scholarly journals Surface Covers Affect Liquid Manure Temperature, Albedo, and Evaporation

2020 ◽  
Vol 63 (1) ◽  
pp. 199-210
Author(s):  
Jessie R. Cluett ◽  
Andrew C. VanderZaag ◽  
Timothy Rennie ◽  
Ward Smith ◽  
Robert J. Gordon
Keyword(s):  
Linear Regression ◽  
Surface Energy ◽  
Energy Budget ◽  
Average Rate ◽  
Dairy Manure ◽  
Surface Energy Budget ◽  
Energy Budgets ◽  
List Type ◽  
Liquid Manure ◽  
Significant Difference

HighlightsEvaporation from clear water, manure, and separated liquid manure was 4.6 mm d-1 on average.Straw, foam, geotextile, and roof covers decreased evaporation by 54%, 53%, 31%, and 21%, respectively.Albedo was highest for floating foam covers and lowest for metal roof covers.Straw, foam, and geotextile increased manure temperature compared to uncovered manure. ABSTRACT. Evaporation is a key component of the surface energy budget of liquid manure. Models rely on accurate energy budgets to predict manure temperature, which in turn is used to model temperature-dependent greenhouse gas emissions from liquid manure storages. Due to lack of data, it has been assumed that liquid manure has similar evaporative properties to water; however, this assumption may be inaccurate. Many factors, including manure crusting, covers, and turbidity, are all likely to affect the surface energy budget and the evaporation rate. This experiment investigated the differences in evaporation between eight treatments, including water, dyed water, raw and separated liquid manure, and four commonly used covers (straw, geotextile, foam, and roof), by measuring weekly evaporation. Albedo, surface temperatures, and internal temperatures were also measured to determine treatment effects. Over the 10-week study, no significant difference was found between the evaporation rates of water, raw manure, and separated liquid manure, with an average rate of 4.6 mm d-1. Notably, the raw manure did not form a consistent surface crust, which may explain the similarities in evaporation rates in this study and is unlikely to represent manure with a crust. Overall, covers significantly decreased evaporative losses by between 21% and 54% compared to uncovered raw manure. Average evaporation rates of the covered treatments were 1.9 mm d-1 for straw cover, 2.0 mm d-1 for foam cover, 2.9 mm d-1 for geotextile cover, and 3.4 mm d-1 under a roof cover. Similarities between each treatment and water as well as between the four covered treatments and the uncovered raw manure were found using linear regression on weekly evaporation. Generally, the uncovered treatments were more similar and could be predicted (high R2) by multiple linear regression with environmental variables, while the covered treatments differed more and were not as well predicted (lower R2). Results from this study can help adjust evaporation rates in biophysical models to improve estimates of manure temperature, tank holding capacity, and emission predictions. Keywords: Evaporation, Dairy manure, Liquid manure, Manure covers, Manure management.

scholarly journals Understanding the Differences Between TOA and Surface Energy Budget Attributions of Surface Warming

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sergio A. Sejas ◽  
Xiaoming Hu ◽  
Ming Cai ◽  
Hanjie Fan
Keyword(s):  
Surface Energy ◽  
Energy Budget ◽  
Surface Energy Budget ◽  
Lapse Rate ◽  
Climate Feedback ◽  
Energy Budgets ◽  
Response Analysis ◽  
Surface Warming ◽  
Rate Feedback ◽  
Consistent Picture

Energy budget decompositions have widely been used to evaluate individual process contributions to surface warming. Conventionally, the top-of-atmosphere (TOA) energy budget has been used to carry out such attribution, while other studies use the surface energy budget instead. However, the two perspectives do not provide the same interpretation of process contributions to surface warming, particularly when executing a spatial analysis. These differences cloud our understanding and inhibit our ability to shrink the inter-model spread. Changes to the TOA energy budget are equivalent to the sum of the changes in the atmospheric and surface energy budgets. Therefore, we show that the major discrepancies between the surface and TOA perspectives are due to non-negligible changes in the atmospheric energy budget that differ from their counterparts at the surface. The TOA lapse-rate feedback is the manifestation of multiple processes that produce a vertically non-uniform warming response such that it accounts for the asymmetry between the changes in the atmospheric and surface energy budgets. Using the climate feedback-response analysis method, we are able to decompose the lapse-rate feedback into contributions by individual processes. Combining the process contributions that are hidden within the lapse-rate feedback with their respective direct impacts on the TOA energy budget allows for a very consistent picture of process contributions to surface warming and its inter-model spread as that given by the surface energy budget approach.

scholarly journals Influence of Subfacet Heterogeneity and Material Properties on the Urban Surface Energy Budget

2014 ◽  
Vol 53 (9) ◽  
pp. 2114-2129 ◽  
Author(s):  
Prathap Ramamurthy ◽  
Elie Bou-Zeid ◽  
James A. Smith ◽  
Zhihua Wang ◽  
Mary L. Baeck ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Surface Energy ◽  
Energy Budget ◽  
Material Properties ◽  
Sensible Heat Flux ◽  
Role Reversal ◽  
Surface Energy Budget ◽  
Urban Surface ◽  
Urban Site ◽  
Peak Time ◽  
Sensible Heat

AbstractUrban facets—the walls, roofs, and ground in built-up terrain—are often conceptualized as homogeneous surfaces, despite the obvious variability in the composition and material properties of the urban fabric at the subfacet scale. This study focuses on understanding the influence of this subfacet heterogeneity, and the associated influence of different material properties, on the urban surface energy budget. The Princeton Urban Canopy Model, which was developed with the ability to capture subfacet variability, is evaluated at sites of various building densities and then applied to simulate the energy exchanges of each subfacet with the atmosphere over a densely built site. The analyses show that, although all impervious built surfaces convert most of the incoming energy into sensible heat rather than latent heat, sensible heat fluxes from asphalt pavements and dark rooftops are 2 times as high as those from concrete surfaces and light-colored roofs. Another important characteristic of urban areas—the shift in the peak time of sensible heat flux in comparison with rural areas—is here shown to be mainly linked to concrete’s high heat storage capacity as well as to radiative trapping in the urban canyon. The results also illustrate that the vegetated pervious soil surfaces that dot the urban landscape play a dual role: during wet periods they redistribute much of the available energy into evaporative fluxes but when moisture stressed they behave more like an impervious surface. This role reversal, along with the direct evaporation of water stored over impervious surfaces, significantly reduces the overall Bowen ratio of the urban site after rain events.

scholarly journals Measuring the impact of a new snow model using surface energy budget process relationships

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jonathan Day ◽  
Gabriele Arduini ◽  
Irina Sandu ◽  
Linus Magnusson ◽  
Anton Beljaars ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Surface Energy ◽  
Energy Budget ◽  
Surface Energy Budget ◽  
Budget Process ◽  
Snow Model ◽  
The Impact

scholarly journals Projected Changes in Soil Temperature and Surface Energy Budget Components over the Alps and Northern Italy

Water ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 10 (7) ◽  
pp. 954 ◽  
Author(s):  
Claudio Cassardo ◽  
Seon Park ◽  
Sungmin O ◽  
Marco Galli
Keyword(s):  
Heat Flux ◽  
Surface Energy ◽  
Soil Temperature ◽  
Energy Budget ◽  
Regional Climate ◽  
Northern Italy ◽  
Surface Energy Budget ◽  
Future Climate ◽  
Radiative Properties ◽  
The Alps

This study investigates the potential changes in surface energy budget components under certain future climate conditions over the Alps and Northern Italy. The regional climate scenarios are obtained though the Regional Climate Model version 3 (RegCM3) runs, based on a reference climate (1961–1990) and the future climate (2071–2100) via the A2 and B2 scenarios. The energy budget components are calculated by employing the University of Torino model of land Processes Interaction with Atmosphere (UTOPIA), and using the RegCM3 outputs as input data. Our results depict a significant change in the energy budget components during springtime over high-mountain areas, whereas the most relevant difference over the plain areas is the increase in latent heat flux and hence, evapotranspiration during summertime. The precedence of snow-melting season over the Alps is evidenced by the earlier increase in sensible heat flux. The annual mean number of warm and cold days is evaluated by analyzing the top-layer soil temperature and shows a large increment (slight reduction) of warm (cold) days. These changes at the end of this century could influence the regional radiative properties and energy cycles and thus, exert significant impacts on human life and general infrastructures.

scholarly journals The Surface Energy Budget at Gale Crater during the first 2500 sols of the Mars Science Laboratory mission

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. M. Martínez ◽  
A. Vicente‐Retortillo ◽  
A. R. Vasavada ◽  
C. E. Newman ◽  
E. Fischer ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Surface Energy ◽  
Energy Budget ◽  
Surface Energy Budget ◽  
Science Laboratory ◽  
Mars Science Laboratory ◽  
Gale Crater

scholarly journals Downslope föhn winds over the Antarctic Peninsula and their effect on the Larsen ice shelves

2014 ◽  
Vol 14 (18) ◽  
pp. 9481-9509 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. P. Grosvenor ◽  
J. C. King ◽  
T. W. Choularton ◽  
T. Lachlan-Cope
Keyword(s):  
Heat Flux ◽  
Wind Speed ◽  
Surface Energy ◽  
Antarctic Peninsula ◽  
Energy Budget ◽  
Surface Flux ◽  
Surface Energy Budget ◽  
Ice Shelf ◽  
Aircraft Observations ◽  
The Antarctic

Abstract. Mesoscale model simulations are presented of a westerly föhn event over the Antarctic Peninsula mountain ridge and onto the Larsen C ice shelf, just south of the recently collapsed Larsen B ice shelf. Aircraft observations showed the presence of föhn jets descending near the ice shelf surface with maximum wind speeds at 250–350 m in height. Surface flux measurements suggested that melting was occurring. Simulated profiles of wind speed, temperature and wind direction were very similar to the observations. However, the good match only occurred at a model time corresponding to ~9 h before the aircraft observations were made since the model föhn jets died down after this. This was despite the fact that the model was nudged towards analysis for heights greater than ~1.15 km above the surface. Timing issues aside, the otherwise good comparison between the model and observations gave confidence that the model flow structure was similar to that in reality. Details of the model jet structure are explored and discussed and are found to have ramifications for the placement of automatic weather station (AWS) stations on the ice shelf in order to detect föhn flow. Cross sections of the flow are also examined and were found to compare well to the aircraft measurements. Gravity wave breaking above the mountain crest likely created a~situation similar to hydraulic flow and allowed föhn flow and ice shelf surface warming to occur despite strong upwind blocking, which in previous studies of this region has generally not been considered. Our results therefore suggest that reduced upwind blocking, due to wind speed increases or stability decreases, might not result in an increased likelihood of föhn events over the Antarctic Peninsula, as previously suggested. The surface energy budget of the model during the melting periods showed that the net downwelling short-wave surface flux was the largest contributor to the melting energy, indicating that the cloud clearing effect of föhn events is likely to be the most important factor for increased melting relative to non-föhn days. The results also indicate that the warmth of the föhn jets through sensible heat flux ("SH") may not be critical in causing melting beyond boundary layer stabilisation effects (which may help to prevent cloud cover and suppress loss of heat by convection) and are actually cancelled by latent heat flux ("LH") effects (snow ablation). It was found that ground heat flux ("GRD") was likely to be an important factor when considering the changing surface energy budget for the southern regions of the ice shelf as the climate warms.

scholarly journals Arctic Cloud Fraction and Radiative Fluxes in Atmospheric Reanalyses

2009 ◽  
Vol 22 (9) ◽  
pp. 2316-2334 ◽  
Author(s):  
John E. Walsh ◽  
William L. Chapman ◽  
Diane H. Portis
Keyword(s):  
Surface Energy ◽  
Energy Budget ◽  
Radiative Forcing ◽  
Cloud Fraction ◽  
Surface Energy Budget ◽  
Japan Meteorological Agency ◽  
Central Research ◽  
Radiative Fluxes ◽  
Arctic Clouds ◽  
Cloud Radiative Forcing

Abstract Arctic radiative fluxes, cloud fraction, and cloud radiative forcing are evaluated from four currently available reanalysis models using data from the North Slope of Alaska (NSA) Barrow site of the Atmospheric Radiation Measurement Program (ARM). A primary objective of the ARM–NSA program is to provide a high-resolution dataset of direct measurements of Arctic clouds and radiation so that global climate models can better parameterize high-latitude cloud radiative processes. The four reanalysis models used in this study are the 1) NCEP–NCAR global reanalysis, 2) 40-yr ECMWF Re-Analysis (ERA-40), 3) NCEP–NCAR North American Regional Reanalysis (NARR), and 4) Japan Meteorological Agency and Central Research Institute of Electric Power Industry 25-yr Reanalysis (JRA25). The reanalysis models simulate the radiative fluxes well if/when the cloud fraction is simulated correctly. However, the systematic errors of climatological reanalysis cloud fractions are substantial. Cloud fraction and radiation biases show considerable scatter, both in the annual mean and over a seasonal cycle, when compared to those observed at the ARM–NSA. Large seasonal cloud fraction biases have significant impacts on the surface energy budget. Detailed comparisons of ARM and reanalysis products reveal that the persistent low-level cloud fraction in summer is particularly difficult for the reanalysis models to capture creating biases in the shortwave radiation flux that can exceed 160 W m−2. ERA-40 is the best performer in both shortwave and longwave flux seasonal representations at Barrow, largely because its simulation of the cloud coverage is the most realistic of the four reanalyses. Only two reanalyses (ERA-40 and NARR) capture the observed transition from positive to negative surface net cloud radiative forcing during a 2–3-month period in summer, while the remaining reanalyses indicate a net warming impact of Arctic clouds on the surface energy budget throughout the entire year. The authors present a variable cloud radiative forcing metric to diagnose the erroneous impact of reanalysis cloud fraction on the surface energy balance. The misrepresentations of cloud radiative forcing in some of the reanalyses are attributable to errors in both simulated cloud amounts and the models’ radiative response to partly cloudy conditions.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document