scholarly journals Elimination of Dyes from Waste Water via Adsorption Materials - A Mini Review

2018 ◽  
Vol 15 (2) ◽  
pp. 141-144 ◽  
Author(s):  
Masood Ayoub Kaloo ◽  
Bilal A Bhat ◽  
Gulzar Ahmad Sheergojri ◽  
Tajamul Islam Seh
Keyword(s):  
Waste Water ◽  
Activated Sludge ◽  
Exposure Time ◽  
Organic Dyes ◽  
Aqueous Media ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Living Organism ◽  
Waste Waters ◽  
Aquatic Life ◽  
The Cost

The problem with waste waters containing dyes is that these impurities impart acute and/or chronic consequences once exposed to living organism. The results of this exposure depend upon dye concentration, exposure time, besides their ability to absorb/reflect sunlight entering in to the aqueous media. Thus the concentration of these organic dyes leads to severe effects on the growth of aquatic life as well as other living organism that found entrance. Unlike the existing reports which present chemical decomposition by oxidation, photodegradation, microbial decoloration, use of activated sludge, etc., here in this work we have purely highlighted the cost-effective and easy to handle approach (adsorption) for the removal of dyes from the waster waters. Conclusions have been drawn from the compiled literature and few crucial regarding futuristic research for the removal of dyes have been presented.

scholarly journals Pathogenic micro-organisms in waste waters from daiies

2000 ◽  
Vol 18 (No. 5) ◽  
pp. 170-174
Author(s):  
P. Navrátilová
Keyword(s):  
Waste Water ◽  
Listeria Monocytogenes ◽  
Activated Sludge ◽  
Cleaning Process ◽  
Waste Waters ◽  
Excess Sludge ◽  
Salmonella Spp ◽  
Potential Health ◽  
Treated Water ◽  
Micro Organisms

Waste waters from dairies were tested for the presence of bacterial pathogens – Listeria monocytogenes, Staphylococcus aureus and Salmonella spp. The prevalence of bacteria was investigated in each stage of the cleaning process (activated sludges systems) too. Two hunder samples of raw waste water, activated sludge, returned activated sludge, excess sludge and treated water from 14 dairies were tested. The samples were all negative for Salmonella spp. From a total of 102 (51%) strains Listeria spp., Listeria inoccua 95 (47.5%) and Listeria monocytogenes 7 (3.5%) were identified. 47 samples were positive for S. aureus. L. monocytogenes were detected in raw waste water 1 (1.6%), in activated sludge 3 (5.5%), in excess sludge 1 and in treated water 2 (3.1%). S. aureus were detected in raw waste water 14 (22.6%), in activated sludge 23 (41.8%), in excess sludge 1 and in treated water 8 (12.3%). These results demonstrate a prevalence of L. monocytogenes and S. aureus in waste waters from dairies. During the cleaning process pathogenic bacteria were not devitalized. The excess sludge and treated water including pathogenic micro-organisms represent a potential health hazard.

Hydrogen peroxide assisted electrocoagulation treatment of rice gain based biodigester effluent: mechanism, performance, and cost analysis

2021 ◽  
Vol 0 (0) ◽  
Author(s):  
Savita Dubey ◽  
Amita Joshi ◽  
Rashmi Trivedi ◽  
Parmesh Kumar Chaudhari ◽  
Dharm Pal ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Waste Water ◽  
Hydrogen Peroxide ◽  
Energy Consumption ◽  
Harmful Effect ◽  
Operating Conditions ◽  
Iron Electrode ◽  
Optimum Operating ◽  
Aluminum Electrode ◽  
Aquatic Life ◽  
The Cost

Abstract In the current scenario treatment of industrial waste water is big challenge especially waste water that contain high organic load. Hydrogen peroxide assisted electrocoagulation (EC) process provides better result to treat highly polluted wastewater as compared to EC alone. However, hydrogen peroxide is well known as a strong oxidant, which cast a potential threat to human health. To overcome this problem hydrogen peroxide has been used here for treatment of wastewater in small quantity, and that consume during the process. Therefore the harmful effect of hydrogen peroxide in human and aquatic life could be minimized. This work is an attempt to treat biodigester effluent (BDE) using H2O2 assisted EC processes with respect to chemical oxygen demand (COD) and color reductions. To perform this experiment both iron and aluminum electrodes are used as an electrode material in the presence of H2O2. In case of iron electrode the maximum COD and color reduction efficiency of 98.3 and 83.6% was achieved at the cost of 1.5 Wh/dm3 energy consumption while maximum COD and color removal efficiency of 96.8 and 77.1% with 1.7 Wh/dm3 of energy consumption was observed in the aluminum electrode based EC process. A part from this conventional biological process (i.e., activated sludge treatment, ponds, and lagoon etc.) and physiochemical treatment process (i.e., coagulation, adsorption) provided treatment efficiency of 40–80% hence hydrogen peroxide assisted EC process should a better choice to treat distillery effluent. Furthermore, hybrid EC process was also performed with iron used as anode and aluminum as cathode in the presence of H2O2. Iron electrode based peroxi-EC process provided better result at optimum operating conditions; current density of 114 A/m2, initial COD concentration of 12,000 mg/dm3, initial pH of 7.3, H2O2 concentration of 120 mg/dm3, stirring speed of 120 rpm and electrolysis time of 90 min. The cost estimated for operation is 1.56 US $/m3. Finally, sludge analysis and cost optimization are also incorporated in this article.

Experimental Study on the Control of Nutrients in Activated Sludge Treatment

1994 ◽  
Vol 29 (5-6) ◽  
pp. 329-342 ◽  
Author(s):  
Reijo Saunamäki
Keyword(s):  
Waste Water ◽  
Activated Sludge ◽  
Phosphorus Content ◽  
Treatment Plant ◽  
Pulp Mill ◽  
Paper Mill ◽  
Waste Waters ◽  
Phosphorus Addition ◽  
Total N ◽  
Mill Waste

Laboratory experiments were conducted to determine the need for addition of phosphorus during the treatment of pulp and paper mill waste waters by the activated sludge method. The study also included the testing of different modifications of the activated sludge method (a completely mixed, three completely mixed reactors in series, anaerobic/aerobic) to see how different forms of phosphorus and nitrogen (total-N, NH+4 - N, NO-2 - N, NO-3 - N) are present in the influent and effluent. The tests were conducted using waste water from two newsprint/magazine paper mills and from a bleached sulphate pulp mill. Different loadings and levels of phosphorus addition were applied. When paper mill waste water was treated at normal loading (sludge load was c. 0.3 kgBOD/(kgMLVSS*d)), a small phosphorus addition was needed to secure efficient operation. The optimum BOD:P ratio was about 100:0.4, in which case the treated effluent had a total phosphorus content of c. 0.5 mg/l (about 70% reduction), a soluble phosphorus content of c. 0.3 mg/l and a phosphate phosphorus content of well below 0.1 mg/l. Larger phosphorus additions produced no further improvement in treatment results (BOD reduction c. 90% and COD c. 75%). Doubling the loading gave poorer results and the situation could not be rectified by adding phosphorus. Addition of phosphorus was not needed when treating pulp mill waste water, as has also been found when running activated sludge treatment plants at several mills. The BOD reduction (c. 95%) was excellent under all conditions. The COD reduction was 30-55%, AOX 30-35% and chlorophenols 90-95%. The total phosphorus content of the treated effluent was 0.3-0.7 mg/l when no phosphorus was added. This treatment also resulted in extremely low phosphate phosphorus levels. The biosludge contained 0.5-1.9% phosphorus, 0.5-0.8% when pulp mill waste waters were treated and occasionally around 2% for the paper mill. The experiments showed that it might be possible to operate the pulp mill treatment plant with even less phosphorus in relation to BOD compared with the BOD level of waste waters to which no phosphorus has been added. The mill could consider removing the excess phosphorus originating from lime mud neutralization before the waste water arrives at the treatment plant. In treating both these waste waters there is the risk of really high phosphorus discharges if care is not taken with the phosphorus addition. A typical situation of this type arises if the plant is run on the old "textbook rule" of BOD:P=100:1. The nitrogen was added as urea resulting in the BOD:N ratio of 100:(2.5-4.5). Total-N in the paper mill untreated waste water was in the range of 8.5-13 mg/l and in the effluent 2.5 - 5.0 mg/l, i.e. the removal was 55-75%. NH+4 - N in the influent was in the range of 1.5-3.0 mg/l and was totally removed in most of the runs. The concentration of (NO-2 - N + NO-3 - N) was only 40-50 µg/l, the removal was 0-85 % depending on the conditions. The activated sludge modification "three completely mixed reactors in series" yielded the best results when all parameters were taken into account.

The IBM-PC in electron microscopy

1996 ◽  
Vol 54 ◽  
pp. 612-613
Author(s):  
James F. Mancuso
Keyword(s):  
Head Start ◽  
Image Acquisition ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Financial Applications ◽  
Number Of Factors ◽  
Instrument Control ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Training And Support ◽  
Control Image ◽  
Ibm Pc

IBM PC compatible computers are widely used in microscopy for applications ranging from control to image acquisition and analysis. The choice of IBM-PC based systems over competing computer platforms can be based on technical merit alone or on a number of factors relating to economics, availability of peripherals, management dictum, or simple personal preference.IBM-PC got a strong “head start” by first dominating clerical, document processing and financial applications. The use of these computers spilled into the laboratory where the DOS based IBM-PC replaced mini-computers. Compared to minicomputer, the PC provided a more for cost-effective platform for applications in numerical analysis, engineering and design, instrument control, image acquisition and image processing. In addition, the sitewide use of a common PC platform could reduce the cost of training and support services relative to cases where many different computer platforms were used. This could be especially true for the microscopists who must use computers in both the laboratory and the office.

Sonographically guided, transcatheter foam sclerotherapy of the great saphenous vein

Phlebologie ◽  
2007 ◽  
Vol 36 (06) ◽  
pp. 309-312 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. Schulz ◽  
M. Jünger ◽  
M. Hahn
Keyword(s):  
Saphenous Vein ◽  
Great Saphenous Vein ◽  
Clinical Stage ◽  
Clinical Signs ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Duplex Sonography ◽  
Foam Sclerotherapy ◽  
Average Loss ◽  
One Year ◽  
The Cost

Summary Objective: The goal of the study was to assess the effectiveness and patient tolerability of single-session, sonographically guided, transcatheter foam sclerotherapy and to evaluate its economic impact. Patients, methods: We treated 20 patients with a total of 22 varicoses of the great saphenous vein (GSV) in Hach stage III-IV, clinical stage C2-C5 and a mean GSV diameter of 9 mm (range: 7 to 13 mm). We used 10 ml 3% Aethoxysklerol®. Additional varicoses of the auxiliary veins of the GSV were sclerosed immediately afterwards. Results: The occlusion rate in the treated GSVs was 100% one week after therapy as demonstrated with duplex sonography. The cost of the procedure was 207.91 E including follow-up visit, with an average loss of working time of 0.6 days. After one year one patient showed clinical signs of recurrent varicosis in the GSV; duplex sonography showed reflux in the region of the saphenofemoral junction in a total of seven patients (32% of the treated GSVs). Conclusion: Transcatheter foam sclerotherapy of the GSV is a cost-effective, safe method of treating varicoses of GSV and broadens the spectrum of therapeutic options. Relapses can be re-treated inexpensively with sclerotherapy.

A Digital Economy Model for Talent Prediction Data Analytic

2019 ◽  
Vol 2 (4) ◽  
pp. 260-266
Author(s):  
Haru Purnomo Ipung ◽  
Amin Soetomo
Keyword(s):  
Business Model ◽  
Industrial Revolution ◽  
Technology Innovation ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Sharing Economy ◽  
Token Economy ◽  
Economy Model ◽  
New Business ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Data Analytic

This research proposed a model to assist the design of the associated data architecture and data analytic to support talent forecast in the current accelerating changes in economy, industry and business change due to the accelerating pace of technological change. The emerging and re-emerging economy model were available, such as Industrial revolution 4.0, platform economy, sharing economy and token economy. Those were driven by new business model and technology innovation. An increase capability of technology to automate more jobs will cause a shift in talent pool and workforce. New business model emerge as the availabilityand the cost effective emerging technology, and as a result of emerging or re-emerging economic models. Both, new business model and technology innovation, create new jobs and works that have not been existed decades ago. The future workers will be faced by jobs that may not exist today. A dynamics model of inter-correlation of economy, industry, business model and talent forecast were proposed. A collection of literature review were conducted to initially validate the model.

CAD Of Anticorrosive Protection Of Steel Structures

2019 ◽  
pp. 18-23
Keyword(s):  
Protective Coating ◽  
Computer Aided Design ◽  
Steel Structures ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Operating Conditions ◽  
Computational Tool ◽  
Protection Method ◽  
Cost Effective Method ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Aided Design

The choice of cost-effective method of anticorrosive protection of steel structures is an urgent and time consuming task, considering the significant number of protection ways, differing from each other in the complex of technological, physical, chemical and economic characteristics. To reduce the complexity of solving this problem, the author proposes a computational tool that can be considered as a subsystem of computer-aided design and used at the stage of variant and detailed design of steel structures. As a criterion of the effectiveness of the anti-corrosion protection method, the cost of the protective coating during the service life is accepted. The analysis of existing methods of steel protection against corrosion is performed, the possibility of their use for the protection of the most common steel structures is established, as well as the estimated period of effective operation of the coating. The developed computational tool makes it possible to choose the best method of protection of steel structures against corrosion, taking into account the operating conditions of the protected structure and the possibility of using a protective coating.

Production of Asbestos-free Brake Pad Using Groundnut Shell as Filler Material

2018 ◽  
Vol 4 (12) ◽  
Author(s):  
W. C. Solomon ◽  
M. T. Lilly ◽  
J. I. Sodiki
Keyword(s):  
Phenolic Resin ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Filler Material ◽  
Particle Sizes ◽  
Brake Pad ◽  
Brake Pads ◽  
Environmental Friendly ◽  
Sieve Size ◽  
Groundnut Shell ◽  
The Cost

The development and evaluation of brake pads using groundnut shell (GS) particles as substitute material for asbestos were carried out in this study. This was with a view to harnessing the properties of GS, which is largely deposited as waste, and in replacing asbestos which is carcinogenic in nature despite its good tribological and mechanical properties. Two sets of composite material were developed using varying particle sizes of GS as filler material, with phenolic resin as binder with percentage compositions of 45% and 50% respectively. Results obtained indicate that the compressive strength and density increase as the sieve size of the filler material decreases, while water and oil absorption rates increase with an increase in sieve size of GS particle. This study also indicates that the cost of producing brake pad can be reduced by 19.14 percent if GS is use as filler material in producing brake pad. The results when compared with those of asbestos and industrial waste showed that GS particle can be used as an effective replacement for asbestos in producing automobile brake pad. Unlike asbestos, GS-based brake pads are environmental friendly, biodegradable and cost effective.

Janus – A New Approach to Air Combat Pilot Training

2019 ◽  
Vol 2019 (4) ◽  
pp. 7-22
Author(s):  
Georges Bridel ◽  
Zdobyslaw Goraj ◽  
Lukasz Kiszkowiak ◽  
Jean-Georges Brévot ◽  
Jean-Pierre Devaux ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Low Cost ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
High Energy ◽  
Training System ◽  
Embedded Sensors ◽  
Pilot Training ◽  
New Approach ◽  
Combat Aircraft ◽  
Air Combat ◽  
The Cost

Abstract Advanced jet training still relies on old concepts and solutions that are no longer efficient when considering the current and forthcoming changes in air combat. The cost of those old solutions to develop and maintain combat pilot skills are important, adding even more constraints to the training limitations. The requirement of having a trainer aircraft able to perform also light combat aircraft operational mission is adding unnecessary complexity and cost without any real operational advantages to air combat mission training. Thanks to emerging technologies, the JANUS project will study the feasibility of a brand-new concept of agile manoeuvrable training aircraft and an integrated training system, able to provide a live, virtual and constructive environment. The JANUS concept is based on a lightweight, low-cost, high energy aircraft associated to a ground based Integrated Training System providing simulated and emulated signals, simulated and real opponents, combined with real-time feedback on pilot’s physiological characteristics: traditionally embedded sensors are replaced with emulated signals, simulated opponents are proposed to the pilot, enabling out of sight engagement. JANUS is also providing new cost effective and more realistic solutions for “Red air aircraft” missions, organised in so-called “Aggressor Squadrons”.

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