Experimental Analysis of Condensation Rate in Conductive Cooling Systems for Dairy Cattle

2018 ◽  
Vol 34 (2) ◽  
pp. 425-436
Author(s):  
Kristen Michelle Perano ◽  
Timothy J Shelford ◽  
Kifle G Gebremedhin
Keyword(s):  
Moisture Content ◽  
Dairy Cattle ◽  
Dairy Cows ◽  
Linear Models ◽  
Cooling System ◽  
Condensation Rate ◽  
Mixed Linear Models ◽  
Circulating Water ◽  
Dewpoint Temperature ◽  
Bedding Surface

Abstract. Conductive cooling for dairy cattle is an emerging technology that holds promise as a way of relieving heat stress. A conductive cooling system using modified Dual Chamber Comfort (DCC) waterbeds from Advanced Comfort Technologies as heat exchangers placed in the stalls of dairy cows was tested. Rate of moisture accumulation in two types of bedding (sand and sawdust) was studied for two levels of relative humidity (RH) of air (~60% and ~75%). Four bedding thicknesses were considered in this study and were 0.5, 2.5, 7.5, and 20 cm. The experiment consisted of the following: (1) two waterbeds cooled by circulating water at 4.5°C, and (2) two more waterbeds (control) where the water in the waterbeds was not cooled. Moisture content of the bedding was measured in duplicate at three locations on the surface of each waterbed for each of 20 treatments (sand and sawdust bedding measured at both ~60% RH and ~75% RH and at five bedding thicknesses/sampling depths). The moisture measurements were conducted before and after 2 h of cooling. In cases where the bedding thickness was 2.5 cm or more, the temperature of the bedding was measured at three points using thermocouples: (1) at the surface of the waterbed, (2) at mid depth, and (3) at 0.5 cm below the bedding surface. Mixed linear models were used to calculate the condensation rates and the equilibrium temperatures. In all treatment combinations, the surface temperature of the cooled waterbeds was at least 7.5°C lower than the dewpoint temperature of the air. For the 0.5-cm thick sawdust, condensation rates, calculated in percent increase in dry basis of moisture content per hour (% d.b. h-1), were 3.5% d.b. h-1 higher for the cooled waterbeds than that for the control waterbeds at the ~75% RH. For 0.5-cm thick sawdust at ~60% RH, the condensation rate for the cooled waterbeds was 3.1% d.b. h-1 higher than that for the control waterbeds. Similarly, the condensation rates for the 0.5-cm thick sand were 2.0% d.b. h-1 higher for the cooled waterbeds than for the control waterbeds at the ~75% RH conditions and 1.3% d.b. h-1 higher at the ~60% RH conditions. The condensation rate for the 2.5-cm thick sand bedding measured at the top surface of the waterbed (the bottom 0.5 cm of the bedding) was statistically significant but negligible (0.1% d.b. h-1). No other treatments yielded any difference in condensation rate between the cooled waterbeds and the control waterbeds. Keywords: Animal housing, Bedding thickness, Condensation rate, Conductive cooling, Dairy cows, Stall bedding.

scholarly journals Developing a genetic evaluation system for milk traits in Russian black and white dairy cattle

2018 ◽  
Vol 27 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrei A. Kudinov ◽  
Jarmo Juga ◽  
Esa A. Mäntysaari ◽  
Ismo Strandén ◽  
Ekaterina I. Saksa ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Dairy Cattle ◽  
Evaluation System ◽  
Linear Models ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Comparison Method ◽  
Leningrad Region ◽  
Mixed Linear Models ◽  
Milk Traits ◽  
Breeding Values ◽  
Genetic Trends

Mixed linear models have been applied for predicting breeding values of dairy cattle in most of the developed countries since the 1980s. However, the Russian Federation is still using the old contemporary comparison method. The objective of our study was to develop a best linear unbiased prediction (BLUP) for an animal model of breeding values for the Leningrad region. We tested both a first-lactation model (FLM) and a multi-lactation repeatability model (MLM). The data included milk records of 206 114 cows from 49 herds. Estimated heritabilities from FLM were 0.24, 0.20, and 0.20 for milk, protein, and fat yields, respectively, and 0.18, 0.19, and 0.20 from MLM. Repeatabilities were 0.34 for milk yield and 0.31 for both fat and protein yields. Genetic trends were similar for both models (FLM vs MLM): 59 vs 56 kg year-1 for milk, 1.90 vs 1.84 kg year-1 for fat, and 1.67 vs 1.62 kg year-1 for protein yield during 2000–2016. Based on the difference between the genetic trends in FLM and MLM, the applied BLUP method passed the validation method I by Interbull.

Effects of Retinoic Acid and 1,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D3 on IFN-gamma Secretion by Mononuclear Leukocytes from Nulliparous and Postparturient Dairy Cattle

2000 ◽  
Vol 70 (3) ◽  
pp. 92-101 ◽  
Author(s):  
Burim Ametaj ◽  
Brian Nonnecke ◽  
Ronald Horst ◽  
Donald Beitz
Keyword(s):  
Retinoic Acid ◽  
Dairy Cattle ◽  
Dairy Cows ◽  
Dairy Cow ◽  
Pokeweed Mitogen ◽  
Mononuclear Leukocytes ◽  
Combined Effects ◽  
Ifn Gamma ◽  
Dihydroxyvitamin D ◽  
1,25 Dihydroxyvitamin D

Individual and combined effects of several isomers of retinoic acid (RA) and 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 (1,25-(OH)2D3) on interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma) secretion by blood mononuclear leukocytes (MNL) from nulliparous and postparturient Holstein cattle were evaluated in vitro. In the first experiment, effects on incubation period (24 to 72 hours) and time of supplementation (0 to 32 hours) with all-trans, 9-cis, 13-cis-, and 9,13-dicis-RAs (0 to 100 nM) on IFN-gamma secretion by pokeweed mitogen (PWM)-stimulated (0 and 10 mug/ml) MNL from nulliparous cattle were evaluated. In the second experiment, MNL from postparturient cows (bled at 0, 2, 4, and 16 days postpartum) were stimulated with PWM (0 and 10 mug/ml) in the presence of RA isomers (9-cis- or 9,13-dicis-RA; 0 to 100 nM), 1,25-(OH)2D3 (0 to 100 nM), or with combinations of these metabolites. The results show that individual isomers of RA had no effect on IFN-gamma secretion by PWM-stimulated MNL from nulliparous or postparturient cows. Furthermore 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 inhibited IFN-gamma secretion by MNL from nulliparous and postparturient dairy cows; however, the degree of inhibition was greater when 9-cis- and 9,13-dicis-RA were also present in the cultures. Finally mononuclear leukocytes from postparturient dairy cows produced substantially less IFN-gamma than did MNL from nulliparous cattle. It is concluded that retinoic acids individually did not affect the capacity of leukocytes from dairy cattle to secrete IFN-gamma. This result is in marked contrast to studies in monogastric species indicating that RAs inhibit IFN-gamma secretion by peripheral blood T cells. Inhibition of IFN-gamma secretion by 1,25-(OH)2D3 was potentiated by 9-cis- and 9,13-di-cis-retinoics acids, suggesting that an excess of dietary vitamins A and D may compromise further the naturally immunosuppressed postparturient dairy cow. Additional research is necessary to determine if the combined effects of these metabolites on IFN-gamma secretion represent an increased susceptibility of the dairy cow to infectious diseases during the periparturient period. Lower secretion of IFN-gamma by MNL from postpartutient dairy cows, relative to nulliparous cattle, suggests that recently-calved cows are naturally immunosuppressed.

COMPARATIVE DESCRIPTION OF MILK PRODUCTIVITY OF COWS UKRAINIAN RED-AND-WHITE DAIRY CATTLE AND UKRAINIAN BLACK-AND-WHITE DAIRY CATTLE AND HOLSTEIN BREEDS IN SERF «OLEKSANDRIVSKE»

2016 ◽  
Vol 52 ◽  
pp. 6-12 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. V. Gladiy ◽  
G. S. Kovalenko ◽  
S. V. Priyma ◽  
G. A. Holyosa ◽  
A. V. Tuchyk ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Dairy Cattle ◽  
Dairy Cows ◽  
Milk Yield ◽  
Fat Content ◽  
Holstein Cows ◽  
Milk Productivity ◽  
Black And White ◽  
The Third ◽  
Fat Yield ◽  
Selection Of

The main goal of dairy breeds selection should be improving breeding and productive qualities of animals under modern conditions. The majority of farms, using native breeds to produce milk, has created optimal conditions for keeping and feeding, selection and matching, growing of replacements etc. Further improvement of created native dairy breeds for economically useful traits occurs at total use of purebred Holstein bulls (semen) of foreign selection. In order to realistically assess milk productivity (milk yield, fat content in milk and fat yield) of Ukrainian Black-and-White and Red-and-White Dairy cows should be conducted a comparative analysis of Holstein cows under the same conditions of feeding and keeping. It was established that Ukrainian Red-and-White Dairy cows were characterized by the highest milk yields for 305 days of all lactations, taken into account, the among three investigated breeds. Their milk yield during the first lactation was 5933 kg of milk, during the second – 6393 kg, the third – 6391 kg and during higher lactation – 6650 kg. Ukrainian Black-and-White Dairy cows were second by milk yield (except for the second lactation), during the first lactation – 5932 kg of milk, the third – 6462 kg and higher – 6541 kg, and Holstein cows were third, during the first lactation – 5794 kg of milk, the second – 6381 kg, the third – 6335 kg and higher – 6469 kg. The fat content was almost the same and varied within 3.49-3.58% in milk of Ukrainian Red-and-White Dairy cattle, 3.50-3.60% in milk of Ukrainian Black-and-White Dairy cattle and 3.50-3.56% in Holsteins’ milk. The difference between the breeds was within 0.01-0.04%. All the investigated breeds had predominance in fat yield for three lactations over standards of these breeds: Ukrainian Red-and-White Dairy cows from 75.1 to 93.4 kg, Ukrainian Black-and-White Dairy cows – 75.1-89.0 kg respectively and Holstein cows – 41.9-60.2 kg. It was found different level of positive correlation between milk yield and fat yield in all the cases and high correlation (r = 0.604-0.921, P < 0.001) in five cases (41.7%) Negative correlation coefficients indicate that selection of animals to higher milk yield in the herd will decrease the second trait – fat content in milk. Positive and highly significant correlation between milk yield and fat yield indicates that selection of cows in the herd to higher milk yields will increase fat yield. It was revealed that bulls were among the factors impacted the milk productivity (milk yield, fat content, fat yield) of three investigated breeds. So, the force (η²x) of father’s impact on milk yield was15.4-47.9%, fat content – 22.0-43.4% and fat yield – 14.9-47.7% taking into account a lactation and a breed. The force of lines impact (η²x) was second; it was on milk yield 6.1-24.5%, fat content – 4.1-17.1 and fat yield – 5.8-23.5%. The force of breeds impact (η²x) was last; it was on milk yield 0.3-2.9%, fat content – 0.2-0.3% and fat yield – 0.6-2.7%. So, the comparative studies of milk productivity of Ukrainian Red-and-White and Black-and-White Dairy cattle with Holsteins indicate that under similar conditions of feeding and keeping, these native breeds can compete with Holstein cattle. The milk yield for 305 days of higher lactation was 6650 kg of milk in Ukrainian Red-and-White Dairy cows, 6541 kg in Ukrainian Black-and-White Dairy cows and 6469 kg in Holsteins. It was found the inverse correlation r = -0.025-0.316 between milk yield and fat content in milk in most cases. Selection and matching of animals in the herd should be carried out simultaneously on these traits. It was found positive repeatability of milk yields between the first and second, the third and higher lactations (rs = 0.036-0.741), indicating the reliability of forecasting increase in milk productivity during the next lactations in all herd. Bulls have the greatest impact (η²x) on milk productivity among the factors taken into account: milk yield – 15.4-47.9%, fat content in milk – 22.0-43.4% and fat yield – 14.9-47.7%.

Inheritance and Correlation Analysis of Main Agronomic Traits in Mungbean (Vigna radiata L.) by Mixed Linear Models

2013 ◽  
Vol 38 (4) ◽  
pp. 624-631
Author(s):  
Chang-You LIU ◽  
Bao-Jie FAN ◽  
Zhi-Min CAO ◽  
Yan WANG ◽  
Zhi-Xiao ZHANG ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Correlation Analysis ◽  
Vigna Radiata ◽  
Linear Models ◽  
Agronomic Traits ◽  
Mixed Linear Models

Use of a membrane module for semi-direct air evaporative cooling

2019 ◽  
Vol 29 (10) ◽  
pp. 1346-1358 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sebastian Englart
Keyword(s):  
Moisture Content ◽  
Relative Error ◽  
Air Temperature ◽  
Evaporative Cooling ◽  
Cross Flow ◽  
Membrane Module ◽  
Transfer Model ◽  
Air Cooling ◽  
Heating Efficiency ◽  
Circulating Water

This study discusses the use of a membrane module for semi-direct evaporative air cooling. A cross-flow membrane module was used to carry out this air treatment process. For such a flow, it was proposed to describe and solve the heat and mass transfer model as a one-dimensional problem. The mathematical model was used to determine the moisture content and air temperature at the outlet from the module and the temperature of the circulating water. Results obtained using the proposed model are in good agreement with the experimental data. The relative error for the air temperature at the module outlet did not exceed 0.5%. For the moisture content, the relative error did not exceed 4%. For the circulating water temperature, the relative error did not exceed 0.6%. This paper also discusses the heating efficiency of the evaporative cooling process. Methods for determining the unit cooling indicator and the energy efficiency ratio are also proposed.

493. Concerning the interpretation of observations, obtained from records and experiments, on milking dairy cows

1953 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-12 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. P. Cox
Keyword(s):  
Dairy Cattle ◽  
Dairy Cows ◽  
Day Treatment ◽  
Qualitative Difference ◽  
Feeding Experiment ◽  
Cattle Feeding ◽  
The Difference

1. Some questions concerning the interpretation of observations on milking dairy cattle are considered.2. A formula is presented for analysing the contributions of changes in the numerator and denominator to the changes in a percentage or fraction, and the formula is applied to changes in the composition of milk.3. The depressions of the butterfat and solids-not-fat percentages consequent on diets reduced in hay in a dairy-cattle feeding experiment are examined with this constituent analysis.The contributions of changes in the magnitudes of the aqueous, butterfat and solids-not-fat constituents to the difference between the butterfat percentages of cows on two treatments, 18 lb. hay/day (control) and 6 lb. hay /day, are about equal. There is an apparent qualitative difference between the effects of the two non-control treatments, and a reduced yield of butterfat would alone largely account for the lower butterfat percentage of cows on the 2 lb. hay /day treatment.

scholarly journals Occurrence of abortions induced by Neospora caninum in dairy cattle from Santa Catarina, southern Brazil

2017 ◽  
Vol 26 (3) ◽  
pp. 292-298 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cesar Augusto Barbosa de Macedo ◽  
Madlaine Frigo Silveira Barbosa de Macedo ◽  
Ana Carolina Miura ◽  
Alessandra Taroda ◽  
Sergio Tosi Cardim ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Dairy Cattle ◽  
Dairy Cows ◽  
High Frequency ◽  
Neospora Caninum ◽  
Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay ◽  
Southern Brazil ◽  
Chain Reaction ◽  
Santa Catarina ◽  
Tissue Samples ◽  
Polymerase Chain

Abstract The aim of the present study was to investigate the occurrence of N. caninum associated with abortions of dairy cattle from Santa Catarina state, southern Brazil by using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), immunohistochemistry (IHC), and polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Blood from dairy cows that aborted along with intrathoracic fluid and tissue samples (brain, heart, liver, and lung) from their fetuses were collected and used for serology; PCR, histopathological, and immunohistochemistry (IHC) evaluations were also conducted. Twenty-one cows (51.2%) out of 41, and eight fetuses (26.7%) out of 30 were ELISA (HerdCheck, IDEXX) positive for N. caninum. Dams > 36 months of age had a higher risk of being serum positive than younger animals. PCR and IHC revealed that 38.8% (14/36) and 25.0% (9/36) of the fetuses were positive for N. caninum, respectively for each of the tests. Seropositive cows had a higher frequency of fetuses that were also positive by either intrathoracic fluid, PCR, or IHC. In summary, the present study observed a high frequency of N. caninum in abortions from dairy cows from southern Brazil, with a higher N. caninum prevalence found in cows that were older than 36 months. In addition, serology, PCR, and IHC should be used all together for better diagnosis of neosporosis in cattle.

scholarly journals A Method for Assessing Extent and Sources of Heterogeneity of Residual Variances in Mixed Linear Models

1990 ◽  
Vol 73 (6) ◽  
pp. 1612-1624 ◽  
Author(s):  
J.L. Foulley ◽  
D. Gianola ◽  
M. San Cristobal ◽  
S. Im
Keyword(s):  
Linear Models ◽  
Mixed Linear Models ◽  
Residual Variances
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