Occurrence of Aflatoxin in Dairy Cow Feed Ingredients and Total Mixed Ration

2019 ◽  
Vol 35 (5) ◽  
pp. 679-686 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zeinab Mohammadi Shad ◽  
Mehrdad Ghavami ◽  
Griffiths G. Atungulu
Keyword(s):  
Dairy Cows ◽  
Dairy Cow ◽  
Rainy Season ◽  
Raw Milk ◽  
Farm Management ◽  
Average Level ◽  
Aflatoxin M1 ◽  
Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay ◽  
Feed Ingredients ◽  
Milk Samples

Abstract. The level of aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) in dairy cow feed ingredients and Total Mixed Rations (TMRs) procured at two farms for low- and high-yielding dairy cows were surveyed. Raw milk from the two groups of cows at each farm was sampled 24 h after feeding the cows with examined feedstuffs during both the rainy and the non-rainy season. The aflatoxin M1 (AFM1) level in the raw milk samples was measured 12-24 h later. The levels of AFB1 in feed and AFM1 in milk were determined by validated enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The influence of farm management and type of feeding system on aflatoxin occurrence were considered. AFB1 and AFM1 were detected in 100% of feed and milk samples, respectively. The average level of AFB1 in the feed ingredients and TMRs were in the range of 1.6-104.7 µg/kg and 11.0-56.0 µg/kg, respectively. The average level of AFM1 in milk samples was 77.0 ng/L. The average concentrations of AFB1 in feeds and AFM1 in milk procured in the rainy season were significantly greater than those procured in the non-rainy season (p<0.05). Of the studied feed, maize silage was determined as the most contaminated feed ingredient in terms of AFB1 content. Furthermore, the AFM1 in 75% of milk samples obtained from high-yielding dairy cows and 25% of milk samples obtained from low-yielding dairy cows indicated AFM1 level higher than the maximum allowable Europe Commission limit of 50 ng/L. The results also showed that the occurrence of AFB1 in feed varied with farm feed management. The extent of translocation to AFMI in milk samples was dependent on type of cow, whether low- or high- milk yielding. This study suggests regular risk analysis and using good farm management practices are important to control aflatoxin contamination in feed and milk. Keywords: Aflatoxin B1, Aflatoxin M1, Dairy cows, Feed, Milk yield.

scholarly journals Study of aflatoxins incidence in cow feed and milk in Serbia during 2013.

2015 ◽  
Vol 69 (6) ◽  
pp. 651-656 ◽  
Author(s):  
Danka Spiric ◽  
Jasna Djinovic ◽  
Vesna Jankovic ◽  
Branko Velebit ◽  
Tatjana Radicevic ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Dairy Cows ◽  
Aflatoxin B1 ◽  
Negative Impact ◽  
Raw Milk ◽  
Self Control ◽  
Cow Milk ◽  
Aflatoxin M1 ◽  
Climate Conditions ◽  
Milk Samples ◽  
Beet Pulp

Atypical weather and climate conditions during the spring and summer 2012th were assumed to be the main reason for the aflatoxins contamination of corn crops in Serbia. High humidity in spring, and summer temperatures above the average contributed to the increased possibility of mycotoxins occurance in cereals in the fields. As a consequence, at the begining of 2013th contaminated corn used for dairy cows diet had negative impact on the safety of cow milk. The routine laboratory control data revealed an increased content of aflatoxin M1 in milk samples. Large number of raw milk and various feedstuff samples were collected from February to April 2013th and were analysed for the presence of aflatoxin M1 (AFM1) and aflatoxin B1 respectively. The collected samples were a part of enhanced self-control plans of the large dairy farms. Quantitative competitive and sandwich types of ELISA tests were used for the screening analysis of the feed and milk samples. Confirmation of the positive results obtained by ELISA tests was performed by UPLC-MS/MS method. Out of 281 samples of complete mixtures for dairy cows, 67 samples (24%) contained aflatoxin B1 quantities higher than the MRL of 0,005 mg/kg [4]. Corn samples were also tested for the presence of aflatoxin B1 revealing contamination of 22% above the MRL (0.03mg/kg). Aflatoxin M1 content in the 934 positive milk samples ranged from 0,005- 1,25 ?g/kg. The corresponding feed samples of sunflower meal, hay silage, corn silage and sugar beet pulp were screening negative, with the content of aflatoxin B1 less than 2 ?g/kg. The main source of aflatoxins were corn samples, wholemeal and feed mixtures derived from contaminated corn. The contamination peak was during March 2013, when 65% of milk samples contained amounts of aflatoxin M1 higher than 0,05 ?g/kg, and 13% of milk samples contained amounts higher than 0,5 ?g/kg.

scholarly journals Presence of moulds and aflatoxin M1 in milk

2009 ◽  
pp. 63-68 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vesna Jankovic ◽  
Jelena Vukojevic ◽  
Brankica Lakicevic ◽  
Radmila Mitrovic ◽  
Dejan Vukovic
Keyword(s):  
Dairy Products ◽  
Raw Milk ◽  
Direct Result ◽  
Aflatoxin M1 ◽  
Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay ◽  
Contamination Level ◽  
Infant Food ◽  
Fungal Contamination ◽  
Milk Samples ◽  
Feed Samples

Aflatoxin M1 (AFM1) appears in milk or dairy products as a direct result of the cattle's ingestion of feed contaminated with aflatoxin B1 (AFB1). This study comprises mycological and mycotoxicological investigations of 23 milk samples (raw, infant food, pasteurized, whey and yoghurt). The mycological testing showed dominant presence of genus Geotrichum. G. candidum was found in 9 samples, with the highest contamination in the raw milk samples. The contamination level of AM1 is defined by using direct competitive enzyme- -linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). AFM1 was found in 9 samples. AFM1 levels were lower than the recommended limits. However, as AFM1 is considered a probable human carcinogen (2B type), it is necessary to achieve a low level of AFM1 in milk. Therefore, cows' feed samples from various cowsheds are supposed to be evaluated routinely for aflatoxin, and kept away from fungal contamination as much as possible.

scholarly journals Aflatoxin M1 levels in raw milk, pasteurized milk and infant formula

2016 ◽  
Vol 5 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Sharaf Shareef Omar
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
Infant Formula ◽  
Raw Milk ◽  
Average Concentration ◽  
Tolerance Limit ◽  
Cow Milk ◽  
Aflatoxin M1 ◽  
Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay ◽  
Milk Samples ◽  
Maximum Tolerance

The incidence of contamination of aflatoxin M1 (AFM1) in milk samples collected from the Jordanian market was investigated by using the competitive enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) technique. A total of 175 samples were collected during 2014-2015 year. All tested samples were contaminated with various levels of AFM1 ranging from 9.71 to 288.68 ng/kg. The concentration of AFM1 in 66% of fresh milk samples was higher than the maximum tolerance limit accepted by European Union (50 ng/kg) and 23% higher than the maximum tolerance limit accepted by USA (500 ng/kg). Percentages of contaminated raw cow, sheep, goat and camel milk exceeding the European tolerance limit were 60, 85, 75 and 0%, respectively. Twelve % of AFM1 contaminated pasteurized cow milk samples exceeded the European tolerance limit with a range of contamination between 14.60 and 216.78 ng/kg. For infant formula samples, the average concentration of AFM1 was 120.26 ng/kg (range between 16.55 to 288.68 ng/kg), the concentration of AFM1 in 85% of infant formula samples were higher than the maximum tolerance limit accepted by European Union and USA (25 ng/kg).

scholarly journals Determination of Aflatoxin M1 in Raw Milk Using an HPLC-FL Method in Comparison with Commercial ELISA Kits—Application in Raw Milk Samples from Various Regions of Greece

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (3) ◽  
pp. 46
Author(s):  
Martha Maggira ◽  
Maria Ioannidou ◽  
Ioannis Sakaridis ◽  
Georgios Samouris
Keyword(s):  
Limit Of Detection ◽  
Reference Method ◽  
Raw Milk ◽  
Aflatoxin M1 ◽  
Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay ◽  
Fluorescence Detector ◽  
Elisa Kit ◽  
Milk Samples ◽  
Of Greece

The highly toxic Aflatoxin M1 (AFM1) is most often detected in milk using an Enzyme-Linked-Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA) for screening purposes, while High-Performance Liquid Chromatography with Fluorescence Detector (HPLC-FL) is the reference method used for confirmation. The aim of the present study was the comparison between three commercially available ELISA kits and a newly developed HPLC-FL method for the determination of the AFM1 in milk samples. The developed HPLC-FL method was validated for the AFM1 and Aflatoxin M2 (AFM2), determining the accuracy, precision, linearity, decision limit, and detection capability with fairly good results. All three ELISA kits were also validated and showed equally good performance with high recovery rates. Moreover, the Limit Of Detection (LOD) and Limit Of Quantification (LOQ) values were found to be significantly lower than the Maximum Residue Limit (MRL) (50 ng kg−1). After the evaluation of all three commercial kits, the ELISA kit with the optimum performance along with the HPLC method was used for the determination of AFM1 in raw cow’s, goat’s, and sheep’s milk samples (396) obtained from producers in different regions of Greece. The evaluation of both methods showed that this ELISA kit could be considered as a faster and equally reliable alternative method to HPLC in routine analysis for the determination of AFM1 in milk.

scholarly journals Reduction of Aflatoxin M1 Levels during Ethiopian Traditional Fermented Milk (Ergo) Production

2018 ◽  
Vol 2018 ◽  
pp. 1-10 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tsige Shigute ◽  
Alemayehu P. Washe
Keyword(s):  
Incubation Time ◽  
Raw Milk ◽  
Fermented Milk ◽  
Aflatoxin M1 ◽  
Chemical Components ◽  
Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay ◽  
Bacterial Cells ◽  
Milk Samples ◽  
Significant Difference

In this study, the reduction of aflatoxin M1 (AFM1) levels during lab-scale ergo production was investigated through determination of the residual levels of AFM1 using Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay. The results showed gradual and incubation time dependent reduction of AFM1 level in the raw milk samples being fermented to ergo. The maximum reductions of 57.33 and 54.04% were recorded in AFM1 in natural and LAB inoculums initiated fermentations, respectively, in 5 days of incubation. Although a significant difference (P=0.05) in the AFM1 decrease in the two types of fermentations was recorded, such findings could vary with milk samples depending on initial load of the microorganisms as determined by hygienic conditions. However, the level of AFM1 in control (sterilized) samples showed only a 5.5% decrease during the entire period of incubation. Microbiological investigation showed increasing LAB counts with incubation time. A gradual decrease in pH of the milk samples was observed during fermentation. Considering the fact that both viable and dead bacterial cells could remove AFM1 during ergo production, the mechanism is proposed as predominantly involving noncovalent binding of the toxin with the chemical components of the bacterial cell wall.

scholarly journals Prevalence of Mastitis and Antibiotic Resistance of Bacterial Isolates from CMT Positive Milk Samples Obtained from Dairy Cows, Camels, and Goats in Two Pastoral Districts in Southern Ethiopia

Animals ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (6) ◽  
pp. 1530
Author(s):  
Amanuel Balemi ◽  
Balako Gumi ◽  
Kebede Amenu ◽  
Sisay Girma ◽  
Muuz Gebru ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Antibiotic Resistance ◽  
Dairy Cows ◽  
Raw Milk ◽  
Multidrug Resistant ◽  
Southern Ethiopia ◽  
Resistant Bacteria ◽  
Coagulase Negative Staphylococcus ◽  
Bacterial Isolates ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Milk Samples

A study was carried out from August 2017 to February 2018 on lactating dairy cows, one-humped dromedary camels, and goats to determine mastitis in the Bule Hora and Dugda Dawa districts of in Southern Ethiopia. Milk samples from 564 udder quarters and udder halves from 171 animals consisting of 60 dairy cows, 51 camels, and 60 goats were tested for mastitis. Sixty-four positive udder milk samples were cultured, and bacterial mastitis pathogens were isolated and identified. The antibiotic resistance of bacterial isolates from milk with mastitis was tested against nine antimicrobials commonly used in the study area. Cow- and quarter-level prevalence of mastitis in dairy cows, camels, and goats was 33.3%, 26.3%, and 25% and 17.6%, 14.5%, and 20%, respectively. In cattle, the prevalence was significantly higher in Dugda Dawa than in Bule Hora. Major bacterial isolates were coagulase-negative Staphylococcus species (39.1%), S. aureus (17.2%), S. hyicus (14.1%), and S. intermedius and Escherichia coli (9.4% each). In camels, udder abnormality and mastitis were significantly higher in late lactation than in early lactation. Mastitis tends to increase with parity in camels. E. coli isolates were highly resistant to spectinomycin, vancomycin, and doxycycline, whereas most S. aureus isolates were multidrug-resistant. Most of the rural and periurban communities in this area consume raw milk, which indicates a high risk of infection with multidrug-resistant bacteria. We recommend a community-focused training program to improve community awareness of the need to boil milk and the risk of raw milk consumption.

scholarly journals The Occurrence of Aflatoxin M1 in Milk, soft cheese and yoghurt in Baghdad Province by Using ELISA Test

2014 ◽  
Vol 38 (2) ◽  
pp. 9-16
Author(s):  
Najim Hadi Najim
Keyword(s):  
Dairy Products ◽  
Raw Milk ◽  
Elisa Test ◽  
Mean Value ◽  
Aflatoxin M1 ◽  
Contamination Level ◽  
Milk Samples ◽  
White Cheese ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Milk And Dairy Products

     Milk and dairy products are fundamental components in the human diet and may be the principle way for entrance of Aflatoxin M1 (AFM1) in to the human body. All milk and dairy products samples were tested for the occurrence of AFM1 by the competitive ELISA technique. Out of 32 bovine raw milk samples that were collected from eight villages around Baghdad province, 32 samples (100 %) were contaminated with AFM1 ranging from 0.15 to 86.96ng/kg with mean value of 42.37±26.07 ng/kg, of which 17 samples were contaminated with concentrations < 50 ng/kg and 15 samples exceeded the maximum acceptable level of AFM1 in milk (50 ng/kg) imposed by the European legislation. The raw milk samples belonged to animals fed with composite and stored fodder as in Althahab Alabiadh, Radhwaniya and Fadhaliya villages had higher significantly AFM1 concentrations over all the other five villages (Grazing feed). All 32 (100%) locally produced soft white cheese samples analyzed were contaminated with AFM1 ranging from 31.84 to 89.44 ng/kg with the mean value of 59.92±17.03 ng/kg. Out of 32 locally produced yoghurt samples analyzed, 32 samples (100%) were contaminated with AFM1 ranging from 0.16 to 42.74 ng/kg with the mean value of 16.92±11.55 ng/kg. Thirty samples (100%) of the examined 30 imported UHT milk samples that were collected from different commercial companies in the province of Baghdad presented significantly  high contamination level with AFM1 that were found to range from 0.18 to 85.66 ng/kg.

Analysis of Aflatoxin M1 in Breast Milk and Its Association with Nutritional and Socioeconomic Status of Lactating Mothers in Lebanon

2017 ◽  
Vol 80 (10) ◽  
pp. 1737-1741 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jomana Elaridi ◽  
Maya Bassil ◽  
Joelle Abi Kharma ◽  
Farah Daou ◽  
Hussein F. Hassan
Keyword(s):  
Breast Milk ◽  
Dietary Habits ◽  
Daily Intake ◽  
World Health ◽  
Aflatoxin M1 ◽  
Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay ◽  
Daily Consumption ◽  
Milk Samples ◽  
Lactating Mothers ◽  
The Mean

ABSTRACT Aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) is the most potent of the dietary aflatoxins, and its major metabolite, aflatoxin M1 (AFM1), is frequently found in the breast milk of lactating mothers. The aim of this study was to assess the occurrence and factors associated with AFM1 contamination of breast milk collected from lactating mothers in Lebanon. A total of 111 breast milk samples were collected according to the guidelines set by the World Health Organization. Samples were analyzed with a competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay between December 2015 and November 2016. A survey was used to determine the demographic and anthropometric characteristics of participating lactating mothers. Dietary habits were assessed using a semiquantitative food frequency questionnaire. Mean (±standard deviation) concentration of AFM1 in the breast milk samples was 4.31 ± 1.8 ng/L, and 93.8% of samples contained AFM1 at 0.2 to 7.9 ng/L. The mean concentration of AFM1 was significantly lower (P &lt; 0.05) in fall and winter (4.1 ± 1.9 ng/L) than in spring and summer (5.0 ± 1.7 ng/L). None of the samples exceeded the European Commission regulation limit (25 ng/L) for infant milk replacement formula. AFM1 contamination was significantly associated (P &lt; 0.05) with the daily consumption of white cheeses but not with the consumption of meat or cereal products. No significant association (P &gt; 0.05) was observed between AFM1 concentrations in breast milk and anthropometric sociodemographic factors (age and level of education) or the governorate of residence of the nursing mothers. The mean AFM1 estimated daily intake was found to be 0.69 ng/day/kg of body weight. Although the incidence of AFM1 contamination was low, our first-of-its-kind study highlights the importance of conducting investigations on mycotoxin contamination in breast milk and of developing protection strategies to tackle the exposure of infants to this potent chemical hazard.

scholarly journals Occurrence and Seasonal Variations of Aflatoxin M1 in Milk from Punjab, Pakistan

Toxins ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (10) ◽  
pp. 574 ◽  
Author(s):  
Naveed Akbar ◽  
Muhammad Nasir ◽  
Naureen Naeem ◽  
Mansur-ud-Din Ahmad ◽  
Sanaullah Iqbal ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sampling Technique ◽  
Raw Milk ◽  
The United States ◽  
Northern Region ◽  
Aflatoxin M1 ◽  
Eastern Region ◽  
Milk Samples ◽  
The Us ◽  
Maximum Residue Limits ◽  
Elisa Technique

The manifestation of aflatoxins in feed and food is a major issue in the world as its presence leads to some health problems. This study investigates the incidence of aflatoxin M1 (AFM1) contamination in raw milk samples which were collected from Punjab, Pakistan. The Cluster Random Sampling technique was used to collect 960 milk samples from five different regions, and samples were collected every month. The AFM1 level in raw milk was analyzed by the ELISA technique. The findings demonstrate that 70% of samples exceeded the United States permissible maximum residue limits (MRL 0.50 µg/L), with an overall AFM1 level that ranged from 0.3 to 1.0 µg/L. AFM1 contamination varied with the season: The highest average contamination was detected in winter (0.875 µg/L), followed by autumn (0.751 µg/L), spring (0.654 µg/L), and summer (0.455 µg/L). The Eastern region exhibited the highest average AFM1 contamination (0.705 µg/L). Milk samples from the Northern region were found to be widely contaminated, as 86.9% samples exceeded the US MRL, followed by the Eastern region, with 72.3% samples being contaminated with >0.5 µg/L AFM1. The study indicated that the raw milk supply chain was heavily contaminated. Recommendations and remedial measures need to be developed by regulatory authorities to improve the raw milk quality.

Head Space Sensor Array for the Detection of Aflatoxin M1 in Raw Ewe's Milk

2005 ◽  
Vol 68 (5) ◽  
pp. 1089-1092 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. BENEDETTI ◽  
S. IAMETTI ◽  
F. BONOMI ◽  
S. MANNINO
Keyword(s):  
Metal Oxide ◽  
Sensor Array ◽  
Metal Oxide Semiconductor ◽  
Oxide Semiconductor ◽  
Aflatoxin M1 ◽  
Complete Agreement ◽  
Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay ◽  
Milk Samples ◽  
Head Space ◽  
Ewe's Milk

A novel screening method was developed for simple and rapid detection of aflatoxin M1 contamination in raw ewe's milk samples without the need for sample pretreatment. The method was based on the use of a commercial head space sensor array system constituted by 12 metal oxide semiconductor sensors, 10 metal oxide semiconductor field-effect transistor sensors, and a pattern recognition software. Twenty-four raw milk samples collected from two different groups of ewes fed with a formulated feed that contained increasing amounts of aflatoxin B1 and six noncontaminated ewe's milk samples were analyzed. The results obtained by using the head space sensor array, processed by statistical methods, made it possible to group the samples according to the presence or the absence of aflatoxin M1. Sample classification was in complete agreement with the aflatoxin M1 content measured by an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay procedure. This is the first report, to our knowledge, of detection of aflatoxin M1 in ewe's milk by a multisensor array.

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