Soil Surface Texture and Vegetative Cover as a Function of Aeolian Particulate Matter Generated in the Jornada Basin of New Mexico

2013 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joseph P. Hupy
Keyword(s):  
Particulate Matter ◽  
New Mexico ◽  
Surface Texture ◽  
Soil Surface ◽  
Vegetative Cover ◽  
Jornada Basin

Residual Large Trees Influence Short-term Succession Following a Volcanic Eruption in a Valdivian Temperate Rainforest

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lisa Hintz ◽  
Dylan Fischer ◽  
Nina Ferrari ◽  
Charlie M.S. Crisafulli
Keyword(s):  
Soil Surface ◽  
Bare Soil ◽  
Understory Vegetation ◽  
Percent Cover ◽  
Vegetative Cover ◽  
Vegetation Response ◽  
Temperate Rainforest ◽  
Large Trees ◽  
Close Proximity ◽  
Disturbed Forest

Abstract Airborne volcanic ejecta (tephra) can strongly influence forest ecosystems through initial disturbance processes and subsequent ecological response. Within a tephra-disturbed forest, large trees may promote plant growth and create favorable sites for colonization. Three primary ways trees can influence post-eruption vegetation response include: 1) amelioration of volcanic substrates, 2) as source propagules from the tree or from associated epiphytes, and 3) by sheltering understory vegetation, thereby increasing rate of recovery near tree bases. Here, we evaluate Valdivian temperate rainforest understory vegetation response and soil characteristics in close proximity to large trees that survived the 2015 eruption of Calbuco Volcano. Understory vegetative cover was higher near the base of trees for mosses, many epiphytes, and some herbaceous, shrub, and trees species. However, significant interactions with year of measurement, and individualistic responses by many species made generalizations more difficult. Small shrubs and trees in particular demonstrated patterns of recovery that were frequently independent of distance. In some cases, percent cover of colonizing vegetation actually increased far from trees by 2019. The soil surface was similarly variable where bare soil cover was associated with locations proximal to tree bases, but material shed from living and dead standing vegetation increased wood and litter abundances on the soil surface away from the base of trees. Soils near trees had lower pH, elevated organic matter, and higher nitrogen and carbon. Our results support the assertion that in this temperate rainforest ecosystem, large trees can modify edaphic conditions and provide important early refugia for vegetative regrowth following a tephra fall event. Nevertheless, complex interactions through time with species and growth form, suggest the influence of large trees on plant establishment and growth with close proximity tree boles is more complex than a simple facilitative model might suggest.

Corn, Cucurbits, Cordage, and Colonization: An Absolute Chronology for the Appearance of Mesoamerican Domesticates and Perishables in the Jornada Basin, New Mexico

2005 ◽  
Vol 26 (2) ◽  
pp. 147-164 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. C. Hyland ◽  
J. M. Adovasio ◽  
R. Ervin Taylor
Keyword(s):  
Mass Spectrometry ◽  
New Mexico ◽  
Material Culture ◽  
Accelerator Mass Spectrometry ◽  
Mexican Origin ◽  
Radiocarbon Dates ◽  
South Central ◽  
Attribute Analysis ◽  
Non Local ◽  
Jornada Basin

Detailed attribute analysis of basketry and cordage remains from Pendejo Cave and the region encompassed by the Jornada Basin in south-central New Mexico has suggested that the introduction of non-local cultigens in the study area is signaled by the simultaneous and not unrelated appearance of bundle foundation coiling, twill plaiting, and final S twist cordage of north Mexican origin or affiliation. Accelerator mass spectrometry (AMS) radiocarbon dates of selected allochthonous perishable fiber artifacts from Pendejo Cave are presented and evaluated in terms of the local chronology of coiling, plaiting, and cordage types, their association with the adoption of cultigens, as evidence of material culture change via migration and hybridization, as well as their role in the onset of the Formative in the Jornada Basin.

Establishment and survival of pasture species from seeds sown on the soil surface

1971 ◽  
Vol 22 (1) ◽  
pp. 61 ◽  
Author(s):  
PM Dowling ◽  
RJ Clements ◽  
JR McWilliam
Keyword(s):  
Surface Roughness ◽  
Arable Land ◽  
Soil Surface ◽  
Prior Treatment ◽  
Controlled Environment ◽  
Vegetative Cover ◽  
Factors Influencing ◽  
Germinating Seeds ◽  
Aerial Seeding ◽  
Survival Of Seedlings

Some of the factors influencing the establishment and survival of temperate pasture species when sown on the soil surface were investigated. The following were the main findings from experiments conducted in the field and in a controlled environment. (1) Both the establishment and survival of seedlings sown by broadcasting on to non-arable land can be significantly improved by a prior treatment of the site with herbicide to reduce competition from existing vegetation. (2) Providing protection for seeds by retaining dead vegetative cover, or by creating some form of surface roughness, improves establishment as it reduces desiccation and provides a more favourable moisture environment in the vicinity of the seed. (3) Uptake of water by seeds resting on the soil surface is enhanced by absorbent lime or bentonite coatings, and increased germination results. (4) Failure of radicles to penetrate the soil following germination is an important factor limiting the establishment of legumes on exposed sites, and any restraint on the movement of germinating seeds under these conditions improves the penetration of the radicle. (5) Variation between species in their ability to establish on the surface suggests that the choice of more suitable species, and selection to improve their adaptation in this respect, could also contribute a great deal to the efficiency of aerial seeding.

scholarly journals Upland Bare Ground and Riparian Vegetative Cover Under Strategic Grazing Management, Continuous Stocking, and Multiyear Rest in New Mexico Mid-grass Prairie

Rangelands ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 40 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rick Danvir ◽  
Gregg Simonds ◽  
Eric Sant ◽  
Eric Thacker ◽  
Randy Larsen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
New Mexico ◽  
Grazing Management ◽  
Vegetative Cover ◽  
Bare Ground

scholarly journals Assessment and Prevention Strategies of Soil Surface Crusting Caused by Rainfall Events: Case Study of Sebeya Catchment Agricultural Land in Rwanda

2020 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Félicien Majoro ◽  
Umaru Garba Wali ◽  
Omar Munyaneza ◽  
François-Xavier Naramabuye ◽  
Concilie Mukamwambali
Keyword(s):  
Soil Erosion ◽  
Cover Crops ◽  
Soil Conservation ◽  
Soil Loss ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Agricultural Land ◽  
Soil Surface ◽  
Water Infiltration ◽  
Vegetative Cover ◽  
Field Plots

The history of soil erosion is an integral part of the agriculture. All over the world, wherever human being started the agricultural operations, there exists the problem of soil erosion in some extent. Soil erosion leads to the reduction of water infiltration rate and enhances runoff and soil degradation. This study focuses on Sebeya catchment located in the Western part of Rwanda. The main objective of this study was to assess various preventive measures against soil surface crusting and development of runoff coefficients in order to minimize the soil loss in Sebeya catchment agricultural fields. The proposed methodology was much concerned with the efficiency analysis of soil conservation practice of mulching in maize cover crops. The names of the three experimental field plots sited are Maize-Fertilizer-Mulching (MFM), Maize-Fertilizer (MF) and Bare Soil (BS) which were set in Rugerero Sector of Rubavu District. Each of these 3 plots was constructed with its runoff collecting tank and they were under similar conditions except land cover. Samples of soil from field plots and water from runoff collecting tanks were tested for soil classification and soil loss estimation from each plot respectively. The analysis of results showed that soil of the experimental plots is a gravelly sand with (sand:56.27%; clay and silt: 3.24% and gravel: 40.49%). Also, the results showed that the plot coded as MFM, has high moisture content with low runoff and soil loss compared to 2 other plots. This research revealed that soil conservation practices such as surface mulching and vegetative cover reduce runoff, soil loss and are well recommended for preventing and controlling soil surface crusting. Keywords: Soil erosion, mulching, soil crusting, field experiments, Rwanda

scholarly journals Surface Detention on Cropland, Rangeland, and Conservation Reserve Program Areas

2018 ◽  
Vol 61 (3) ◽  
pp. 955-966
Author(s):  
John . E Gilley
Keyword(s):  
Overland Flow ◽  
Thin Sheet ◽  
Conservation Reserve Program ◽  
Soil Surface ◽  
Field Studies ◽  
Rainfall Simulation ◽  
Vegetative Cover ◽  
No Till ◽  
Corn Residue ◽  
Study Sites

Abstract. One of the factors contributing to overland flow on upland areas is water stored temporarily in a thin sheet on the soil surface as surface detention. This study was conducted to quantify surface detention on selected cropland, rangeland, and Conservation Reserve Program (CRP) sites. Surface detention was determined from the recession portion of runoff hydrographs corresponding with the period when rainfall had ceased but runoff continued. The hydrographs were generated from six previously reported rainfall simulation studies conducted on paired 3.7 m wide × 10.7 m long plots on which approximately 128 mm of rainfall was applied. Surface detention values were found to increase as crop residue or vegetative cover increased. Eleven fallow cropland sites in the eastern U.S. had surface detention values that varied from 1.7 to 4.6 mm. Surface detention on plots in southwestern Oklahoma containing Old World bluestem, no-till wheat, and conservation-till wheat was 9.4, 7.3, and 5.2 mm, respectively. No-till sorghum, tilled sorghum, no-till wheat, and tilled wheat plots in southeast Nebraska had surface detention values of 6.7, 4.5, 6.7, and 4.6 mm, respectively. Mean surface detention on no-till and tilled cropland sites in southwest Iowa containing corn residue was 7.2 and 5.9 mm, respectively. CRP study sites in southwestern Iowa had mean surface detention of 10.8 mm. When data from the six field studies were combined, mean surface detention values for fallow cropland, tilled cropland, no-till cropland, rangeland, and CRP areas were 3.1, 5.0, 6.9, 9.6, and 10.8 mm, respectively. Keywords: Depressional storage, Hydrographs, Hydrologic modeling, Overland flow, Runoff volume, Surface detention.

Computational Fluid Dynamics Simulation of Airflow through Standing Vegetation

2019 ◽  
Vol 62 (6) ◽  
pp. 1713-1722
Author(s):  
Howell B. Gonzales ◽  
John Tatarko ◽  
Mark E. Casada ◽  
Ronaldo G. Maghirang ◽  
Lawrence J. Hagen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fluid Dynamics ◽  
Computational Fluid Dynamics ◽  
Wind Tunnel ◽  
Wind Erosion ◽  
Canopy Structure ◽  
Soil Surface ◽  
Dynamics Simulation ◽  
Vegetative Cover ◽  
Drag Coefficients ◽  
Standing Vegetation

Abstract. Maintaining vegetative cover on the soil surface is the most widely used method for control of soil loss by wind erosion. We numerically modeled airflow through artificial standing vegetation (i.e., simulated wheat plants) using computational fluid dynamics (CFD). A solver (simpleFoam within the OpenFOAM software architecture) was used to simulate airflow through various three-dimensional (3D) canopy structures in a wind tunnel, which were created using another open-source CAD geometry software (Salomé ver. 7.2). This study focused on two specific objectives: (1) model airflow through standing vegetation using CFD, and (2) compare the results of a previous wind tunnel study with various artificial vegetation configurations to the results of the CFD model. Wind speeds measured in the wind tunnel experiment differed slightly from the numerical simulation using CFD, especially near positions where simulated vegetation was present. Effective drag coefficients computed using wind profiles did not differ significantly (p <0.05) between the experimental and simulated results. Results of this study will provide information for research into other types of simulated stubble or sparse vegetation during wind erosion events.HighlightsMeasured airflow through a simulated canopy was successfully modeled using CFD software.Effective drag coefficients did not differ between the experimental and simulated results.Results of this study provide 3-D simulation data of wind flow through a plant canopy. Keywords: 3-D canopy structure, OpenFOAM, Wind erosion, Wind tunnel studies.

Tales from a “Lifer” in the Long-Term Ecological Research Program

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Debra P. C. Peters
Keyword(s):  
New Mexico ◽  
Principal Investigator ◽  
Ecological Research ◽  
State University ◽  
Ecological Processes ◽  
Principal Investigators ◽  
Long Term Ecological Research ◽  
Jornada Basin ◽  
Term Data

As a long-time member of the Long-Term Ecological Research (LTER) network, first as a graduate student and scientist at the Shortgrass Steppe (SGS) site (1984–1997), then as a scientist at the Sevilleta (SEV) site (1996–present) and now as principal investigator at the Jornada Basin (JRN) site (2003–present), my professional career has been shaped almost entirely by my LTER experiences. My experiences in the LTER program directly contributed to my individual-based approach to ecosystem dynamics combined with the knowledge that the dominant ecological processes can change as the spatial extent increases, and that long-term data are critical to disentangle how these pattern–process relationships change across scales. The LTER program has provided me with international experience and exposure that are valuable to my career. My opportunity to travel overseas has led to bonding experiences and new insights into other ecosystems. My appreciation for the value of K–12 education and the amount of work that is involved in “doing it right” has been shaped by my experiences with the Jornada Schoolyard LTER Program. One of the key challenges that I face in working at an LTER site is the tension between continuing to collect long-term observations with the need and desire to test new ideas that often result from the long-term data but then compete for resources with the collection of those data. Another challenge is in mentoring young scientists to become principal investigators, and in cultivating new relationships with potential co–principal investigators. Currently, I am the principal investigator at the JRN LTER program at New Mexico State University (NMSU) in Las Cruces, New Mexico. I am also a collaborating scientist at the SEV LTER program at the University of New Mexico in Albuquerque, New Mexico. I received my BS in biology at Iowa State University in 1981 and my MS in biology from San Diego State University (SDSU) in 1983. My LTER experiences began as a PhD student at Colorado State University (CSU) through the SGS LTER program in 1984, and these continued while I was a postdoctoral fellow (1988–1989).

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