Undiscovered or Undeveloped Crude Oil “Resources” and National Energy Strategies

1975 ◽  
Author(s):  
Earl Cook
Keyword(s):  
Crude Oil ◽  
Oil Resources ◽  
Energy Strategies

scholarly journals Polish energy security in the oil sector

2019 ◽  
Vol 108 ◽  
pp. 02015 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tadeusz Olkuski ◽  
Adam Szurlej ◽  
Barbara Tora ◽  
Miłosz Karpiński
Keyword(s):  
Crude Oil ◽  
Energy Security ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Oil Reserves ◽  
Oil Resources ◽  
Oil Sector ◽  
The Baltic ◽  
Almost All ◽  
The Impact

Almost all crude oil used in Poland is imported. The domestic production meets less than 4% of needs; therefore, to ensure the security of supplies, Poland relies heavily on imports. It is worth mentioning, however, that Poland has crude oil resources oil fields are located in the Carpathians, Polish Lowlands, and in the economic zone of the Baltic Sea. For years, crude oil is imported mainly from the East, however, a significant change in this approach, leading to an increase in seaborne oil supplies, has been observed in recent years. In 2017, 77.3% of crude oil was imported from Russia, while the rest was supplied from Saudi Arabia, Iraq, Iran, Norway, and Kazakhstan. Increasing the diversification of supplies is, of course, a very positive phenomenon, because it allows reducing the dependence on one supplier, which is beneficial from the point of view of energy security. Taking into account a high dependence on oil imports, the article also discusses important factors affecting the global oil market: low investment in the upstream sector, a drastic decline in oil production in Venezuela, the impact of the U.S. embargo on Iran, or depleting oil reserves.

Incorporating strategic petroleum reserve and welfare losses: A way forward for the policy development of crude oil resources in South Asia

2021 ◽  
Vol 74 ◽  
pp. 102309
Author(s):  
Zhen Liu ◽  
Yuk Ming Tang ◽  
Ka Yin Chau ◽  
Fengsheng Chien ◽  
Wasim Iqbal ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Crude Oil ◽  
South Asia ◽  
Policy Development ◽  
Welfare Losses ◽  
Oil Resources ◽  
Strategic Petroleum Reserve

Geographic Concentration of Korean Oil Imports and the Implications

2012 ◽  
Vol 608-609 ◽  
pp. 1506-1510 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ping Ma ◽  
Hui Jiang ◽  
Yu Hong
Keyword(s):  
Crude Oil ◽  
Economic Efficiency ◽  
Energy Security ◽  
Energy Cost ◽  
Optimum Level ◽  
Geographic Concentration ◽  
Interactive Relationship ◽  
Geographical Dispersion ◽  
Using Data ◽  
Energy Strategies

This paper analyzes the changes of geographic concentration of Korean oil imports as well as its interactive relationship with oil security and oil cost. We employ Herfindahl-Hirschman index to capture the changing geographic concentration of both crude oil imports and petroleum product imports. Using data ranging from 1970 to 2009, we document that the geographic concentration of oil is closely related to both energy security and energy cost. Geographical dispersion of oil imports may improve energy security but usually generates higher energy cost. We thus argue that there can be an optimum level of geographic concentration of energy imports. Both oil security and economic efficiency should be taken into consideration when making national energy strategies.

scholarly journals Energy strategies of China and their impacts on energy shipping import through the Straits of Malacca and Singapore

2021 ◽  
Vol ahead-of-print (ahead-of-print) ◽  
Author(s):  
Yuwei Yin ◽  
Jasmine Siu Lee Lam
Keyword(s):  
Natural Gas ◽  
Crude Oil ◽  
Oil And Gas ◽  
Gas Production ◽  
Transport Costs ◽  
Domestic Production ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Oil Storage ◽  
Straits Of Malacca ◽  
Energy Strategies

PurposeThis study aims at investigating how energy strategies of China impact its energy shipping import through a strategic maritime link, the Straits of Malacca and Singapore (SOMS).Design/methodology/approachVector error-correction modelling (VECM) is applied to examine the key energy strategies of China influencing crude oil and liquefied natural gas (LNG) shipping import via the SOMS. Strategies investigated include oil storage expansions, government-setting targets to motivate domestic gas production, pipeline projects to diversify natural gas import routes and commercial strategies to ensure oil and gas accessibility and cost-effectiveness.FindingsFor the crude oil sector, building up oil storage and diversifying oil import means, routes and sources were found effective to mitigate impacts of consumption surges and price shocks. For the LNG sector, domestic production expansion effectively reduces LNG import. However, pipeline gas import growth is inefficient to relieve LNG shipping import dependency. Furthermore, energy companies have limited flexibility to adjust LNG shipping import volumes via the SOMS even under increased import prices and transport costs.Practical implicationsAs the natural gas demand of China continues expanding, utilisation rates of existing pipeline networks need to be enhanced. Besides, domestic production expansion and diversification of LNG import sources and means are crucial.Originality/valueThis study is among the first in the literature using a quantitative approach to investigate how energy strategies implemented in a nation impact its energy shipping volumes via the SOMS, which is one of the most important maritime links that support 40% of the global trades.

scholarly journals A Hydrogenic Electrolyzer for Fuels

2015 ◽  
Vol 21 (4) ◽  
pp. 79-89
Author(s):  
Bogdan Żółtowski ◽  
Mariusz Żółtowski
Keyword(s):  
Crude Oil ◽  
Internal Combustion Engines ◽  
Hydrocarbon Fuel ◽  
Air Transport ◽  
Clean Water ◽  
Combustion Engines ◽  
Sudden Drop ◽  
Fuel Prices ◽  
Oil Resources ◽  
Alternative Sources

Abstract In this work - in view of still decreasing crude oil resources and increasing fuel prices - are presented issues concerning research on development of other, alternative fuel sources including those used in water, land and air transport means. One of them is hydrogen which, while burning, does not produce noxious carbon dioxide but only side effects such as heat and clean water. It is almost true that along with sudden drop of availability and rising price of crude oil many countries face economical paralysis. Any of alternative sources is not capable of supplying even only a basic amount of such energy, not mentioning the whole amount of energy demanded by our civilization. Hydrogen as an independent fuel for internal combustion engines has yet to go a long way to commercialization. to be Co-burning systems (combustion of mixtures)of today used hydrocarbon fuels combined with hydrogen seem closer to this aim. As proved in many investigations the substitution of a part of hydrocarbon fuel by hydrogen enables to make use of beneficial features of both the fuels. One of possible solutions of the problem may be application of an innovative hydrogenic fuel electrolyzer which is presented and evaluated in this paper.

What if Russia runs out of own oil resources?

2019 ◽  
pp. 152-160 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vladimir K. Faltsman
Keyword(s):  
Economic Growth ◽  
General Theory ◽  
Crude Oil ◽  
Oil Prices ◽  
Oil Production ◽  
Economic Sanctions ◽  
Proper Solution ◽  
Oil Resources ◽  
Crude Oil Production ◽  
Alternative Sources

For more than half a century the growing dependence of Russia on crude oil production and exports, thus exhausting its national oil resources, has been observed. The country can get caught up in the staples trap — running out of own oil resources, with neither money to finance imports nor national importsubstituting production. So in the coming 25 years Russia is challenged to seek a proper solution, given that oil production will be declining. What is more, Russia will have to address the challenge under pretty tough circumstances, including turbulent oil prices, the burden of economic sanctions and reduction in the volume of employment. Will Russia, as a result, face just another transformation crisis similar to the bitter experience of 1990s? What alternative sources of energy can be found to replace oil? The author is searching for the way to get out of the staples trap and presents an optimistic scenario. Being one of the top oil-producing countries, Russia will be the first to face the depletion of national oil resources, so its experience in elaborating viable ways to overcome oil dependence may be instructive to other oil-producers and contribute to the general theory of economic growth.

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