scholarly journals Evaluation of Radon (222Rn) Distribution and its Implications vis-a-vis Water Quality of Killiyar River, Kerala, India

2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (1) ◽  
pp. 94-104
Author(s):  
Anurani G R ◽  
Lakshmi R ◽  
Joseph Sabu ◽  
Sukanya S
Keyword(s):  
Surface Water ◽  
River Water ◽  
Water Resource Management ◽  
Noble Gas ◽  
Groundwater Potential ◽  
Channel Structure ◽  
Study Region ◽  
Post Monsoon ◽  
Riverine Environment ◽  
Discharge Location

The discharge of tropical rivers is mainly contributed by the baseflow from groundwater especially during summer. Hence, in order to sustain the environmental flow of rivers, the conservation of locations where groundwater discharges into river is a better option than conventional practices viz., redesigning river channel structure and flow regime. Radon (222Rn), a colourless, odourless, inert and natural radioactive noble gas (t1/2= 3.8 days), can be used as a proxy to trace the groundwater discharge location/s in the river course. As 222Rn readily dissolves in groundwater, its content in groundwater is relatively higher than surface water. We report here the activity of 222Rn in the river water at ten locations from upstream to downstream of Killiyar river – KR (n= 6th, L= 24 km, A= 102 km2), the main tributary of Karamana river, Kerala, India. Surface water samples (n=10) were collected during pre- and post-monsoon of 2017. The radon activity was performed by RAD7, an electronic radon detector (Durridge Company Inc., USA). The activity of radon varied from 157 to 4588 Bq/m3 in pre-monsoon and 147 to 1740 Bq/m3 in post-monsoon. The spatial variability of 222Rn activity is observed, and the anomalous high activity location/s indicates groundwater potential in that area. Further, the factors controlling spatial variation of radon were also discussed. Moreover, physico-chemical parameters of river water were also studied. And all the parameters were found to be within the permissible limit of Bureau of Indian Standards (BIS) specifications for potable water (IS -10500: 2012). This is a case study of application of radon for prospecting groundwater potential zones in Killiyar river course, henceforth useful for the water resource management in this riverine environment and is first of its kind in the study region.

scholarly journals Nutrient Pollutants in Surface Water—Assessing Trends in Drinking Water Resource Quality for a Regional City in Central Europe

2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (7) ◽  
pp. 1988 ◽  
Author(s):  
Włodzimierz Kanownik ◽  
Agnieszka Policht-Latawiec ◽  
Wioletta Fudała
Keyword(s):  
Surface Water ◽  
River Water ◽  
Water Resource ◽  
Water Resource Management ◽  
Control Point ◽  
Ammonium Nitrogen ◽  
Nutrient Concentrations ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Treatment Processes ◽  
Kjeldahl Nitrogen

This paper presents the changes in concentration of seven biogenic indices in the Wisłok River water and determines the water treatment processes required in order to obtain water fit for consumption. The investigations were conducted during 2004–2013, and water samples were collected at a measuring-control point was situated at 67.9 km on the river at the surface water intake for the water supply to the Rzeszów city dwellers. Analysis of the research results allows for the forecasting of technological and organizational changes in the treatment processes of the abstracted water. It was found that only the mean concentration of Kjeldahl nitrogen exceeded the value admissible for class I, which allowed the Wisłok River water to be classified as class II with good potential and determined the water quality category as A2, which indicates the necessity for typical performance physical and chemical treatment. Downward trends in the contents of the tested nutrients occurred during the period of investigation, except for nitrite nitrogen. Statistically significant downward trends were registered for ammonium nitrogen, Kjeldahl nitrogen, total nitrogen and phosphates. The decline in nutrient concentrations in the water of Wisłok is a tangible result of the introduction of new standards of water resource management in the catchment, compliant with the European Union legislation.

Assessment of groundwater and surface water quality for irrigation suitability in Rupnagar District, Punjab, India

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Navjot Kaur ◽  
Susanta Paikaray
Keyword(s):  
Water Quality ◽  
Surface Water ◽  
River Water ◽  
Water Samples ◽  
River Water Samples ◽  
Post Monsoon ◽  
Low Sodium ◽  
Wilcox Diagram ◽  
Sodium Percent ◽  
Sirsa River

<p>Groundwater and Sutlej river water are major sources of irrigation in Rupnagar district of Punjab. Water quality was examined for their agricultural suitability using a total of 54 surface water (16 from Sutlej and 6 from Sirsa River) and groundwater (total 32 of ~160 m depth) samples from Pre- (June 2019) and post-monsoon (Dec 2018) seasons. On-site parameters (electrical conductivity, pH, total dissolved solids) indicate permissible pH (pH 6.6-8.2) and conductivity (147-1953 μS/cm), while 18.5% of samples are brackish salt to salt category type on salinity index. The results of these parameters were further interpreted and measured with different irrigation indexes like sodium percent (SP), sodium adsorption ratio (SAR), residual sodium carbonate (RSC), chloride concentrations and Wilcox diagram. Similarly, most of the samples (except Sutlej river water samples) were found to be above permissible limits with respect to SP (5.36-81.01) and RSC (0-6.23), but SAR is indicative of suitability for irrigation purposes (0.11-8.3). The suitability for irrigation as per SAR is because of low sodium content in all the samples relative to calcium and magnesium. The Wilcox diagram of pre-monsoon samples indicate high, medium and low saline to low sodium hazard except 1 sample with high saline to medium sodium hazard and salinity-sodium hazard in post-monsoon is comparatively lower than that of pre-monsoon. However careful observation of the complete data analysis suggests that all the parameters in Sutlej river water samples were found to be suitable for irrigation while most of the groundwater samples and 3 samples from Sirsa river were unfit for irrigation purposes as inferred from SP, RSC and Wilcox diagram.</p>

scholarly journals Spatiotemporal analysis of vegetation cover changes around surface water based on NDVI: a case study in Korama basin, Southern Zinder, Niger

2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Mohamed Adou Sidi Almouctar ◽  
Yiping Wu ◽  
Amit Kumar ◽  
Fubo Zhao ◽  
Koroma John Mambu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Surface Water ◽  
Vegetation Cover ◽  
Water Resource Management ◽  
Climatic Factors ◽  
Geographical Information ◽  
Limiting Factors ◽  
Moderate Increase ◽  
Study Region ◽  
Temperature And Precipitation ◽  
Average Maximum

AbstractIn the modern era, vegetation dynamics is an important aspect of climate change studies. The present study examined spatiotemporal changes of (NDVI) normalized difference vegetation index in the Korama basin (Southern Zinder of Niger) from 2000 to 2018, and their correlation with climatic factors was predicted. To analyze the change of vegetation cover, geographical information system, MODIS_NDVI, remote sensing, and climate variables (e.g., temperature and precipitation) datasets were used. Further, the correlation was performed for different years of vegetation types during the growing season (June–October). Our results show an increasing trend in average maximum annual NDVI across the Korama River Basin in the years 2000 and 2018. Conversely, significantly increasing trends in most of the areas were reported. Moreover, in downstream the vegetation cover is increased in Matameye and Magaria, but with a smaller increase in the upstream rate in Mirriah. Furthermore, a decrease in the surface water was observed in the Tessaoua, Matameye, and Magaria sections of the study region in 2000 and 2018, while a rise in water surface area was observed in Matameye and Magaria in the years 2006 and 2012. During rainy and dry seasons, NDVI correlated differently with temperature and precipitation with strong seasonal variations, while the mean vegetation period of NDVI does not show any significant change. In addition, moderate increase was observed in years 2000 and 2012 (r: 0.22; P: 0.50; R2: 0.05; r: 0.31; P: 0.34, R2: 0.10, respectively), and weak decrease in 2006 and 2018 (r: 0.61; P: 0.04; R2: 0.37; r: 0.58; P: 0.06, R2:0.33, respectively). The analysis indicates that climatic parameters such as precipitation and temperature are the main limiting factors affecting the vegetation growth. Indeed, the trends calculated by the correlation analysis showed that as climate factors increased (July, August, and September), the NDVI value increased at a rate of 0.16, reflecting the best growth in vegetation and rise in water bodies, although significantly decreased during years. This study would be highly useful in choice-making for sustainable water resource management in the Korama watershed in Southern Zinder, Niger.

Experimental investigation on water quality standard of Yangtze River water source heat pump

2012 ◽  
Vol 66 (5) ◽  
pp. 1103-1109 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zenghu Qin ◽  
Mingwei Tong ◽  
Lin Kun
Keyword(s):  
Water Quality ◽  
Surface Water ◽  
River Water ◽  
Heat Pump ◽  
Yangtze River ◽  
Water Source ◽  
Quality Standard ◽  
Heat Pumps ◽  
The Yangtze River ◽  
Water Conditions

Due to the surface water in the upper reaches of Yangtze River in China containing large amounts of silt and algae, high content of microorganisms and suspended solids, the water in Yangtze River cannot be used for cooling a heat pump directly. In this paper, the possibility of using Yangtze River, which goes through Chongqing, a city in southwest China, as a heat source–sink was investigated. Water temperature and quality of the Yangtze River in the Chongqing area were analyzed and the performance of water source heat pump units in different sediment concentrations, turbidity and algae material conditions were tested experimentally, and the water quality standards, in particular surface water conditions, in the Yangtze River region that adapt to energy-efficient heat pumps were also proposed. The experimental results show that the coefficient of performance heat pump falls by 3.73% to the greatest extent, and the fouling resistance of cooling water in the heat exchanger increases up to 25.6% in different water conditions. When the sediment concentration and the turbidity in the river water are no more than 100 g/m3 and 50 NTU respectively, the performance of the heat pump is better, which can be used as a suitable river water quality standard for river water source heat pumps.

scholarly journals Assessment and distribution of water quality of Pandoh river basin (PRB), Himachal Pradesh, North India

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (8) ◽  
Author(s):  
C. Prakasam ◽  
R. Saravanan ◽  
M. K. Sharma ◽  
Varinder S. Kanwar
Keyword(s):  
Water Quality ◽  
Surface Water ◽  
River Basin ◽  
Geographical Information ◽  
North India ◽  
Total Hardness ◽  
Drainage Pattern ◽  
Study Region ◽  
Northern India

AbstractAs the surface water in northern India is the main water resource for regional economic and also supply for drinking and irrigation purposes. However, deficiency of water quality leads to serious water pollution in the Pandoh river basin (PRB). Therefore, the main objective of the present study is to evaluate the quality of surface water. With this objective, surface water samples were collected from the PRB of northern India, and analyzed for pH, EC, turbidity, alkalinity, total dissolved solids, and total hardness. Moreover, geographical information system (GIS) tools were used to prepare the geology, drainage pattern, and location maps of the study region. Surface water quality observed from the PRB has an alkaline nature with a moderately hard type. Further studies are encouraged to better understand the water quality in northern India.

Survival of cryptosporidium parvum, escherichia coli, faecal enterococci and clostridium perfringens in river water: influence of temperature and autochthonous microorganisms

1997 ◽  
Vol 35 (11-12) ◽  
pp. 249-252 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. J. Medema ◽  
M. Bahar ◽  
F. M. Schets
Keyword(s):  
Surface Water ◽  
River Water ◽  
Cryptosporidium Parvum ◽  
Health Hazard ◽  
Influence Of Temperature ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Untreated Water ◽  
Time Required ◽  
Micro Organisms

Oocysts of Cryptosporidium parvum can survive for several months in surface water, one of the main factors determining their success in environmental transmission and thus their health hazard via water. Several factors in the environment, e.g. temperature, presence of predators and exo-enzymes will probably influence oocyst survival. The high persistence of oocysts may also limit the value of traditional faecal indicator bacteria. The aim of this study was to determine the rate at which C parvum oocysts, E coli, faecal enterococci and C perfringens spores die in surface water and the influence of temperature and the presence of autochthonous (micro)organisms on the die-off rate. Microcosms with autoclaved river water were inoculated with the organisms. Microcosms with untreated river water were inoculated with concentrated primary effluent containing the bacteria and with C parvum oocysts. Microcosms were incubated at 5°C or 15°C at 100rpm. Viability of oocysts was monitored by in vitro excystation and dye-exclusion; viability of the bacteria was determined on appropriate selective media. When pseudo first-order die-off kinetics were assumed, the die-off rate of oocysts at 5°C was 0.010 log10/d and at 15°C, 0.006–0.024 log10/d. These rates underestimate die-off since oocyst disintegration was not accounted for. Incubation in autoclaved or untreated water did influence the die-off rate of oocysts at 15°C but not at 5°C. The die-off rate of E coli and enterococci was faster in the non-sterile river water than in autoclaved water at both temperatures. At 15°C, E coli (and possibly E faecium) even multiplied in autoclaved water. In untreated river water, the die-off of E coli and enterococci was approximately 10x faster than die-off of oocysts but die-off rates of C perfringens were lower than those of oocysts. As for oocysts, die-off of the bacteria and spores was faster at 15°C than at 5°C. Oocysts are very persistent in river water: the time required for a 10x reduction in viability being 40–160d at 15°C and 100d at 5°C. Biological/biochemical activity influenced oocyst survival at 15°C and survival of both vegetative bacteria at 5 and 15°C. The rapid die-off of E coli and enterococci makes them less suitable as indicators of oocyst presence in water. As C perfringens survived longer in untreated river water than oocysts, it may prove useful as an indicator of the presence of C parvum.

scholarly journals Spatiotemporal change analysis of long time series inland water in Sri Lanka based on remote sensing cloud computing

2022 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Jianfeng Li ◽  
Jiawei Wang ◽  
Liangyan Yang ◽  
Huping Ye
Keyword(s):  
Remote Sensing ◽  
Cloud Computing ◽  
Surface Water ◽  
Water Resources ◽  
Sri Lanka ◽  
Water Resource Management ◽  
Google Earth ◽  
Water Extraction ◽  
Inland Lakes ◽  
Lakes And Reservoirs

AbstractSri Lanka is an important hub connecting Asia-Africa-Europe maritime routes. It receives abundant but uneven spatiotemporal distribution of rainfall and has evident seasonal water shortages. Monitoring water area changes in inland lakes and reservoirs plays an important role in guiding the development and utilisation of water resources. In this study, a rapid surface water extraction model based on the Google Earth Engine remote sensing cloud computing platform was constructed. By evaluating the optimal spectral water index method, the spatiotemporal variations of reservoirs and inland lakes in Sri Lanka were analysed. The results showed that Automated Water Extraction Index (AWEIsh) could accurately identify the water boundary with an overall accuracy of 99.14%, which was suitable for surface water extraction in Sri Lanka. The area of the Maduru Oya Reservoir showed an overall increasing trend based on small fluctuations from 1988 to 2018, and the monthly area of the reservoir fluctuated significantly in 2017. Thus, water resource management in the dry zone should focus more on seasonal regulation and control. From 1995 to 2015, the number and area of lakes and reservoirs in Sri Lanka increased to different degrees, mainly concentrated in arid provinces including Northern, North Central, and Western Provinces. Overall, the amount of surface water resources have increased.

scholarly journals Analysis of The Impact of Industrial Activities Towards River Vacancy Viewed from BODS, CODS, and TSS Using The QUAL2KW Software Method Approach (Case Study: Klampok River, Semarang District)

2020 ◽  
Vol 202 ◽  
pp. 04008
Author(s):  
Nurandani Hardyanti ◽  
Winardi D Nugraha ◽  
Vito Edgar S B
Keyword(s):  
Water Quality ◽  
Surface Water ◽  
River Water ◽  
Catchment Area ◽  
Industrial Sector ◽  
Industrial Activities ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Method Approach

The industrial sector is one of the important sector in supporting the development of a region. Utilization of land around the river that is used for industrial activities will affect the quality of river water. The river can be polluted by waste personinating from industries that operating around the river. The catchment area that used for industry, agriculture, urban development, and the use of land for making roads (gravel or footpaths) can affect the flow of surface water and sediments that it brings to the river. Waste generated from industrial activities can pollute rivers which are a source of water for daily needs and affect the development of biota in them. This can affect river water quality

Linkages between catchment characteristics and river water chemistry at the locality scale in the Ikpoba River, Southern Nigeria

2020 ◽  
Vol 29 (1) ◽  
pp. 41-55
Author(s):  
D.A. Edokpa ◽  
J.O. Obieroma
Keyword(s):  
Water Chemistry ◽  
River Water ◽  
Water Resource Management ◽  
Multiple Scales ◽  
Nutrient Concentrations ◽  
River Catchment ◽  
River Water Chemistry ◽  
Catchment Characteristics ◽  
Southern Nigeria ◽  
Protection Strategies

This study explored the linkages between catchment characteristics (topography, land cover, soil and geology), average water chemistry (pH, calcium, magnesium, sulphate, nitrate, ammonium, orthophosphate, iron, zinc and lead) and rainfall in the Ikpoba River catchment, southern Nigeria, using statistical and locality-based GIS analyses. The results show that sites with high rainfall and percentage cover of arable and sand-gravel-clay lithologies were characterized by high acidity. There were strong links between average nutrient (𝑃𝑂43−-P, 𝑁𝐻4+-N and 𝑁𝑂3−-N) concentrations and diffuse agricultural sources in the catchment. Rainfall was strongly related to 𝑆𝑂42−, 𝑃𝑂43−-P and 𝑁𝐻4+-N suggesting that atmospheric deposition may influence their riverine concentrations. Results also suggest that decomposition of organic matter from forest stands was a significant driver of nutrient concentrations. Although metals (Fe2+ and Zn2+) were positively related to bedrock geology of sand-gravel-clay, there was no clear link between Pb2+ and the catchment characteristics investigated. Wetlands was found to be attenuating river water chemistry especially 𝑆𝑂42−, 𝑃𝑂43−-P and 𝑁𝐻4+-N concentrations. To underpin current environmental protection strategies, there is need to integrate a GIS-based analysis approach with monitoring data to fully identify the variability patterns in river water chemistry dynamics at local and multiple scales of water resource management in Nigeria. Key words: river catchment, water quality, metals, nutrients, GIS.

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