
Fatal Outcome ◽  
Rabbit Serum ◽  
Minimum Lethal Dose ◽  
Lethal Doses

Serum from yellow fever convalescents from Payta, Piura, and Morropon gave a positive Pfeiffer reaction with the strains of Leptospira icteroides isolated in Guayaquil and Merida. The serum also protected the guinea pigs from these strains in the majority of instances. The Pfeiffer reaction was complete with all recent convalescents (7 to 36 days) but slight or partial in some instances with serum derived from individuals who had had the attack of yellow fever 10 months previously. The virulence of the Morropon strains was found to be approximately the same as that of the Guayaquil or Merida strains. With one strain the minimum lethal dose for the guinea pig was less than 0.00001 cc. of a kidney emulsion from an infected guinea pig. Suitable quantities of the anti-icteroides serum administered to guinea pigs inoculated with 2,000 to 20,000 minimum lethal doses of infective material prevented the development of the infection, or a fatal outcome, according as the serum was given during the incubation period or after fever had appeared. The earlier the administration of the serum the smaller was the quantity needed; during the incubation period 0.0001 to 0.001 cc. was sufficient, during the febrile period 0.01 to 0.1 cc. was required to check the progress of the disease, and even at the time when jaundice had already appeared, the injection of 0.1 to 1 cc. saved three out of four animals inoculated with Strain 3 and one out of three inoculated with Strain 1. The native guinea pigs secured in Payta proved to be unusually refractory to infection with Leptospira icteroides as compared with normal guinea pigs recently imported from New York. Fresh rabbit serum is recommended for culture work with Leptospira icteroides.

A Case of Serial Homicide by Injection of Succinylcholine

2000 ◽  
Vol 40 (2) ◽  
pp. 169-174 ◽  
Author(s):  
H Maeda ◽  
M Q Fujita ◽  
B-L Zhu ◽  
K Ishidam ◽  
S Oritani ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Pleural Effusion ◽  
Pulmonary Oedema ◽  
Muscle Relaxant ◽  
International Association ◽  
Lethal Dose ◽  
Forensic Sciences ◽  
Puncture Site ◽  
Serial Homicide ◽  
Prolonged Apnea ◽  
Minimum Lethal Dose

The abstract of this paper was presented at the 14th Meeting of the International Association of Forensic Sciences, Tokyo in 1996. We report a bizarre criminal case of suspected serial homicide by injection of a muscle relaxant (succinylcholine). Five victims were found buried in a rural area. In two victims showing moderate decomposition (about three months after death), intense pulmonary oedema with pleural effusion was observed. Evidence of a puncture site was found in one of the victims. Succinylcholine could not be detected in the victims, but was identified in a syringe found near the corpses. The 40-mg ampule dose of succinylcholine administered intramuscularly to the victims, possibly causing prolonged apnea, was considered to be at least around the minimum lethal dose, although the combined effect of the sedation with hypnotics also used was not negligible.

scholarly journals THE ACTION OF X-RAYS ON EUPLOTES TAYLORI AND ASSOCIATED BACTERIA

1933 ◽  
Vol 16 (3) ◽  
pp. 397-406 ◽  
Author(s):  
Morden G. Brown ◽  
J. Murray Luck ◽  
Grace Sheets ◽  
C. V. Taylor
Keyword(s):  
Pseudomonas Fluorescens ◽  
Lethal Dose ◽  
Ciliary Activity ◽  
X Rays ◽  
Associated Bacteria ◽  
Pure Cultures ◽  
Bacillus Coli ◽  
Minimum Lethal Dose

1. The minimum lethal dose of x-rays for Euplotes taylori was determined. Under the conditions of this investigation a 220 second exposure (2110 Roentgen units per second) was required to kill the protozoon. Much less exposure was sufficient to kill the associated bacteria. This difference in resistance permits the sterilization of protozoa with comparative ease. 2. Irradiation of Euplotes for 100 to 220 seconds caused a complete but temporary cessation of ciliary activity in many of the organisms, the percentage so affected increasing with the length of irradiation. 3. Pure cultures of Pseudomonas fluorescens and Bacillus coli, K13, separately irradiated, were found to be killed much more readily than protozoa,—the former in 15 seconds exposure (2530 Roentgen units per second) and the latter in 45 seconds. 4. The death of these organisms by irradiation was not due to the action of toxic products in the medium since separately irradiated media were not found to be toxic. 5. Irradiated bacteria were found unsatisfactory for the nutrition of Euplotes, previously sterilized either by irradiation or washing.

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