scholarly journals The evolution of Brazilian forest concessions

Elem Sci Anth ◽  
2015 ◽  
Vol 3 ◽  
Author(s):  
Claudia Azevedo-Ramos ◽  
José Natalino Macedo Silva ◽  
Frank Merry
Keyword(s):  
Policy Design ◽  
Timber Harvest ◽  
Illegal Logging ◽  
Sustainable Harvest ◽  
Structural Problems ◽  
Forest Concessions ◽  
Full Knowledge ◽  
Timber Concessions ◽  
Public Forests ◽  
Insight Into

Abstract In 2006 Brazil passed legislation allowing concessions for industrial timber harvest in public forests. This decision was part of a broader effort to control deforestation, which had spiked to its second highest level, of about 25,000 km2, in 2004. Specifically, concessions were implemented as a means to control a rampaging timber industry while providing a source of accessible timber for sustainable harvest. Timber concessions, however, are not without their critics worldwide. Here we review the process undertaken to address international concerns over concessions in the policy design, we discuss the process of implementation in Brazil from 2007 to 2014 and then attempt to provide insight into the challenges that lie ahead. Our findings suggest that even though Brazil’s policy designers had the full knowledge of the difficulties with timber concessions, and attempted to design a concession framework to address those concerns, deeper structural problems within the industry and within government itself have prevented the successful scaling up of the concession model. Key hurdles include: government overlap and duplication causing unbearable transaction costs and risks to investors; an industry ill prepared and unwilling to adapt to the stringent requirements set in the policy; and little success in curtailing illegal logging beyond concession borders. While concessions remain a potentially important tool for the management of public forests, additional resources and time will need to be invested to overcome these barriers.

Gender Differences in Empathy During Adolescence: Does Emotional Self-Awareness Matter?

2021 ◽  
pp. 003329412097663
Author(s):  
Cristina Trentini ◽  
Renata Tambelli ◽  
Silvia Maiorani ◽  
Marco Lauriola
Keyword(s):  
Gender Differences ◽  
Reactivity Index ◽  
Self Awareness ◽  
Emotional States ◽  
Personal Distress ◽  
Full Knowledge ◽  
Emotional Concern ◽  
Insight Into ◽  
Tas 20

Empathy refers to the capacity to experience emotions similar to those observed or imagined in another person, with the full knowledge that the other person is the source of these emotions. Awareness of one's own emotional states is a prerequisite for self-other differentiation to develop. This study investigated gender differences in empathy during adolescence and tested whether emotional self-awareness explained these differences. Two-hundred-eleven adolescents (108 girls and 103 boys) between 14 and 19 years completed the Interpersonal Reactivity Index (IRI) and the Toronto Alexithymia Scale (TAS-20) to assess empathy and emotional self-awareness, respectively. Overall, girls obtained higher scores than boys on IRI subscales like emotional concern, personal distress, and fantasy. Regarding emotional self-awareness, we found gender differences in TAS-20 scores, with girls reporting greater difficulty identifying feelings and less externally oriented thinking than boys. Difficulty identifying feelings explained the greatest personal distress experienced by girls. Lower externally oriented thinking accounted for girls’ greater emotional concern and fantasy. These findings offer an insight into the role of emotional self-awareness–which is essential for self-other differentiation–as an account for gender differences in empathic abilities during adolescence. In girls, difficulty identifying feelings can impair the ability to differentiate between ones’ and others’ emotions, leading them to experience self-focused and aversive responses when confronted with others’ suffering. Conversely, in boys, externally oriented thinking can mitigate personal distress when faced with others’ discomfort.

Tour guides’ perceptions of below-cost tours and managerial implications

2019 ◽  
Vol 26 (2) ◽  
pp. 182-194 ◽  
Author(s):  
Suosheng Wang
Keyword(s):  
Agency Theory ◽  
Structured Interviews ◽  
Tour Guide ◽  
Tour Guides ◽  
Structural Problems ◽  
Personal Perceptions ◽  
Managerial Implications ◽  
And Behaviors ◽  
Travel Industry ◽  
Insight Into

Below-cost tours (BCTs) have long been considered a serious issue in the travel industry, yet they have rarely been discussed from a tour guides’ perspective. Today’s tour guides are mostly freelancers, hired by tour operators to lead tour groups. While previous studies cover the management and behaviors of tour guides, there is little insight into personal perceptions of their work. To better understand BCTs, this study provides an intimate look at the phenomenon through the use of semi-structured interviews from tour guides and employment of nonparticipant observation on their experiences. The structural problems of the travel industry and impacts of BCTs on tour guide performance are explored and highlighted. Framed in the agency theory, the managerial implications and solutions to the BCT problems are discussed and recommended.

scholarly journals Forest Management Certification in Romania: Motivations and Perceptions

Forests ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 9 (7) ◽  
pp. 425 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aureliu Halalisan ◽  
Ioan Abrudan ◽  
Bogdan Popa
Keyword(s):  
Forest Management ◽  
Market Economy ◽  
Local Communities ◽  
Forest Sector ◽  
Illegal Logging ◽  
Certification Process ◽  
State Management ◽  
Different Types ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Insight Into

Forestland privatization and transition to a market economy triggered important changes in the Romanian forest sector, imposing challenges for forest management structures. Voluntary forest management certification has been considered a possible solution; therefore, the certified forest area has increased rapidly regardless of the land owner. The purpose of this study is to provide an insight into the certification process. It presents the result of a survey applied to 417 forest management structures in Romania, which was intended to identify the perception of their managers regarding the reasons to adopt certification, the changes determined by the certification, the problems during the process, and the benefits. The study reveals the difference in perception among different types of forest management structures. Non-state management structures voluntarily adopted FSC certification, mainly aiming to obtain economic advantages. Most of the respondents indicated important changes in the consultation with stakeholders including local communities, transparency and clear records, the use of chemicals, and biodiversity protection. Although the FSC certification was not perceived as solving issues like illegal logging, there is a general perception that it improved forest management. The study concludes that the FSC certification proves the willingness of the Romanian forest management sector to cope with the market and trends and clarify its position in society.

What Is the Sustainable Harvest of Red Pine in Michigan?

1992 ◽  
Vol 9 (3) ◽  
pp. 94-97
Author(s):  
Robert Marty ◽  
Karen Potter-Witter
Keyword(s):  
Current Level ◽  
Red Pine ◽  
Sustainable Harvest ◽  
Resource Base ◽  
Or Management ◽  
Private And Public ◽  
Near Term ◽  
Current Utilization ◽  
Public Forests ◽  
A Current

Abstract Red pine harvests have been increasing rapidly in Michigan, to a current level of 17 million ft³ per year. How large an annual harvest can the Michigan red pine resource sustain? Three different estimates indicate that, if all red pine on commercial forestland were available for harvest, then an annual harvest of 30 million ft³ could be sustained during the near term. And even larger harvests can be supported 10 or 20 years hence, when larger acreages of pine will mature. However, the actual planned harvests on public forests, and the harvests likely to be available from other lands, appear to be significantly less than the potential harvest and less than current utilization levels. This results from the fact that some red pine has been reserved from harvest, both on private and public land. Although increasing harvests of red pine will be available in Michigan for the next 3 or 4 decades, the planting of red pine has declined drastically over the last 20 years. Planting must be significantly increased or management intensified if the resource base is to be maintained. North. J. Appl. For. 9(3):94-97.

scholarly journals Destination of public forests in Brazil: an analysis of forest concessions

Nativa ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 5 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ana P. D. FERNANDES ◽  
Vitor A. HOEFLICH ◽  
Giomar VIANA ◽  
Elisandra C. AMENDOLA ◽  
Fernando E. M. de OLIVERIA ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Forest Concessions ◽  
Public Forests

scholarly journals Illegal logging, governance effectiveness and carbon dioxide emission in the timber-producing countries of Congo Basin and Asia

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Serge Mandiefe Piabuo ◽  
Peter A. Minang ◽  
Chupezi Julius Tieguhong ◽  
Divine Foundjem-Tita ◽  
Frankline Nghobuoche
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Emission ◽  
Carbon Dioxide Emission ◽  
Least Square Method ◽  
Least Square ◽  
Congo Basin ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Illegal Logging ◽  
Governance Effectiveness ◽  
Timber Concessions ◽  
Multi Stakeholder

AbstractThe empirical link between governance and illegal logging is widely accepted amongst scientist, although a minority still purports that illegal logging does not necessarily prevail because of poor governance. However, the nexus linking governance, illegal logging and carbon emission is not well enshrined in scientific literature. This paper seeks to review the literature on illegal logging and governance and empirically investigate the effect of illegal logging and governance effectiveness on carbon emission. Using panel dynamic ordinary least square method on data covering three Congo Basin timber-producing countries and three Asian timber-producing countries, this paper further investigates disaggregated effects between these two groups of countries. The empirical evidence underscores that Congo Basin timber-producing countries are characterised by increasing trend of illegal logging, poor governance effectiveness and corruption. Panel regression reveals a positive and significant impact of illegal logging, governance effectiveness and corruption on carbon emission. Asian producing countries depict a reducing trend in illegal logging and improvements in governance and corruption. There is a positive but not significant impact of illegal logging on carbon emission, and governance effectiveness reduces carbon emission. Thus, the dynamics of governance, illegal logging and carbon emission is not the same between timber-producing countries in Asia and Congo producing counties, thus suggesting the ability of institutions to curb illegal logging and enforce laws to reduce the effects of carbon emission. Multi-stakeholder consultations, government engagement, partnerships and training of control staff can help curb corruption. Legality checks should go beyond having legal documents to effectively check and control of timber concessions and small-scale logging.

The Moving Platform Aftereffect: Limited Generalization of a Locomotor Adaptation

2004 ◽  
Vol 91 (1) ◽  
pp. 92-100 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. F. Reynolds ◽  
A. M. Bronstein
Keyword(s):  
Baseline Period ◽  
Adaptation Period ◽  
Locomotor Adaptation ◽  
Walking Pattern ◽  
After Effect ◽  
Walking Velocity ◽  
Full Knowledge ◽  
Flashing Light ◽  
Moving Platform ◽  
Insight Into

We have recently described a postural after-effect of walking onto a stationary platform previously experienced as moving, which occurs despite full knowledge that the platform will no longer move. This experiment involves an initial baseline period when the platform is kept stationary (BEFORE condition), followed by a brief adaptation period when subjects learn to walk onto the platform moving at 1.2 m/s (MOVING condition). Subjects are clearly warned that the platform will no longer move and asked to walk onto it again (AFTER condition). Despite the warning, they walk toward the platform with a velocity greater than that observed during the BEFORE condition, and a large forward sway of the trunk is observed once they have landed on the platform. This aftereffect, which disappears within three trials, represents dissociation of knowledge and action. In the current set of experiments, to gain further insight into this phenomenon, we have manipulated three variables, the context, location, and method of the walking task, between the MOVING and AFTER conditions, to determine how far the adaptation will generalize. It was found that when the gait initiation cue was changed from beeps to a flashing light, or vice versa, there was no difference in the magnitude of the aftereffect, either in terms of walking velocity or forward sway of the trunk. Changing the leg with which gait was initiated, however, reduced sway magnitude by approximately 50%. When subjects changed from forward walking to backward walking, the aftereffect was abolished. Similarly, walking in a location other than the mobile platform did not produce any aftereffect. However, in these latter two experiments, the aftereffect reappeared when subjects reverted to the walking pattern used during the MOVING condition. Hence, these results show that a change in abstract context had no influence, whereas any deviation from the way and location in which the moving platform task was originally performed profoundly reduced the size of the aftereffect. Although the moving platform aftereffect is an example of inappropriate generalization by the motor system across time, these results show that this generalization is highly limited to the method and location in which the original adaptation took place.

scholarly journals Framework for Deriving Real Exchange Rates

1994 ◽  
Vol 33 (4II) ◽  
pp. 1099-1112
Author(s):  
Usman A. Afridi ◽  
Rehana Siddiqui
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Exchange Rates ◽  
Purchasing Power Parity ◽  
Real Exchange Rates ◽  
Purchasing Power ◽  
Equilibrium Path ◽  
Power Parity ◽  
Structural Problems ◽  
Insight Into

In the last conference we presented a study on Purchasing Power Parity (PPP) and Real Exchange Rates (RER). One of the conclusions we reached was that a PPP-based measure of the RER did not give sufficient insight into the structural problems underlying disequilibrium situation for Real Exchange Rates. We present a review of recent studies which model the path of Real Exchange Rates determined by sets of determinants. These determinants are usually difficult to quantify and are often represented by proxies. We have reservations about both the choice of some determinants and also appropriativeness of the proxies used to represent them. The purpose of this paper is to critically evaluate frameworks for determining real exchange rates in developing countries. We would suggest a basis for estimation of RER and its equilibrium path.

scholarly journals Rate of timber harvest and the effects of illegal activities on forest conservation in Southwestern Nigeria

2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
J.O. DARAMOLA ◽  
F.E. ADESUYI ◽  
Oloruntobi OLUGBADIEYE ◽  
A.S. AKINBOWALE ◽  
V.A.J. ADEKUNLE
Keyword(s):  
Forest Management ◽  
Forest Conservation ◽  
Timber Harvest ◽  
Forest Community ◽  
Illegal Logging ◽  
Southwestern Nigeria ◽  
Forest Reserve ◽  
Forest Reserves ◽  
Illegal Activities ◽  
Community Dwellers

Abstract. Daramola JO, Adesuyi FE, Olugbadieye OG, Akinbowale AS, Adekunle VAJ. 2020. Rate of timber harvest and the effects of illegal activities on forest conservation in Southwestern Nigeria. Asian J For 5: 8-16. Availability of accurate data on timber harvest is very important for sustainable forest management. These data are not readily available, making forest management more complex. This study aimed at investigating the rate of timber harvest, illegal activities and its impacts on forest conservation in Osun State Forest Reserves. The selected reserves were Shasha Forest Reserve (SFR), Ago-Owu Forest Reserve (AFR), and Ikeji-Ipetu Forest Reserve (IFR). Data were collected using two sets of semi-structured questionnaires. One for the forest community dwellers and the other for forest officers. Simple random sampling was used to select 120 respondents from the population of concessionaires, saw millers, rural community dwellers, taungya farmers and the government officers in the study area. Secondary data was collected and compiled from the State Forestry Department to provide results for timber harvested only in SFR from January to July, 2019. The results revealed that SFR is under massive timber exploitation, as illegal logging and timber processing are the most prevalent driver of exploitation in this area; while AFR and IFR are degraded forest reserves marred with grazing and poaching, and illegal logging, respectively. The impacts of the illegal activities on forest conservation were categorized under economic, social, and environmental impacts. The most exploited species in SFR were Celtis spp. (3024 stems), Ricinodendron heudelotii (1789 stems), and the least exploited was Anthocleista spp. (3 stems). The study showed that many economic tree species that contribute to national development and rural livelihood have been exploited from the study sites and therefore recommend that timber harvest be carried out on a sustainable basis.

Case Studies of School-Level Governance Dynamics in the Western Cape

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ursula Hoadley ◽  
Brian Levy ◽  
Lawule Shumane ◽  
Shelly Wilburn
Keyword(s):  
Case Studies ◽  
Management Practices ◽  
Policy Design ◽  
Local Governance ◽  
School Level ◽  
Western Cape ◽  
Eastern Cape ◽  
Multi Stakeholder ◽  
Zero Sum ◽  
Insight Into

This chapter details four case studies of school-level management practices in the appointment process of school principals. The school-level processes are used as a lens through which to refract local governance dynamics, and thereby gain insight into the broader multi-stakeholder contexts within which the principal is embedded. The contrasts between the Western Cape and Eastern Cape provinces provide an ideal opportunity to explore a central theme of this book, namely how ‘good fit’ works—how preferred approaches to policy design and implementation might vary according to the contexts in which they are being undertaken. The chapter suggests that rather than viewing the interaction between hierarchical and horizontal governance as zero-sum, the task for practitioners is to find ways to make more effective the ‘both/and’ balance, with an emphasis on impersonal forms of decision-making.

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