scholarly journals THE FUNDAMENTAL PRINCIPLES OF THE CONSTITUTIONAL-LEGAL STATUS OF THE REGIONS OF THE CARIBBEAN (ATLANTIC) COAST OF NICARAGUA

2018 ◽  
Vol 4 (5) ◽  
pp. 1-1
Author(s):  
Игорь Ирхин ◽  
Igor Irkhin
Keyword(s):  
Legal Status ◽  
Atlantic Coast ◽  
The Caribbean

Environmental Aspects of the Atlantic Slave Trade and Caribbean Plantations

2007 ◽  
Author(s):  
William Beinart ◽  
Lotte Hughes
Keyword(s):  
Native American ◽  
Seventeenth Century ◽  
Slave Trade ◽  
Atlantic Coast ◽  
Family Farms ◽  
European Consumer ◽  
Agrarian Communities ◽  
The Caribbean ◽  
Cod Fisheries ◽  
Colonial New England

The Atlantic world became Britain’s main early imperial arena in the seventeenth century. Subsequent to Ireland, North America and the Caribbean were the most important zones of British settler colonialism. At the northern limits of settlement, around the Atlantic coast, the St Lawrence River, the Great Lakes and on the shores of the Hudson Bay, cod fisheries and fur-trading networks were established in competition with the French. This intrusion, while it had profound effects on the indigenous population, was comparatively constrained. Secondly, British settlements were founded in colonial New England from 1620. Expanding agrarian communities, based largely on family farms, displaced Native Americans, while the ports thrived on trade and fisheries. In the hotter zones to the south, both in the Caribbean and on the mainland, slave plantations growing tropical products became central to British expansion. Following in Spanish footsteps, coastal Virginia was occupied in 1607 and various Caribbean islands were captured from the 1620s: Barbados in 1627, and Jamaica in 1655. The Atlantic plantation system was shaped in part by environment and disease. But these forces cannot be explored in isolation from European capital and consumption, or the balance of political power between societies in Europe, Africa, and America. An increase in European consumer demand for relatively few agricultural commodities—sugar, tobacco, cotton, and to a lesser extent ginger, coffee, indigo, arrowroot, nutmeg, and lime—drove plantation production and the slave trade. The possibility of providing these largely non-essential additions for British consumption arose from a ‘constellation’ of factors ‘welded in the seventeenth century’ and surviving until the mid-nineteenth century, aided by trade protectionism. This chapter analyses some of these factors and addresses the problem of how much weight can be given to environmental explanations. Plantations concentrated capital and large numbers of people in profoundly hierarchical institutions that occupied relatively little space in the newly emerging Atlantic order. In contrast to the extractive enterprise of the fur trade, this was a frontier of agricultural production, which required little involvement from indigenous people. On some islands, such as Barbados, Spanish intrusions had already decimated the Native American population before the British arrived; there was little resistance.

Atmospheric circulation associated with the arrival of sargassum in the Caribbean Sea.

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jose Antonio Salinas ◽  
María Eugenia Maya ◽  
Constantina Hernández
Keyword(s):  
Interannual Variability ◽  
Extreme Values ◽  
Atlantic Coast ◽  
Surface Wind ◽  
Caribbean Sea ◽  
Atmospheric Conditions ◽  
Annual And Interannual Variability ◽  
The Caribbean ◽  
Extreme Winds ◽  
Central Atlantic

<p>The arrival of sargassum in a massive way generates adverse environmental, social and economic impacts. Little is known about its origin and trajectory, as well as the atmospheric and oceanic conditions under which it arrives at the Mexican coasts of the Caribbean. This poster presents a diagnosis of the seasonal, annual and interannual variability of atmospheric circulations in the Atlantic and Caribbean Sea, identifying the atmospheric conditions under which sargassum arrived on the Mexican coasts. 30 years of surface wind data from CFSR (Climate Forecast System Reanalysis) of NCAR on the Atlantic and Caribbean were analyzed, dividing the area into six areas, for each one its seasonal, annual and interannual variability was estimated, as well as its extreme values from 1989 to 2018, focusing the study on both the Caribbean Sea and the Atlantic coast of Brazil.</p><p>Once the mean, extreme winds (10th and 90th percentiles) and their correlation with the NAO (North Atlantic Oscillation) were diagnosed interannually, particular years of the recent period were analyzed: from 2010 to 2019 incorporating the wind convergence as a physical process associated with the accumulation of sargassum, surface pressure and sea surface temperature (SST) and also correlating it with the NAO index.</p><p>The results show that the atmospheric conditions for transporting sargassum along the Mexican coasts of the Caribbean are more favorable in summer than in winter, besides it, the higher extremes (90th percentile) in the Caribbean favor the transport of sargassum both in winter and in summer. However, "connectivity" with other regions (Central Atlantic) makes summer more favorable, but winter is potentially viable. The atmospheric conditions of recent extreme years are discussed: 2013 (without the arrival of sargassum), medium: 2015 and extreme 2018 (with abundant sargassum) for both summer and winter.</p>

Biogeography of Iberian Atlantic Neogene marginelliform gastropods (Marginellidae, Cystiscidae): global change and transatlantic colonization

2011 ◽  
Vol 85 (6) ◽  
pp. 1052-1066 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carlos Marques Da Silva ◽  
Bernard Landau ◽  
Rafael La Perna
Keyword(s):  
West Africa ◽  
Sea Water ◽  
Atlantic Coast ◽  
Central American ◽  
Marine Gastropods ◽  
High Productivity ◽  
Complex Process ◽  
Central American Seaway ◽  
Central Portugal ◽  
The Caribbean

The Marginellidae Fleming and the Cystiscidae Stimpson, herein collectively referred to as marginelliform gastropods, are convergent families of thermophilic marine gastropods. Shallow-water marginelliform gastropods are found in the Ibero-Moroccan Gulf and Mediterranean, diversity rapidly increasing towards tropical West Africa. Surprisingly, in the tropical and subtropical European Miocene fossil record, marginelliform genera of tropical affinity such asPersiculaSchumacher andPrunumHerrmannsen, occurring today in West Africa, are altogether missing. Others, such asMarginellaLamarck, are present only in the southwestern Iberian and Mediterranean Neogene record. This work describes the marginelliform gastropods from the Atlantic Iberian Neogene. Ten species are recorded, of which three are new,Persicula mikhailovaen. sp.,Gibberula costaen. sp., andGibberula brebionin. sp. This study shows thatGibberulaSwainson andVolvarinaHinds have been present in Europe since the Eocene.Marginellamay have originated in southern Africa and migrated north to Europe in the Miocene, never extending further north than west central Portugal.PersiculaandPrunumprobably originated in the Caribbean and migrated east during the Pliocene, following closure of the Central American Seaway. The colonization of the Pliocene European Atlantic coast by gastropods of these genera was selective, only where high sea-water temperature and high productivity were combined. These findings suggest that post-Messinian recolonization of the Mediterranean during the Pliocene was a complex process, involving colonization by groups originating in various regions of the Atlantic, including Europe, Africa and the Americas.

scholarly journals A Case for Reversing Language Shift on the Atlantic Coast of Nicaragua

2016 ◽  
Vol 24 (1) ◽  
pp. 74-83
Author(s):  
Barbara Jean Tasker-Mueller
Keyword(s):  
Cultural Difference ◽  
Atlantic Coast ◽  
Language Shift ◽  
Black Diaspora ◽  
Caribbean Coast ◽  
Linguistic Rights ◽  
Linguistic Research ◽  
The Caribbean ◽  
Autonomous Regions ◽  
The University

I examine the work being done by the Linguistic Research and Revitalization Institute (IPILC) at the University of the Autonomous Regions of the Caribbean Coast of Nicaragua (URACCAN) and the dilemmas faced in claiming and implementing the linguistic rights that were granted under the 1987 Law of Autonomy for the Caribbean Coast Regions. The problems I discuss in this case are not unique to Nicaragua’s Creoles, nor to Black diaspora cultures, they are merely part of larger issues which affect all minoritized groups who seek to assert the legitimacy of their languages and cultures within hegemonic discourses around cultural difference.

scholarly journals Reproductive biology of Cabot's Terns on Cardos Island, Santa Catarina, Brazil

2011 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. 75-81 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hélio Augusto Alves Fracasso ◽  
Joaquim Olinto Branco ◽  
Edison Barbieri
Keyword(s):  
South America ◽  
Reproductive Biology ◽  
Incubation Time ◽  
Egg Size ◽  
Hatching Success ◽  
Atlantic Coast ◽  
Nesting Success ◽  
Santa Catarina ◽  
Caribbean Islands ◽  
The Caribbean

Cabot's Terns Thalasseus acuflavidus (Latham, 1737) are widely distributed along the Atlantic coast of South America from the Caribbean Islands (12º S) to the region of Porto Deseado, Argentina (46º S). Daily observations were conducted on the Cardos Island during 2003, 2005 and 2006 to determine timing and nesting success, and the reproductive biology of the Cabot's Terns nesting there. The first adults arrived at the colony from 22 April to 15 May during the three years recorded; a total of 144 nests were recorded in 2003, 174 in 2005 and 50 in 2006. Observed incubation time was 24.1 ± 0.35 days, and mean egg size was 5.15 ± 0.02 cm in length and 34.30 ± 0.25 g in weight. Hatching success was lowest in 2003 and highest in 2006, with natural causes (such as nest abandonment, flooding, inter and intra-specific fight) being the main cause of loss. The first eggs hatched in July in 2003, and in June in 2005 and 2006. Overall nesting success was lowest (4.00%) in 2006 and much higher (36.1% and 27.01%, respectively) in 2003 and 2005.

ABERRANT AUTUMNAL MIGRATION OF THE EASTERN POPULATION OF THE MONARCH BUTTERFLY, DANAUS P. PLEXIPPUS (LEPIDOPTERA: DANAIDAE) AS IT RELATES TO THE OCCURRENCE OF STRONG WESTERLY WINDS

1979 ◽  
Vol 111 (11) ◽  
pp. 1281-1286 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. A. Urquhart ◽  
N. R. Urquhart
Keyword(s):  
First Generation ◽  
Atlantic Coast ◽  
Monarch Butterfly ◽  
Greater Antilles ◽  
Eastern Population ◽  
Westerly Winds ◽  
Migratory Routes ◽  
The Caribbean ◽  
Pass Through ◽  
Overwintering Site

AbstractStrong westerly winds occurring during autumnal migration of the eastern population of the monarch butterfly in North America, affect those butterflies migrating from areas east of long. 90°. The following aberrant migratory routes are presented: (1) Migrants moving down the Atlantic coast pass through the Florida peninsula to western Cuba thence to the overwintering site in Guatemala and Honduras; (2) migrants forced over the Atlantic ocean eventually reach the Bahama islands and thence to Yucatan, or Honduras via Jamaica and other islands of the Caribbean Sea, to the overwintering site in Guatemala and Honduras; (3) migrants arriving in the eastern islands of the Greater Antilles may eventually arrive in the Cordilleran mountains of Columbia and northwestern Venezuela; (4) migrants from the Lesser Antilles may return, along with members of a first generation, in the spring without establishing an overwintering site—the fate of these few occasional spring migrants is unknown.

Similarity analysis of hydroid assemblages along a latitudinal gradient in the western North Atlantic

1992 ◽  
Vol 70 (6) ◽  
pp. 1078-1085 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dale R. Calder
Keyword(s):  
Chesapeake Bay ◽  
North Atlantic ◽  
Atlantic Coast ◽  
Canadian Arctic ◽  
Caribbean Sea ◽  
The United States ◽  
Middle Atlantic ◽  
Cape Hatteras ◽  
The Caribbean ◽  
The Tropics

Shallow-water (0–100 m depth) hydroid faunas reported from 26 locations along the western North Atlantic coast between the high Canadian Arctic archipelago and the Caribbean Sea were compared. Species numbers varied widely between locations, but were highest in the tropics and subtropics, lowest in arctic and subarctic waters, and intermediate in mid-latitudes. Percentages of species producing free medusae were lowest in high latitudes, intermediate in low latitudes, and highest in mid-latitudes (especially in estuaries). In a numerical analysis, similar hydroid faunas were identified at locations (i) between the high Canadian Arctic islands and the Strait of Belle Isle off western Newfoundland; (ii) between the Gulf of St. Lawrence and Chesapeake Bay; (iii) between North Carolina and southeastern Florida (south as far as St. Lucie Inlet), and including the northern Gulf of Mexico; (iv) in the Caribbean Sea, together with Dry Tortugas and the oceanic island of Bermuda. The greatest change in hydroid species composition along the coast appeared to occur around Cape Hatteras. An assemblage on the continental shelf off the middle Atlantic states of the United States appeared to be distinct because of its low hydroid diversity. Faunistically, however, its affinities were decidedly with assemblages at locations between the Gulf of St. Lawrence and Chesapeake Bay. In addition to latitudinal changes in faunal composition, dissimilarities in hydroid species assemblages were noted between certain inshore and offshore locations at comparable latitudes. Numerical classification of locations provides additional evidence for delineation of biogeographic regions along the western North Atlantic coast.

scholarly journals Extinction in transition: coca, coal, and the production of enmity in Colombia's post-peace accords environment

2022 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hannah Meszaros Martin ◽  
Oscar Pedraza
Keyword(s):  
Coal Mining ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Atlantic Coast ◽  
Peace Agreement ◽  
The Andes ◽  
Ecological Conservation ◽  
The Caribbean ◽  
The Government ◽  
Extractive Economies ◽  
The Military

At the Paris Climate Summit in 2015, then Colombian president Juan Manuel Santos proposed constructing a multi-national biodiversity corridor that would extend from the Andes to the Brazilian Atlantic coast. Santos highlighted increased militarization of the territory as one advantage of the corridor. In this model, ecological conservation becomes a matter of national/natural security, in the form of counterinsurgency to counter illegal economies. Climate change and ecological disaster mean the forest needs the military power of the State to save it from destruction. We argue that such conservation entails a form of necropolitics lying in wait; because to conserve one part is to condemn the other – framed as the enemy – to certain destruction, as land is simultaneously designated for large-scale development projects. Conservation, in effect, becomes tied to a form of extinction. Our article examines two increasingly militarized frontiers that work through conservation in Colombia. The first is where the Andes meets the Amazon rainforest, an area that has seen an increase in deforestation following the 2016 Peace Agreement with the FARC. Deforestation is often attributed to the cultivation of coca (used to produce cocaine), and the solution posited by the government is to eradicate the plant. We argue that eradication of illicit crops is a form of enforced extinction that militarizes the forest, targeting both human and non-human inhabitants. The second frontier concerns coal mining on the Caribbean coast, where mass environmental devastation induced by the industry has led to a forced reorganization of life in the region. The military guards the sites of extraction and those who oppose coal mining become targets for elimination. We bring these two cases – coal and coca – into dialogue, to trace the extinction-driven expansion of extractive economies, a process intertwined with armed conflict, narcotrafficking, and now with transitional politics.

Candidatus Phytoplasma palmae (lethal yellowing (LY)).

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nigel A Harrison
Keyword(s):  
Atlantic Coast ◽  
Caribbean Region ◽  
Southern Mexico ◽  
The Past ◽  
Lethal Yellowing ◽  
The Caribbean

Abstract The Atlantic tall, the most prevalent coconut ecotype throughout the Caribbean region and Atlantic coast of the Americas (Harries, 1978a), is highly susceptible to LY disease. During the past three decades, at least 50% of Florida's estimated one million coconut palms and over 80% of Jamaica's five million coconut palms have been eliminated by LY (McCoy et al., 1983). Similar epidemic losses of coconut to LY continued along the Atlantic coasts of southern Mexico and Honduras (Oropeza and Zizumbo, 1997). Although rarely affecting palms less than 5 years old, the disease prevents any re-establishment of highly susceptible coconut ecotypes in LY-endemic locations such as Florida and Jamaica.

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