scholarly journals Formen und Funktionen von Interrogationen. Fragen in grammatischen Beschreibungen, empirischen Befunden und Lehrwerken für Deutsch als Fremdsprache

2011 ◽  
Vol 49 (5) ◽  
Author(s):  
Martina Rost-Roth
Keyword(s):  
Word Order ◽  
Native Speakers ◽  
Spoken Language ◽  
Form And Function ◽  
Complex Picture ◽  
And Function ◽  
Empirical Analyses

Analysis of how questions are treated in grammar books shows that the main focus is on word order phenomena. At the same time, statements are often made about functions or the rela-tionship between form and function; these are not always consistent with more systematic approaches or with empirical findings. Empirical analyses of spoken language reveal a very complex picture; comparison of the question realizations of native speakers and non-native speakers shows that the questions produced by non-native speakers are limited in various re-spects. Moreover, analysis of textbooks shows that some relationships between form and function are underrepresented.

scholarly journals Phatic Marker in Bengkulu Malay Language

2020 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 1
Author(s):  
Eli Rustinar ◽  
Wahya Wahya ◽  
Cece Sobarna
Keyword(s):  
Spoken Language ◽  
Contextual Analysis ◽  
Form And Function ◽  
Particle Form ◽  
Distributional Method ◽  
And Function

The current study aims to describe the form and function of a phatic marker in Bengkulu Malay. The data were taken from the spoken language of Bengkulu Malay language, which consists of phatic utterances. The data were collected using the observational and conversational method.  The analysis was done using contextual analysis, distributional method, and pragmatic identity method. The result shows there are two forms of phatic in Bengkulu Malay, they are particle form, including nah ‘nah’, yak ‘yah’, ay ‘ai’, way ‘wai’, awu ‘ya’, woy ‘woi’, wey ‘wei’, hoy ‘hoi’, and clitic form, including -lah and ‘lah’. 

The cadherin superfamily: diversity in form and function

2001 ◽  
Vol 114 (4) ◽  
pp. 629-641 ◽  
Author(s):  
B.D. Angst ◽  
C. Marcozzi ◽  
A.I. Magee
Keyword(s):  
Cell Signalling ◽  
Cell Communication ◽  
Cell Recognition ◽  
Signalling Molecules ◽  
Form And Function ◽  
Desmosomal Cadherins ◽  
Extracellular Region ◽  
Complex Picture ◽  
And Function ◽  
Cadherin Superfamily

Over recent years cadherins have emerged as a growing superfamily of molecules, and a complex picture of their structure and their biological functions is becoming apparent. Variation in their extracellular region leads to the large potential for recognition properties of this superfamily. This is demonstrated strikingly by the recently discovered FYN-binding CNR-protocadherins; these exhibit alternative expression of the extracellular portion, which could lead to distinct cell recognition in different neuronal populations, whereas their cytoplasmic part, and therefore intracellular interactions, is constant. Diversity in the cytoplasmic moiety of the cadherins imparts specificity to their interactions with cytoplasmic components; for example, classical cadherins interact with catenins and the actin filament network, desmosomal cadherins interact with catenins and the intermediate filament system and CNR-cadherins interact with the SRC-family kinase FYN. Recent evidence suggests that CNR-cadherins, 7TM-cadherins and T-cadherin, which is tethered to the membrane by a GPI anchor, all localise to lipid rafts, specialised cell membrane domains rich in signalling molecules. Originally thought of as cell adhesion molecules, cadherin superfamily molecules are now known to be involved in many biological processes, such as cell recognition, cell signalling, cell communication, morphogenesis, angiogenesis and possibly even neurotransmission.

Multimodale Listen. Form und Funktion körperlicher Ressourcen in Aufzählungen in französischen, spanischen und italienischen Interaktionen

2019 ◽  
Vol 70 (1) ◽  
pp. 58-104
Author(s):  
Philipp Dankel ◽  
Ignacio Satti
Keyword(s):  
Conversation Analysis ◽  
Spoken Language ◽  
Interactional Linguistics ◽  
Form And Function ◽  
Cross Lingual ◽  
And Function ◽  
Different Sources ◽  
Do So

Abstract This article focuses on the practice of listing in Talk-in-Interaction. Lists are frequently used in spoken language as a discursive resource and can be considered as a universal, cross-lingual practice for structuring ideas. As such, they have been given attention in several fields of linguistics, mainly in intonation research, conversation analysis and interactional linguistics. However, the role of gestures and other physical forms of expression in listing has been mostly disregarded so far. For this reason, we attempt to cast light on the form and function of gestures and other bodily resources that are embedded in this practice. We argue that lists are multimodal and that bodily resources play a major role in establishing the format and in organizing the interaction. In order to do so, we use a broad collection of examples from different sources in French, Italian and Spanish.

scholarly journals Translating Epistemic Adverbs from English into Spanish: Evidence from a Parallel Corpus1

2009 ◽  
Vol 54 (1) ◽  
pp. 73-96 ◽  
Author(s):  
Noelia Ramón
Keyword(s):  
Native Speakers ◽  
Epistemic Possibility ◽  
Descriptive Linguistics ◽  
Form And Function ◽  
Translator Training ◽  
And Function ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Great Complexity ◽  
Modal Adverbs

Abstract The expression of modal meanings is an area of great complexity in the relationship between form and function in a single language and cross-linguistically. Modal adverbs in particular are considered to be problematic from a contrastive perspective due to their multifunctionality in English (Aijmer 2005). This paper is a corpus-based study of the expression of epistemic possibility by means of three common modal adverbs in English (certainly, probably, possibly) and the translational options chosen in Spanish for expressing those meanings. The aim is to identify trends in the translations of these epistemic adverbs that contribute to a better understanding of the various semantic functions that native speakers attribute to these units. The analysis shows that the omission of modal adverbs in the translations may be considered as an indicator of the degree of grammaticalization attained by these adverbs in English. The results provide useful information not only in the field of translator training and practice, but also in descriptive linguistics.

Nasr’s development as a writer in his second language

1986 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 120-153 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marietta Elliott
Keyword(s):  
Second Language ◽  
Spoken Language ◽  
Past Tense ◽  
Form And Function ◽  
The Past ◽  
School Year ◽  
Pause Length ◽  
Most Significant Change ◽  
And Function ◽  
The Way

Abstract During the first 6 months of the school year of 1985, at Brunswick Language Centre, I observed Nasr as he was learning to write in his second language. The most significant change which occurred is that Nasr gained an appreciation of the way in which English written anguage is different from spoken language. That is, rather than merely recording his spoken language, Nasr became a writer in English. The changes manifested themselves not only in the product, namely the texts themselves, but also in the processes by which they were produced. These processes can be both directly observed, as recorded on videotape or in the observational diary, which was kept once weekly, or inferred from the product. The major ways in which the last piece is more “developed” is that Nasr has chosen a more “advanced” genre, and the piece conforms more strictly to one genre, rather than also containing elements of other genres. Nevertheless, the earlier pieces mark important, transitional stages and I have therefore chosen to call these intermediate forms “intertext”. Nasr gains mastery over linking mechanisms more characteristic of written than of spoken language he moves from co-ordination to subordination, and through the use of reference and ellipsis, he gradually eliminates the various forms of redundancy. Acquisition of form and function of the past tense Is regarded as essential for the production of sustained narrative and, as such, can also be viewed as a form of cohesion. In Nasr’s case the changes in the writing behaviour include an increase in pause length and a reduction in the number of pauses, changes in the number and type of revisions made, and differences in the way in which input from the teacher is generated.

Orthographic Learning

2022 ◽  
pp. 136-160
Author(s):  
Daniel R. Espinas ◽  
Min Wang ◽  
Yixun Li
Keyword(s):  
Mental Representations ◽  
Spoken Language ◽  
Writing System ◽  
Writing Systems ◽  
Learning To Read ◽  
Form And Function ◽  
Developmental Course ◽  
And Function ◽  
Orthographic Learning

This chapter discusses orthographic learning, i.e., how children learn the relation between their spoken language and writing system. The process is discussed for children learning to read and write in one language, as well as for multilingual children acquiring literacy in more than one language. In both cases, the developmental course is mapped from children's first insights into the form and function of their writing systems to the development of word-specific mental representations that code for multiple linguistic forms (i.e., sound, spelling, and meaning). The chapter concludes with instructional recommendations for supporting children's orthographic learning throughout development.

A Corpus-Based Analysis of V2 Variation in West Flemish and French Flemish Dialects

2019 ◽  
Vol 31 (1) ◽  
pp. 43-100 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chloé Lybaert ◽  
Bernard De Clerck ◽  
Jorien Saelens ◽  
Ludovic De Cuypere
Keyword(s):  
Regression Analysis ◽  
Word Order ◽  
Effect Sizes ◽  
Form And Function ◽  
The Subject ◽  
West Flemish ◽  
And Function ◽  
Combined Impact ◽  
Lower Frequencies

This paper explores V2 variation in West Flemish and French Flemish dialects of Dutch based on an extensive corpus of authentic spoken data. After taking stock of the existing literature, we probe into the effect of region, prosodic integration, form and function of the topicalized constituent, form of the subject, and the number of constituents in the prefield on (non)inverted word order. This is the first study that carries out regression analysis on the combined impact of these variables in the entire West Flemish and French Flemish region, with additional visualization of effect sizes. The results show that noninversion is generally more widespread than originally anticipated, with unexpected higher occurrence of noninversion in continental West Flemish and lower frequencies in western West Flemish. With the exception of the variable number of constituents in the prefield, all other variables had a significant impact on word order: Clausal topicalized elements, elements that have peripheral functions, and elements that lack prosodic integration all favor noninverted word order. The form of the subject also impacted word order, but its effect is sometimes overruled by discourse considerations.

scholarly journals Evidential strength of intonational cues and rational adaptation to (un-)reliable intonation

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Timo Benjamin Roettger ◽  
Michael Franke
Keyword(s):  
Spoken Language ◽  
Pitch Accent ◽  
Cue Integration ◽  
Response Dynamics ◽  
Manual Response ◽  
Form And Function ◽  
Integral Role ◽  
Production Behavior ◽  
The Moment ◽  
And Function

Intonation plays an integral role in comprehending spoken language. It is also remarkably variable, often exhibiting only probabilistic mappings between form and function. Despite this apparent uncertainty, listeners can rapidly integrate intonational information to predictively map a given pitch accent onto the speaker's likely referential intentions. We use manual response dynamics (mouse-tracking) to investigate two questions: (i) whether listeners draw predictive inferences from the presence and absence of an intonational marking and (ii) whether and how listeners adapt their online interpretation of intonational cues when these are reliable or stochastically unreliable. We formulate a novel Bayesian model of rational predictive cue integration and explore predictions derived under a concrete link hypothesis relating a quantitative notion of evidential strength of a cue to the moment in time, relative to the unfolding speech signal, at which mouse trajectories finally turn towards the eventually selected option. In order to capture rational belief updates after concrete observations of a speaker's behavior, we formulate and explore an extension of this model that includes the listener's hierarchical beliefs about the speaker's likely production behavior. Our results are compatible with the assumption that listeners rapidly and rationally integrate all available intonational information, that they expect reliable intonational information initially, and that they adapt these initial expectations gradually during exposition to unreliable input.

Analysing metaphor in the family register through scripted sitcom conversations

2017 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 252-269
Author(s):  
Hanna Skorczynska ◽  
Rosa Giménez-Moreno
Keyword(s):  
Family Members ◽  
Oral Communication ◽  
Comparable Data ◽  
Form And Function ◽  
Naturally Occurring ◽  
Frequent Use ◽  
The Family ◽  
Complex Picture ◽  
Metaphor Use ◽  
And Function

Abstract This study looks into the patterns of metaphor use in the family register of scripted sitcom conversations. Previous studies of metaphor in conversation adopted different approaches to the concept of register, resulting in a rich but complex picture (Cameron, 2003, 2007, 2008; Deignan, Littlemore & Semino, 2013; Kaal, 2012). This research attempts to reduce such complexity by using an approach to register based on closely defining communicative settings and the participants’ roles (Giménez-Moreno, 2006). In this way, we were able to focus on the register used by family members and close friends and the contexts of private oral communication, as opposed to other possible registers characteristic of professional conversations or those between friends. The study provides data on the frequency, typology, grammatical form and function of the metaphors used in the fictional dialogues between family members and close friends from two British sitcoms, “Gavin & Stacey” and “The Royle Family”. The findings, in general, confirm the patterns of metaphor use in naturally-occurring (UK) conversation, but show lower frequency ranges than other more purpose-oriented contexts. The main contribution of this study is the evaluation of metaphor as an ‘appraisal resource’ (Martin & White, 2005) and its frequent use in assessing the participants’ attitudes. The study suggests that defining register in terms of communicative setting and participants’ roles can help to provide comparable data on metaphor variation.

When Written is Spoken: Dislocation and the Oral Code

2010 ◽  
Vol 21 (2) ◽  
pp. 209-229 ◽  
Author(s):  
MAIRI McLAUGHLIN
Keyword(s):  
Spoken Language ◽  
Literary Fiction ◽  
Primary Motivation ◽  
Form And Function ◽  
Mixed Medium ◽  
Stylistic Function ◽  
And Function ◽  
The Voice ◽  
Newspaper Articles

ABSTRACTThis article suggests a refinement of the link between dislocated constructions and the oral code. The research is based on an investigation of a mixed-medium corpus of contemporary French, including spoken language, journalistic prose and literary fiction. It is shown first that the form and function of dislocations vary according to the level of orality of the voice in which they are found: in particular, the intermediary nature of citations in newspaper articles is emphasised. It is then argued that the strict association of dislocation with the stylistic function of orality should be modified, since conveying orality does not always seem to be the primary motivation for dislocation.

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