scholarly journals O PAPEL DO CORPO EM DUAS CONCEPÇÕES DE SUJEITO: O COGITO CARTESIANO E O EXPERIENCIALISMO / The role of the body in two conceptions of subject: the cartesian cogito and the experientialism

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Patrícia Oliveira de Freitas
Keyword(s):  
Rene Descartes ◽  
The Body ◽  
René Descartes ◽  
Cartesian Cogito

Este artigo de natureza qualitativa tem como objetivo delinear a concepção de sujeito proposta pela Linguística Cognitiva, tendo em vista que a noção de subjetividade, para o constructo teórico em questão, nem sempre é explícita. Para levar a cabo tal empreitada, este estudo fundamenta-se no pressuposto de que, para se estudar a mente humana, não se deve excluir o corpo do processo analítico (LAKOFF; JOHNSON, 1980; LAKOFF, 1987; JOHNSON, 1987). Assim sendo, acredita-se que a inserção da encarnação física humana no quadro teórico da razão, isto é, a teorização da promoção do corpo ao mesmo patamar ocupado pela mente, sem a possibilidade de dissociação entre eles, seja o fator crucial para se alcançar uma definição possível do que se trata o sujeito para a Linguística Cognitiva. Com o intuito de suscitar tal discussão, resgatam-se, inicialmente, as questões relacionadas ao sujeito engendrado no século XVII, influenciado por René Descartes com a intuição intelectual do cogito, no advento da Filosofia Moderna: o sujeito gerido pela substancialidade, universalidade e consciência. Como contraponto ao sujeito cartesiano, discute-se o paradigma filosófico da Hipótese da Corporificação, tornando possível o debate sobre o inconsciente cognitivo, a mente corporificada e o pensamento metafórico. Desse modo, pretende-se lançar mão do conceito de consciência, bem como os dualismos sobre mente/corpo, interioridade/exterioridade, racionalismo/empirismo e universalismo/relativismo.

Being Alive in Descartes' Physiology: Animals and Plants, the Immutatio and the Impetus

2021 ◽  
pp. 76-94
Author(s):  
Fabrizio Baldassarri
Keyword(s):  
Natural Philosophy ◽  
Rene Descartes ◽  
The Body ◽  
The Third ◽  
Organic Systems ◽  
Mechanical Explanation ◽  
René Descartes ◽  
Medical Note

In René Descartes' works there are four major references to living bodies as objects of his natural philosophy. The first is contained in the Fifth part of the Discours de la Méthode, published in June 1637, where Descartes provides a mechanical explanation of the heartbeat and other living functions of the body. The second is in a bio-medical note collected in the Excerpta anatomica dated November 1637, where he discusses nutrition and growth. The third is the famous claim on the absence of a section on living bodies in the Principia philosophiae, published in 1644. The fourth is in La Description du corps humain, Descartes' late physiology likely dated 1647-1648. In this article, by exploring these passages and contextualizing his physiological observations of animals and plants, I reassemble Descartes' science of life: his dismissal of soul, his mechanical framework, his interpretation of bodily self-maintenance and growth, his understanding of living bodies as integrated and organic systems, and the role of a power such as the immutatio and forces such as the impetus.

Redefining the Role of Experiment in Bacon's Natural History: How Baconian was Descartes before Emerging from His Cocoon?

2012 ◽  
Vol 17 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 158-180 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mădălina Giurgea ◽  
Laura Georgescu
Keyword(s):  
Natural History ◽  
Rene Descartes ◽  
Relevant Information ◽  
Francis Bacon ◽  
René Descartes ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Way

AbstractIn this article we argue that the views that Francis Bacon and René Descartes held about the role of experiments in the process of discovery are closer than previously accepted. Looking at the way experiments and the heuristics of experimentation are embedded in Bacon's posthumous History of Dense and Rare and Descartes' Discourses 8, 9, 10 of the Meteorology, we will show that experiments help the investigator both in solving specific problems that could not have otherwise been foreseen and in generating relevant information that advances the scope of the investigation.

scholarly journals EPISTEMOLOGI RASIONALISME RENE DESCARTES DAN RELEVANSINYA TERHADAP PENDIDIKAN ISLAM

2014 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Cahaya Khaeroni
Keyword(s):  
Rene Descartes ◽  
Islamic Education ◽  
Philosophical Thought ◽  
René Descartes

This paper discusses the thoughts of Rene Descartes and the relevance towardsIslamic education. The great thesis of Rene Descartes is cogito ergo sum (I think,therefore I exist), has spawned a revolution of thought in philosophy. Descartesemphatically proclaimed that only reason or ratio alone can be the basis that canbe trusted, and not faith or revelation as always restrained in mid-century. Withthe method of doubt, Descartes treading philosophical thought to doubt everythingin order to achieve an ultimate certainty he always longed for. Despite eventuallyhe realized that nothing is true, except uncertainty itself. In the area of education(especially Islamic education), Descartes certainly gave a new foundation for thestudy and communication of doctrine not only as a process doctrine, but giving alarger portion to the role of reason itself.Key words: Epistemology, Rasionalism, Islamic education

The Body of Light in Renaissance England

2021 ◽  
pp. 35-62
Author(s):  
Simon Cox
Keyword(s):  
Rene Descartes ◽  
Thomas Hobbes ◽  
The Body ◽  
Subtle Body ◽  
Mechanical Philosophy ◽  
Renaissance England ◽  
René Descartes ◽  
Body Concept ◽  
New Form ◽  
Cambridge Platonists

This chapter engages with the first Anglophone attestations of the term “subtle body.” It appears first in the contentious correspondence between Thomas Hobbes and Rene Descartes between whom there was some disagreement over who plagiarized the idea from whom. Most of the chapter is taken up with the Cambridge Platonists who came in their wake, who formulated complex philosophical and mythological views of the Neoplatonic vehicles of the soul, now under the English name “subtle body.” It ends with Lady Anne Conway, who fuses the Platonism of the Cambridge group with Kabbalah to create a new form of spiritual monism. This chapter is significantly about how the subtle body concept was employed by Renaissance Platonists arguing against the reductive materialism of Cartesian mechanical philosophy.

scholarly journals Modern ideas about the psyche: changing of the paradigm

2020 ◽  
Vol LII (1) ◽  
pp. 72-81
Author(s):  
Mikhail М. Reshetnikov
Keyword(s):  
Rene Descartes ◽  
The Body ◽  
Human Sciences ◽  
Mental Processes ◽  
Biological Interface ◽  
Material Theory ◽  
René Descartes ◽  
Human Psyche ◽  
The Brain

The problem of the psyche and consciousness has been the most mysterious one for a few thousand years and is still unresolved. It has been almost forgotten that Aristotle considered human psyche a structure that is not bound to the body. This idea did not persist, though. It was Hippocrates who ruined it and declared a different concept, which prevailed for many centuries, that the brain is a repository of all mental processes. Even such a genius as Rene Descartes took Hippocratess idea for granted and spent many months in attempts to find memory and emotions in gyrus and ventricles of the brain. This path the search of material structures of the psyche was followed by I.M. Sechenov, I.P. Pavlov and many others. Later, many other mistaken ideas were born, declared new and revolutionary ones and died prematurely. However, not only ideas died, but also patients, who were treated by methods developed on the basis of these hypotheses. The author formulates the idea of the brain as the biological interface and proves a non-material theory of the psyche, which is a discovery that requires a change in basic paradigms of human sciences.

scholarly journals ENSAIO PARA O ACIDENTAL: A LOUCURA E A QUEDA EM RANCIÈRE, BAS JAN ADER E DOM QUIXOTE / Essay for the accidental: loucura and fall in Rancière, Bas Jan Ader and Dom Quixote

2021 ◽  
Vol 27 (41) ◽  
pp. 233-250
Author(s):  
Daniela Cunha Blanco
Keyword(s):  
Rene Descartes ◽  
Causal Chain ◽  
Don Quixote ◽  
The Body ◽  
Jacques Ranciere ◽  
Jacques Rancière ◽  
The Status ◽  
René Descartes ◽  
Contemporary Artist ◽  
Modes Of Thought

A partir de duas figuras que marcam a modernidade – René Descartes e dom Quixote – pensamos como configuram modos de pensamento diversos e opostos. Entre o método que busca o encadeamento causal das coisas e a errância do corpo entregue às aventuras da imaginação, o filósofo e o cavaleiro instauram um embate que não é aquele entre a razão e o sensível, mas sim, entre dois modos da razão. Nosso intuito é pensar, especialmente a partir de Jacques Rancière, como o cavaleiro errante teria aberto um novo campo da experiência sensível que denominamos acidental, cujo gesto é a recusa da lógica do encadeamento causal cartesiano. Damos a ver, ainda, o modo como o gesto inaugurado por dom Quixote será reverberado nos gestos do artista contemporâneo Bas Jan Ader, com seu empenho em buscar a queda tal qual dom Quixote buscara a loucura. O que surgiria com a recusa da causalidade no cavaleiro e no artista, em nossa hipótese, é uma mudança de estatuto da própria noção de acidente ou acidental que, deixando de ser considerado erro a ser evitado, passará a ser experienciado como a única possibilidade para um mundo pautado na contingência da vida.Palavras-chave: Heterogêneo sensível; Experiência acidental; Jacques Rancière; Errância; Modos de pensamento. AbstractBased on two figures that marks the modernity − René Descartes and Don Quixote − we think about how they configure different and opposite modes of thought. Between the method that seeks the causal chain of things and the wandering of the body given over to the adventures of the imagination, the philosopher and the knight establish a clash that is not that between reason and sensible, but between two modes of reason. We think, especialy from Jacques Rancière, how the errant knight would have opened up a new field of the sensible experience that we call accidental, whose gesture is the refusal of the logic of the Cartesian causal chain. We also show how the gesture inaugurated by Don Quixote will be reflected in the gestures of the contemporary artist Bas Jan Ader, with his efforts to seek the fall just as Don Quixote sought madness. What would arise with the refusal of causality in the rider and in the artist, in our hypothesis, is a change in the status of the very notion of accident or accidental that, no longer being considered as an error to be avoided, will now be experienced as the only possibility for a world based on the contingency of life.Keywords: Heterogeneous sensible; Accidental experience; Jacques Rancière; Wandering; Forms of thinking.

scholarly journals Magnifying the first points of life: Harvey and Descartes on generation and scale

2021 ◽  
pp. 007327532110334
Author(s):  
Christoffer Basse Eriksen
Keyword(s):  
Seventeenth Century ◽  
Rene Descartes ◽  
The Other ◽  
Material Composition ◽  
Living Matter ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
René Descartes ◽  
Observational Strategy ◽  
The Way

In this essay, I study the contested role of magnification as an observational strategy in the generation theories of William Harvey and René Descartes. During the seventeenth century, the grounds under the discipline of anatomy were shifting as knowledge was increasingly based on autopsia and observation. Likewise, new theories of generation were established through observations of living beings in their smallest state. But the question formed: was it possible to extend vision all the way down to the first points of life? Arguing that the potential of magnification hinged on the metaphysics of living matter, I show that Harvey did not consider observational focus on the material composition of blood and embryos to be conducive to knowledge of living bodies. To Harvey, generation was caused by immaterial, and thus in principle invisible, forces that could not be magnified. Descartes, on the other hand, believed that access to the subvisible scale of natural bodies was crucial to knowledge about their nature. This access could be granted through rational introspection, but possibly also through powerful microscopes. The essay thus ends with a reflection on the importance of Cartesian corpuscularianism for the emergence of microscopical anatomy in seventeenth-century England.

scholarly journals Solutions to the Problems Concerning Descartes’ Interactionism

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (4) ◽  
pp. 23
Author(s):  
Md. Ezazul Karim
Keyword(s):  
Philosophy Of Mind ◽  
Rene Descartes ◽  
The Body ◽  
René Descartes ◽  
The Mind

Philosophy of mind in its essence philosophizes about the mind. And among many questions that it raises, the question regarding the relation between the body and the mind is of paramount importance. Among various theories considering the relation between the body and the mind, interactionism shines brightly. Advocated by the philosopher Rene Descartes it is one of the oldest and the most talked about theories. The aim of this paper is to propose some solutions to the problems concerning Rene Descartes’ interactionism. In order to do that at first interactionism is going to be discussed. Then the main points concerning Descartes’ interactionism along with the initial problems will be discussed. And finally, the solution to these problems will be proposed.

RENÉ DESCARTES AND CHRISTINA OF SWEDEN: OBSESSION WITH REASON AND PASSION FOR SOVEREIGNTY

2018 ◽  
pp. 223-260
Keyword(s):  
Rene Descartes ◽  
Femme Fatale ◽  
Way Of Life ◽  
Epistolary Novel ◽  
Meditations On First Philosophy ◽  
Young Queen ◽  
René Descartes ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Blind Spots

The article describes and comments on a number of epistolary documents pertaining to the last journey of René Descartes and specifically to his enigmatic relations with Queen Christina. Those relations were conducted at first as a kind of “epistolary novel” and may be regarded as one of the examples of a dialogue between a thinker and a ruler. As the historical tradition clearly indicates, the relationship ended in a radical rift between power and philosophy. It is important for us to understand why Descartes, who had shunned all the temptations of power throughout his life, so recklessly succumbed to the charms of the “northern Minerva” and agreed to assume the role of court philosopher even though his whole way of life, as well as his philosophy, argued against such a choice. The author traces out a series of hypotheses. First, what was dominant in the relationship between Descartes and Christina was not so much the mostly rational framework of a “philosopher” encountering a “sovereign” but a sort of confrontation between two obsessions: the thinker’s arrogant trust in the omnipotence of an absolute reason that nevertheless had its blind spots, and the untrammelled will of sovereign power on which the young queen based her existence. Second, turning to some of the themes in Descartes’ own philosophical thought and in particular to the “malin génie” from Meditations on First Philosophy (1641), one may infer that this rather literary or even poetic figure at some point took the form of a kind of “femme fatale” that preoccupied the philosopher’s thinking and filled his life with an existential turmoil which contributed to his fatal decision to go to Sweden. The ultimate conclusion is that the “Souverain Bien” for the philosopher was the rare opportunity for his thinking to reign supreme; but by succumbing to the temptation to serve the Empress, he betrayed himself. The “souverain Bien” for the ruler lay in autocracy as such, and specifically in a devotion to herself as the embodiment of the administration of power.

scholarly journals A filosofia nos cursos de licenciatura em matemática do IFMG

ForScience ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. e01002
Author(s):  
Denilson Junio Marques Soares ◽  
Evandro de Ávila e Lara ◽  
Talita Emidio Andrade Soares ◽  
Sandra Soares Della Fonte ◽  
Wagner dos Santos
Keyword(s):  
Immanuel Kant ◽  
Rene Descartes ◽  
Minas Gerais ◽  
Mathematical Education ◽  
Exploratory Research ◽  
Undergraduate Mathematics ◽  
Documentary Analysis ◽  
Federal Institute ◽  
René Descartes

Neste artigo, pretendemos investigar como a temática filosófica é tratada nos cursos de Licenciatura em Matemática do Instituto Federal de Minas Gerais (IFMG), presentes nos campi de Formiga e São João Evangelista. Metodologicamente, realizamos uma pesquisa de natureza qualitativa e caráter exploratório, subsidiada pela análise documental a partir de consultas aos Projetos Pedagógicos dos Cursos. Em ambos, observamos a falta de uma abordagem mais abrangente do tema, o que nos levou a propor a inclusão de uma disciplina voltada para a Filosofia da Matemática na grade curricular. Essa disciplina consideraria aspectos históricos, socioculturais e científicos da construção da Matemática enquanto Ciência e daria ênfase às contribuições dos principais filósofos para o seu desenvolvimento, destacando o pioneirismo de Tales de Mileto e Pitágoras, nas demonstrações geométricas, e o protagonismo de Platão, Aristóteles, René Descartes e Immanuel Kant. Além disso, ela discutiria acerca de três correntes filosóficas - Logicismo, Intuicionismo e Formalismo – e o modo com que elas trazem para si uma discussão sobre o pensar a Matemática. Esperamos que este artigo promova um debate entre os professores e gestores dos cursos, considerando que a Matemática, que hoje conhecemos, é fruto de todo um processo filosófico de elaboração e reelaboração de si mesma. Palavras-chave: Filosofia. Filosofia da matemática. Educação matemática.   Philosophy in undergraduate mathematics ifmg courses: analysis, reflections and a teaching proposal Abstract In this paper, we initially intend to investigate how the philosophical theme is treated in the Mathematics Graduation courses from the Federal Institute of Minas Gerais (IFMG), in Formiga and São João Evangelista campi. The methodological procedure adopted was the exploratory research, through a documentary analysis carried out in the courses Pedagogical Projects. In both, we noted that the theme approach was deficient, which led us to propose the inclusion, in the curriculum, of a discipline focused on Mathematics Philosophy. This discipline will consider historical, sociocultural and scientific aspects of Mathematics construction as a science, and it will emphasize the contributions of leading philosophers to their development, highlighting the pioneering spirit of Tales of Miletus and Pythagoras in geometric demonstrations, and in the role of Plato, Aristotle, René Descartes and Immanuel Kant. In addition, it is intended to discuss about three philosophical currents – Logicism, Intuitionism and Formalism –, and the way in which they promote a discussion about Mathematics thought. It is hoped that this paper will promote a debate between teachers and course managers, considering that the Mathematics, that we know today, is the result of a whole philosophical process of itself elaboration and re-elaboration. Keywords: Philosophy. Mathematics philosophy. Mathematical education.

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