Pricing Variation Within Dual-Distribution Chains: The Different Implications of Externalities and Signaling for High- and Low-Quality Brands

2017 ◽  
Vol 63 (1) ◽  
pp. 139-152 ◽  
Author(s):  
Arturs Kalnins
Keyword(s):  
Dual Distribution

Dual Distribution Matching GAN

2022 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zhiwen Zuo ◽  
Lei Zhao ◽  
Ailin Li ◽  
Zhizhong Wang ◽  
Haibo Chen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Dual Distribution ◽  
Distribution Matching

Dual distribution as a vertical control device

1989 ◽  
Vol 18 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-17 ◽  
Author(s):  
Malcolm B. Coate ◽  
Mark R. Fratrik
Keyword(s):  
Control Device ◽  
Vertical Control ◽  
Dual Distribution

Ownership Redirection in Franchised Channels

1992 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 33-44 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rajiv P. Dant ◽  
Patrick J. Kaufmann ◽  
Audhesh K. Paswan
Keyword(s):  
Public Policy ◽  
Empirical Evidence ◽  
Policy Implications ◽  
The Public ◽  
Dual Distribution ◽  
Do So

Since the typical franchise arrangements permit the more powerful franchisors to simultaneously act as suppliers as well as competitors to their franchisees, apprehensions about potential opportunistic behaviors and allegations of antitrust violations are not uncommon. In turn, this unique structuring of franchises with dual distribution has drawn considerable scrutiny from the public policy platform. In particular, the ownership redirection hypothesis—that the powerful franchisors will reacquire the best franchised outlets relegating only the marginal units to franchisees—has received special attention because it verbalizes the worst fears associated with franchising. This paper provides an evaluation of this hypothesis. To do so, we examine (1) the key premises of the hypothesis from the perspectives of a number of related literatures and (2) the available empirical evidence on the hypothesis. Both aspects of the appraisal point to a number of unresolved issues with important public policy implications.

Wastewater Reclamation and Water Resources Management

1991 ◽  
Vol 24 (9) ◽  
pp. 251-265 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gedaliah Shelef
Keyword(s):  
Water Resources ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Distribution Systems ◽  
Wastewater Reuse ◽  
Water Shortage ◽  
Agricultural Irrigation ◽  
Wastewater Reclamation ◽  
Dual Distribution ◽  
Complex Scheme ◽  
The Cost

Wastewater reclamation and reuse are becoming important components of the management of urban, regional and national water resources. Recently, not only countries with chronic water shortage, but also urban areas in temperate climates have considered and implemented wastewater reuse schemes expanding the scope of consumptive uses to include toilet flushing and landscape irrigation, using dual distribution systems and even the reuse as potable waters is being considered and evaluated. Israel is an example of intensive reuse in agricultural irrigation and much experience has been gained in treatment, seasonal reservoirs and establishing quality requirements. The economical justification of wastewater reuse schemes should take into account the overall treatment costs, the ‘environmental and health allowances', i.e. the cost of treatment required even when reuse is not practiced, the benefits of water and the savings in conveyance and pumping. The paper also briefly describes the two largest wastewater reclamation projects in Israel, namely: the Kishon Complex Scheme and the Dan Region Scheme, both aimed at unrestricted agricultural irrigation of all crops.

Fluorescence monitoring for cross-connection detection in water reuse systems: Australian case studies

2010 ◽  
Vol 61 (1) ◽  
pp. 155-162 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. C. Hambly ◽  
R. K. Henderson ◽  
A. Baker ◽  
R. M. Stuetz ◽  
S. J. Khan
Keyword(s):  
Electrical Conductivity ◽  
Water Reuse ◽  
Potable Water ◽  
Water Systems ◽  
Monitoring Tool ◽  
Recycled Water ◽  
Fluorescence Excitation ◽  
Dual Distribution ◽  
Highly Sensitive ◽  
Australian Case

A rapid, highly sensitive method for detection of cross-connections between recycled and potable water in dual reticulation systems is required. The aim of this research was to determine the potential of fluorescence spectroscopy as a monitoring tool at three Australian dual distribution (drinking and recycled water) systems. Weekly grab samples of recycled and potable water were obtained over 12 weeks at each site and analysed for fluorescence excitation-emission matrix (EEM) spectroscopy, UV254, dissolved organic carbon (DOC), electrical conductivity and pH. Fluorescence EEM spectroscopy was able to differentiate between recycled and potable water at each site by monitoring the protein-like fluorescence at peak T—an excitation-emission wavelength pair of λex/em = 300/350 nm. While electrical conductivity was also able to distinguish between recycled and potable water, the differentiation was greatest when using fluorescence. For example, the peak T fluorescence in recycled water was up to 10 times that of potable water in comparison with electrical conductivity that had a maximum 5 times differentiation. Furthermore, by comparing the protein-like fluorescence at peak T and humic-like fluorescence at peak A (λex/em = 235/426 nm), the three different recycled water systems were able to be differentiated. Overall, fluorescence shows promise as a monitoring tool for detecting cross-connections.

scholarly journals Exploring Agency Theory Implications With Franchising

2011 ◽  
Vol 4 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Dean R. Manna ◽  
Alan D. Smith ◽  
David P. Synowka
Keyword(s):  
Agency Theory ◽  
Risk Sharing ◽  
Market Demand ◽  
Strategic Decisions ◽  
Operational Effectiveness ◽  
Theoretical Perspectives ◽  
Trade Offs ◽  
Dual Distribution ◽  
Shopping Experience ◽  
The Impact

<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; margin: 0in 0.5in 0pt;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;">The franchiser-franchisee relationship (FFR) can be examined from two theoretical perspectives, Agency Theory and Exchange Theory.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">&nbsp; </span>Strategic management of demands that the leadership makes decisions on what the company should do and what the company should not do.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">&nbsp; </span>This type of decision-making is called making trade-offs and has much to do with Agency Theory&rsquo;s applications to FFR.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">&nbsp; </span>One reason that operational effectiveness is the preferred way is that it has inherently little risks during the short term.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">&nbsp; </span>Managers would be willing to make decisions if the risks were not so high on the long term.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">&nbsp; </span>From the Agency Theory viewpoint, dual distribution can be analyzed in a cost versus cost trade-off schema.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">&nbsp; </span>The approach argues that both franchising and company ownership have costs associated with them.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">&nbsp; </span>Dual distribution is considered an internal solution to the cost tradeoff.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">&nbsp; </span>Some of the costs in question are inefficiency of client risk sharing, franchisees that are free riding and the legal costs of terminating a franchise.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">&nbsp; </span>Under dual distribution the mix of company ownership and franchising minimizes the sum of these total costs.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">&nbsp; </span>When looking at market demand and the impact strategic decisions may influence it several factors come into play, including point of sale service.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">&nbsp; </span>The components include the impact of outlet level services provided to the consumer enhancing value via the shopping experience, the franchiser&rsquo;s level of effort to streamline the supply chain to all retail outlets, which enhances the image and reputation of the brand with the customer.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">&nbsp; </span>Aspects of Agency Theory can be extended to include credible communication of franchise brand equity.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">&nbsp; </span></span></span></span></p>

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