scholarly journals Trichloroacetic acid as a biomarker of exposure to disinfection by-products in drinking water: a human exposure trial in Adelaide, Australia.

2002 ◽  
Vol 110 (7) ◽  
pp. 679-687 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kenneth L Froese ◽  
Martha I Sinclair ◽  
Steve E Hrudey
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Trichloroacetic Acid ◽  
Human Exposure ◽  
Biomarker Of Exposure ◽  
Exposure Trial ◽  
By Products

scholarly journals Validation of urinary trichloroacetic acid as a biomarker of exposure to drinking water disinfection by-products

2009 ◽  
Vol 7 (3) ◽  
pp. 359-371 ◽  
Author(s):  
Weiping Zhang ◽  
Stephan Gabos ◽  
Donald Schopflocher ◽  
Xing-Fang Li ◽  
Wendy P. Gati ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Trichloroacetic Acid ◽  
Tap Water ◽  
Water Disinfection ◽  
Public Health Issue ◽  
Experimental Exposure ◽  
Biomarker Of Exposure ◽  
Drinking Water Disinfection ◽  
Study Participants ◽  
By Products

Disinfection by-products (DBPs) in drinking water represent a public health issue and a challenge for epidemiology to provide evidence towards the causation of various hypothesized health effects. Validation of a biomarker of exposure to DBPs is a strategy to achieve progress which has been advocated. The objective of this study was to validate urinary trichloroacetic acid (TCAA) excretion as a biomarker of exposure to DBPs in an experimental exposure cohort. A total of 52 healthy women participated in the study. Participants consumed supplied tap water for 15 d and provided urine and blood samples for TCAA measurements. The findings revealed that (1) background levels of TCAA in urine and blood were readily detectable, (2) TCAA levels in blood and urine increased with increased amounts of TCAA ingested, (3) the correlations between measurements of TCAA ingestion and urinary excretion were modest (r=0.66, p<0.001) based on one days' sampling and high (r=0.77–0.83, p<0.001) based on two to four days' sampling, (4) the correlations between measurements of TCAA ingestion and blood TCAA concentration were high (r=0.80, p<0.001) and (5) multiple days' urinary TCAA measures improved the prediction of TCAA ingestion through urinary TCAA excretion. TCAA can be a valid biomarker of exposure for DBPs in drinking water.

scholarly journals Biodegradation of six haloacetic acids in drinking water

2007 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 15-22 ◽  
Author(s):  
Walt Bayless ◽  
Robert C. Andrews
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Trichloroacetic Acid ◽  
Distribution Systems ◽  
Water Distribution ◽  
Haloacetic Acids ◽  
Health Concern ◽  
Drinking Water Distribution Systems ◽  
Drinking Water Distribution ◽  
Monobromoacetic Acid ◽  
By Products

Haloacetic acids (HAAs) are produced by the reaction of chlorine with natural organic matter and are regulated disinfection by-products of health concern. Biofilms in drinking water distribution systems and in filter beds have been associated with the removal of some HAAs, however the removal of all six routinely monitored species (HAA6) has not been previously reported. In this study, bench-scale glass bead columns were used to investigate the ability of a drinking water biofilm to degrade HAA6. Monochloroacetic acid (MCAA) and monobromoacetic acid (MBAA) were the most readily degraded of the halogenated acetic acids. Trichloroacetic acid (TCAA) was not removed biologically when examined at a 90% confidence level. In general, di-halogenated species were removed to a lesser extent than the mono-halogenated compounds. The order of biodegradability by the biofilm was found to be monobromo > monochloro > bromochloro > dichloro > dibromo > trichloroacetic acid.

Genotoxic by‐products in drinking water and human exposure

1999 ◽  
Vol 71 (3-4) ◽  
pp. 331-340 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. Sujbert ◽  
G. Kollár ◽  
G. Öllös ◽  
W.E.G. Müller ◽  
H. C. Schröder
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Human Exposure ◽  
By Products

scholarly journals Exposure to disinfectant by-products and the risk of stillbirth in Massachusetts

2018 ◽  
Vol 75 (10) ◽  
pp. 742-751 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zorimar Rivera-Núñez ◽  
J Michael Wright ◽  
Amy Meyer
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Trichloroacetic Acid ◽  
Dichloroacetic Acid ◽  
Haloacetic Acids ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Second Trimester ◽  
Exposure Response ◽  
Exposure Metrics ◽  
Monobromoacetic Acid ◽  
By Products

ObjectivesWe examined stillbirths in relation to disinfection by-product (DBP) exposures including chloroform, bromodichloromethane (BDCM), dibromochloromethane, bromoform, trichloroacetic acid, dichloroacetic acid (DCAA), monobromoacetic acid and summary DBP measures (trihalomethanes (THM4), haloacetic acids (HAA5), THMBr (brominated trihalomethanes) and DBP9 (sum of THM4 and HAA5)).MethodsWe randomly selected 10 controls for each of the 2460 stillbirth cases with complete quarterly 1997–2004 THM4 and HAA5 town-level drinking water data. Adjusted (aORs) were calculated based on weight-averaged second-trimester DBP exposures.ResultsWe detected statistically significant associations for stillbirths and the upper DCAA quartiles (aOR range: 1.50–1.71). We also found positive associations for the upper four HAA5 quintiles and different stillbirth cause of death categories that were examined including unexplained stillbirth (aOR range: 1.24–1.72), compression of umbilical cord (aOR range: 1.08–1.94), prematurity (aOR range: 1.37–2.88), placental separation and haemorrhage (aOR range: 1.44–2.01) and asphyxia/hypoxia (aOR range: 1.52–1.97). Additionally, we found positive associations between stillbirths and chloroform exposure (aOR range: 1.29 – 1.36) and unexplained stillbirths and BDCM exposure (aOR range: 1.51 – 1.78). We saw no evidence of exposure–response relationships for any categorical DBP metrics.ConclusionsConsistent with some previous studies, we found associations between stillbirths and chloroform and unexplained stillbirth and BDCM exposures. These findings strengthen existing evidence of prenatal THM exposures increasing the risk of stillbirth. Additionally, we saw statistically significant associations between DCAA and stillbirth. Future research should examine cause-specific stillbirths in relation to narrower critical windows and additional DBP exposure metrics beyond trihalomethanes and haloacetic acids.

Temporal variability of disinfection by-products concentration in urban public water system

2013 ◽  
Vol 14 (4) ◽  
pp. 393-398
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Water Samples ◽  
Temporal Variability ◽  
Water System ◽  
The Other ◽  
Major Constituent ◽  
System P ◽  
Public Water System ◽  
Drinking Water Samples ◽  
By Products

The occurrence of trihalomethanes (THMs) was studied in the drinking water samples from urban water supply network of Karachi city that served more than 18 million people. Drinking water samples were collected from 58 locations in summer (May-August) and winter (November-February) seasons. The major constituent of THMs detected was chloroform in winter (92.34%) and summer (93.07%), while the other THMs determined at lower concentrations. Summer and winter concentrations of total THMs at places exceed the levels regulated by UEPA (80 μg l-1) and WHO (100 μg l-1). GIS linked temporal variability in two seasons showed significantly higher median concentration (2.5%-23.06%) of THMs compared to winter.

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