scholarly journals Analysis of Heat Loss of a Biogas Anaerobic Digester in Weather Conditions in Poland

2018 ◽  
Vol 19 (4) ◽  
pp. 242-250 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tomasz Teleszewski ◽  
Mirosław Żukowski
Keyword(s):  
Heat Loss ◽  
Weather Conditions ◽  
Anaerobic Digester

Accidental Hypothermia

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1979 ◽  
Vol 63 (6) ◽  
pp. 926-928
Keyword(s):  
Heat Loss ◽  
Heat Production ◽  
Weather Conditions ◽  
Accidental Hypothermia ◽  
Good Judgment ◽  
Hand Coordination ◽  
Body Heat ◽  
Unfavorable Weather

Pediatricians may be able to bring the dangers of accidental hypothermia to the attention of their patients at the time of a sports, camp, or college "physical." People who spend time outdoors must learn to recognize hypothermia-producing weather and water; to know that shivering indicates heat loss exceeding available insulation and body heat production; and to understand that loss of good judgment and hand coordination soon follow uncontrollable shivering. They must not go into areas in which, without proper gear, unfavorable weather conditions or dangerous water may develop, and they must understand that most tragedies from cold result from failure to make camp or to return to safety when weather conditions become unfavorable.

THE INFLUENCE OF CLIMATE ON METABOLIC AND THERMAL RESPONSES OF INFANT CARIBOU

1961 ◽  
Vol 39 (6) ◽  
pp. 845-856 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. S. Hart ◽  
O. Heroux ◽  
W. H. Cottle ◽  
C. A. Mills
Keyword(s):  
Metabolic Rate ◽  
Heat Loss ◽  
Temperature Regulation ◽  
Weather Conditions ◽  
Wind Chill ◽  
Prediction Of Mortality ◽  
Cold Wind

Metabolic and thermal responses of infant caribou to climate were measured during the June calving period on the barrens in the area of Mosquito Lake and Beverly Lake, N.W.T. It was found that temperature regulation was well established at birth and that the calves were very sensitive metabolically to cold, wind, and precipitation. The metabolic rate was doubled by a lowering of temperature to about 0 °C, but cold combined with wind and precipitation elevated the metabolic rate to over five times the resting value. Calves which were exposed without protection to such conditions eventually became hypothermic and died. Weather conditions during storms on the barrens are sufficiently severe to produce some mortality in animals exposed without protection. The possibilities for prediction of mortality from wind chill values and estimated fur heat loss are discussed.

A note on relationships between components of weather and the location of defaecation in out-wintered cattle

1967 ◽  
Vol 9 (3) ◽  
pp. 413-416 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. L. Powell
Keyword(s):  
Heat Loss ◽  
Direct Observation ◽  
Weather Conditions ◽  
Controlled Environment ◽  
Body Heat

A Number of controlled environment studies (reviewed by Blaxter, 1962 and 1964) have emphasised the necessity of providing shelter for out-wintered ruminants. The nature of suitable shelter requires definition and this may be sought by observing the use animals make of different forms of shelter. Direct observation of livestock may, however, sometimes be an inappropriate investigational method. In the work reported here, shelter usage by cattle was assessed from the occurrence of defaecations in various regions of a pasture. Evidence of increased sheltering activity under weather conditions encouraging greater body heat loss would suggest that this method of recording behaviour may be recommended for application in relevant situations.

scholarly journals Variations in Athlete Heat-Loss Potential Between Hot-Dry and Warm-Humid Environments at Equivalent Wet-Bulb Globe Temperature Thresholds

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jennifer Vanos ◽  
Andrew Grundstein
Keyword(s):  
Heat Loss ◽  
Sports Medicine ◽  
Evaporative Cooling ◽  
Weather Conditions ◽  
Activity Levels ◽  
Maximum Heat ◽  
Wet Bulb Globe Temperature ◽  
Stressful Environment ◽  
Weather Stations ◽  
Globe Temperature

Context: Many organizations associated with sports medicine recommend using wet-bulb globe temperature (WBGT)-based activity-modification guidelines that are uniform across the country. However, there is no consideration about whether the WBGT thresholds are appropriate for different weather conditions, such as warm-humid (WH) relative to hot-dry (HD), given known differences in physiological responses to these environments.Objective: To identify if regions with drier conditions and greater evaporative cooling potential should consider using WBGT activity-modification thresholds that are different from those with more humid weather.Design: Observational study.Setting: Weather stations across the contiguous United States.Main Outcome Measure(s): A 15-year hourly WBGT dataset from 217 weather stations across the contiguous United States was used to identify particular combinations of globe temperature, wet-bulb temperature, and air temperature that produce WBGTs of 27.9°C, 30.1°C, and 32.3°C. A total of 71 302 observations were clustered into HD and WH environmental conditions. From these clusters, maximum heat-loss potential and heat-flux values were modeled at equivalent WBGT thresholds with various activity levels, clothing, and equipment configurations.Results: We identified strong geographic patterns, with HD conditions predominant in the western half and WH conditions predominant in the eastern half of the country. Heat loss was systematically greater in HD than in WH conditions, indicating an overall less stressful environment even at equivalent WBGT values. At a WBGT of 32.3°C, this difference was 11 W∙m−2 at an activity velocity of 0.3 m∙s−1, which doubled for an activity velocity of 0.7 m∙s−1. The HD and WH difference increased with WBGT value, demonstrating that evaporative cooling differences between HD and WH conditions were even greater at a higher, rather than lower, WBGT.Conclusions: The potential heat loss was consistently greater in HD than WH environments despite equal WBGTs. These findings support the need for further clinical studies to determine the appropriate WBGT thresholds based on environment and physiological limits to maximize safety, yet also avoid unnecessary limitations.

scholarly journals Heat loss analysis in the semi-buried anaerobic digester in Northeast Poland

2018 ◽  
Vol 44 ◽  
pp. 00156 ◽  
Author(s):  
Piotr Rynkowski
Keyword(s):  
Heat Loss ◽  
Winter Season ◽  
Anaerobic Digester ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Actual State ◽  
Transfer Model ◽  
Loss Analysis ◽  
North Eastern ◽  
Low Efficiency ◽  
Steady Heat

A thermal model was used to compare an actual and a computational heat losses in an existing the semi-buried anaerobic digester (AD) during the winter season in Northeast Poland. This work is an attempt to answer the question whether the cause of the temperature decrease of the manure AD is underestimated the heat exchanger or its low efficiency. The answer to this question is important for manager to take appropriate action. Understanding the heat loss of biogas digester is important to use these technologies to produce the biogas on assumed level in cold environment - like winter in Northeast Poland. From anaerobic digester point of view, the maintaining of optimal fermentation temperature is crucial. In the current study 2-D axisymmetric steady heat transfer model was carried out to calculate heat loss of AD for a real biogas plant located in north-eastern Poland and compared with actual state.

scholarly journals Efficacy of warming systems in mountain rescue: an experimental manikin study

2020 ◽  
Vol 64 (12) ◽  
pp. 2161-2169
Author(s):  
Paweł Podsiadło ◽  
Ewa Zender-Świercz ◽  
Giacomo Strapazzon ◽  
Sylweriusz Kosiński ◽  
Marek Telejko ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Heat Loss ◽  
Heat Balance ◽  
Weather Conditions ◽  
Rescue Operation ◽  
Electrical Systems ◽  
Mountain Rescue ◽  
Clinical Scenarios ◽  
Windy Weather ◽  
Post Traumatic ◽  
The Heat Balance

Abstract Mountain accident casualties are often exposed to cold and windy weather. This may induce post-traumatic hypothermia which increases mortality. The aim of this study was to assess the ability of warming systems to compensate for the victim’s estimated heat loss in a simulated mountain rescue operation. We used thermal manikins and developed a thermodynamic model of a virtual patient. Manikins were placed on a mountain rescue stretcher and exposed to wind chill indices of 0 °C and − 20 °C in a climatic chamber. We calculated the heat balance for two simulated clinical scenarios with both a shivering and non-shivering victim and measured the heat gain from gel, electrical, and chemical warming systems for 3.5 h. The heat balance in the simulated shivering patient was positive. In the non-shivering patient, we found a negative heat balance for both simulated weather conditions (− 429.53 kJ at 0 °C and − 1469.78 kJ at − 20 °C). Each warming system delivered about 300 kJ. The efficacy of the gel and electrical systems was higher within the first hour than later (p < 0.001). We conclude that none of the tested warming systems is able to compensate for heat loss in a simulated model of a non-shivering patient whose physiological heat production is impaired during a prolonged mountain evacuation. Additional thermal insulation seems to be required in these settings.

Factors affecting blue goose nesting success

1971 ◽  
Vol 49 (2) ◽  
pp. 223-234 ◽  
Author(s):  
John Michael Harvey
Keyword(s):  
Weight Loss ◽  
Heat Loss ◽  
Weather Conditions ◽  
Incident Radiation ◽  
Nesting Success ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Herring Gulls ◽  
Simulated Environment ◽  
Weather Parameters ◽  
The Relationship

Blue geese at McConnell River, N.W.T., lost 20% of eggs, mostly late in incubation. Parasitic jaegers and herring gulls were attracted to the colony and were efficient at finding eggs although geese defended their nests strongly. Since egg loss could only occur in the absence of both geese, jaegers, and gulls acted as scavengers rather than predators. Factors causing desertion were the true causes of egg loss. These may have been inexperience of younger geese, or starvation during incubation.During nesting, geese had very little to eat and lost about 25% of spring weight. While the birds were fasting, weight loss is a function of heat loss, in turn controlled by weather conditions. The relationship between heat loss and several weather parameters was determined by means of a water-heated model goose in a simulated environment. This relationship allowed prediction of heat loss, and hence weight loss, from air temperature, wind speed, incident radiation, and goose surface temperature.Severe weather could result in considerable weight loss and it is suggested that this impaired the goose's ability to incubate steadily. Extreme weight loss could result in death, and many nesting geese were found apparently starved during the hatch.

Evaluating seasonal risk and the potential for windspeed reductions to reduce chill index at six locations using GrassGro

2012 ◽  
Vol 52 (10) ◽  
pp. 921 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. C. Broster ◽  
S. M. Robertson ◽  
R. L. Dehaan ◽  
B. J. King ◽  
M. A. Friend
Keyword(s):  
Wind Speed ◽  
Low Temperature ◽  
Heat Loss ◽  
Climatic Factors ◽  
Weather Conditions ◽  
Climate Data ◽  
Support Tool ◽  
Adverse Weather Conditions ◽  
Eastern Australia ◽  
Adverse Weather

The death of newborn lambs is a major factor influencing the reproductive efficiency of sheep enterprises. Adverse weather conditions (wind, precipitation and low temperature), either alone or in combination (chill index), can increase the level of newborn lamb mortality to over 50% of births for short periods through increased heat loss. The provision of shelter to reduce wind speed and therefore chill index (heat loss) has been shown to reduce lamb mortality; however, the reduction in mortality has been variable. This study used the decision support tool GrassGro to determine the likelihood of adverse weather conditions occurring at six locations across south-eastern Australia which varied widely in climate. Data were extracted for 24 consecutive weekly periods between May and October over 39 years (1968–2006) to evaluate daily precipitation, temperature, radiation, wind speed and chill index. The minimum, maximum and median values were calculated for all climatic factors for every week and year combination. The effectiveness of reducing wind speed to reduce the occurrence of a high chill index was also evaluated. The severity of these weather events varied between locations with the median weekly chill index rarely exceeding 1000 kJ/m2.h at Temora, but at both Hamilton and Orange this occurred in over two-thirds of the weeks examined. Reducing wind speed by 50% reduced the number of weeks with a median chill index exceeding 1000 kJ/m2.h in twice as many weeks at Hamilton and Yass compared with Orange. These results show that the potential for shelter to reduce chill index will vary according to the location and time of year. In locations where another climatic factor, such as low temperature or rainfall, has a greater influence on the chill index, shelter which only reduces wind speed, will be less effective than at locations where wind speed is the driver of chill index.

Evaluating Microbial Partitioning Differences Under Storm and Dry-Weather Conditions

2005 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gregory W. Characklis ◽  
Mackenzie J. Dilts ◽  
Otto D. Simmons ◽  
Leigh-Anne H. Krometis ◽  
Christina Likirdopulos ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Weather Conditions ◽  
Microbial Partitioning
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