الممارسة العرفانية في التراث العربي من نسق الإنتاج إلى نسق الاستقبال = The Cognitive Practice in the Arabic Patrimony from a Productive Structure to a Receptive One

2019 ◽  
pp. 55-78
Author(s):  
شتيح ، صليحة
Keyword(s):  
Productive Structure ◽  
Cognitive Practice

New evidence of metallurgical production during the Ptolemaic period in the ancient harbor of Berenike (Eastern Desert) in Egypt

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joan Oller Guzmán
Keyword(s):  
Eastern Desert ◽  
Roman Period ◽  
Special Focus ◽  
Hellenistic Period ◽  
Metallurgical Furnace ◽  
Metallurgical Production ◽  
First Results ◽  
Southwestern Area ◽  
Productive Structure ◽  
New Evidence

This paper tries to explain the first results obtained on trench 102, located on the southwestern area of the ancient harbour of Berenike. Chronologically the trench runs from the Late Hellenistic to Roman Period, showing different uses of this area during Antiquity. Some of the data recovered are quite interesting in order to understand the evolution of this scarcely known area of Berenike’s harbor. The identification of a metallurgical furnace related to the Late Hellenistic Period is especially remarkable, as it provides some insights about the structure of this zone under the last Ptolemaic rulers. So, the main objective of the paper is to offer new data about the productive structure of this site during the Ptolemaic period with special focus on the metallurgical production.

scholarly journals Hayek’s Best Test of a Good Economist

2021 ◽  
pp. 121-124
Author(s):  
Jesús Huerta De Soto
Keyword(s):  
Economic Theory ◽  
Aggregate Demand ◽  
Final Analysis ◽  
Social Engineering ◽  
Chicago School ◽  
Final Demand ◽  
Capital Equipment ◽  
Select Group ◽  
Key Points ◽  
Productive Structure

A careful reading of the quotations that Hayek left us upon his death on hundreds of cards explains what is, in his opinion, the ultimate and definitive test of whether or not someone is a true economist. It is curious to draw attention to the fact that Hayek had already referred to this matter in Appendix III to his Pure Theory of Capital, which he wrote in 1941 and which ends with the following words: «More than ever it seems to me to be true that the complete apprehension of the doctrine that ‘de-mand of commodities is not demand for labour’ is ‘the best test of an economist’» (Hayek 1976, p. 439). Here, Hayek wishes to highlight one of the key points of the theory of capital: the real productive structure is very complex and is formed by many stages, in such a way that an increase in the demand for con-sumer commodities will always be detrimental to employment in the stages furthest away from consumption (which is precisely where most of the workers are employed). Or, in other words, the employers can perfectly well earn money, even if their rev-enue (or «aggregate demand») drops, if they reduce their costs by replacing labour by capital equipment, thus indirectly gen-erating a significant demand for employment in the stages of capital goods production furthest away from consumption (Huerta de Soto 1998, pp. 213-313). It is more than illustrative how Hayek, in the select group of quotations on economic theory that he has left us in hundreds of his handwriting cards, wished to refer, once again, to these key ideas of the theory of capital. Effectively, Hayek now tells us that «Investment is more discouraged than stimulated by a high de-mand for consumer goods, and so is employment because in an ad-vancing economy more workers are employed to work for the distant fu-ture than for the present»(emphasis added). And he also says that «In the end is the decrease of final demand at current prices that leads to new investment to reduce costs». Therefore, Hayek con-cludes that «employment is not determined by aggregate demand». In short, for Hayek, the best test for an economist is to understand the implicit fallacy contained in the underconsumption theories and in what is called the shrift paradox or paradox of saving: «It is not consumer’s demand that secures the generation of incomes. It is investment of the excess of incomes over consumer’s expendi-tures which keeps incomes up». A large number of economists are unable to understand these principles because they adopt the macroeconomic aggregate approach that Hayek considers to be a serious error that leads, in the final analysis, to social engineering and socialism («Socialism is based on macroeconomics —a scien-tific error»). The only way of understanding what happens at «macro» level is by using microeconomics: «We can understand the macrosociety only by microeconomics». Furthermore, even the Chicago School monetarists are victims of this error: «Even Milton Friedman is reported to have once said ‘we are all Keynesians now’». The approach based on the model of equilibrium and mac-roeconomics is erroneous because «a science which starts with the conceit that it posses information which it cannot obtain is not a science». The same may be said of Welfare Economics, which, for Hayek, is «the spurious scientific foundation of socialist policies».

The Recent Internationalization of Brazilian Companies

2012 ◽  
pp. 590-618
Author(s):  
Glauco Arbix ◽  
Luiz Caseiro
Keyword(s):  
North America ◽  
South America ◽  
Equal Footing ◽  
Special Analysis ◽  
Regional Markets ◽  
Advanced Economies ◽  
Productive Structure ◽  
The Creation ◽  
Past Experiences ◽  
A Share

The recent wave of internationalization among Brazilian companies differs from past experiences, in terms of volume, reach, destination and quality. Brazilian multinationals are not restricting their activities solely to regional markets, nor are their first steps entirely directed towards South America. In amount of investment and number of subsidiaries there are signs they prefer assets and activities in advanced markets—including Europe and North America—where they compete on an equal footing with major conglomerates for a share of these markets. Some Brazilian companies have previous internationalization experience, and a significant portion had been prepared and initiated outward growth in the 1990s, after the economy opened up. However, the boom of internationalization that began in 2004 took place in such unusual conditions as to deserve highlight and special analysis. This chapter discusses the recent expansion of Brazilian multinationals as a result of: (1) the functioning of a more responsive and targeted system of financing, (2) transformation of the Brazilian productive structure, which led to the emergence of a group of companies seeking internationalization as a strategy, (3) preference for seeking more advanced economies as a means to expand access to new markets and suppliers, as well as to absorb innovations and technology, (4) the State’s performance in several dimensions, especially in financing the implementation of policies which support the creation of large national groups with a presence in the globalized market.

Mental Models

2011 ◽  
pp. 574-579
Author(s):  
Daniel Churchill
Keyword(s):  
Mental Models ◽  
Mental Model ◽  
Repeated Application ◽  
Internal Representations ◽  
The Mind ◽  
Mind's Eye ◽  
Cognitive Practice

It is widely assumed that mental models are internal representations. Humans are capable of constructing these models when required by demands of an external task or by a self-generated stimulus. “Mind’s eye” can see, run, and interact with these mental models. Rather than stored in strictly fixed form in the mind, mental models are constructed on the spot when needed. Repeated application leads to refinement of a mental model and possible automation of its construction and use processes in one’s cognitive practice.

Flipped Instructional Technology

2016 ◽  
pp. 702-712
Author(s):  
Kevin Paul Barrons
Keyword(s):  
Experiential Learning ◽  
Flipped Classroom ◽  
Zone Of Proximal Development ◽  
Proximal Development ◽  
Learner Motivation ◽  
Course Work ◽  
The University ◽  
Cognitive Practice ◽  
University Setting ◽  
Value Creation Process

Most recently, the Flipped Classroom concept has drawn attention by educators as a means of organizational and individual competencies. The goal in the university setting is to improve cognitive practice and increase learning in the value creation process and the zone of proximal development (ZPD) environment. Seeing one experiences this newest pedagogy in “flipped classroom” design, it has changed various educational disciplines in business education due to the increase in the success in learner motivation and comprehension - based on the objectives required for course work. Educational technology has played a key role providing a catalyst in this achievement. For example: The ZPD and experiential learning are applied in the growth of specialist in the field of management information systems (MIS).

Direct Calculation of Average and Marginal Costs From the Productive Structure of an Energy System

1995 ◽  
Vol 117 (3) ◽  
pp. 171-178 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Lazzaretto ◽  
A. Macor
Keyword(s):  
Unit Cost ◽  
Direct Calculation ◽  
Optimization Methods ◽  
Energy System ◽  
Marginal Costs ◽  
Unit Costs ◽  
Average Unit ◽  
Productive Structure ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Direct Inspection

Most of the thermoeconomic accounting and optimization methods for energy systems are based upon a definition of the productive purpose for each component. On the basis of this definition, a productive structure of the system can be defined in which the interactions among the components are described by their fuel product. The aim of this work is to calculate marginal and average unit costs of the exergy flows starting from their definitions by a direct inspection of the productive structure. As a main result, it is noticed that the only differences between marginal and average unit cost equations are located in the capital cost terms of input-output cost balance equations of the components.

Maya Divination: Ritual Techniques of Distributed Cognition

2016 ◽  
Vol 16 (3-4) ◽  
pp. 177-198 ◽  
Author(s):  
John J. McGraw
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Cultural Values ◽  
Distributed Cognition ◽  
Ethnographic Research ◽  
Cognitive Practice ◽  
Mediating Structures

Based on more than 24 months of ethnographic research among Maya ritualists in the western highlands of Guatemala, this article examines howpajooneem, ortz’ite’seed divination, facilitates decision-making and distributes cognition between client, diviner, and ritual techniques.Tz’ite’seed divination exhibits a stylized routine that draws on important ‘mediating structures,’ including the 260-day ritual calendar known throughout Mesoamerica. Because it is both a ritual and cognitive practice, Maya divination grounds decision-making in a perennially relevant set of cultural values.

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