Pragmatics and Syntax of the Discourse: Designation of the Speech Property and the Manner of Expression in the Contemporary Communication

10.12737/7774 ◽  
2015 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 19-24
Author(s):  
Шапошников ◽  
Vladimir Shaposhnikov
Keyword(s):  
New Words ◽  
Language System ◽  
Important State

Constructive signs that occupy the important state by forming and organizing of the think, the means of the speech property and subjective manner of the expression denotation in discourse are considered. The specifics of their content and constructive components and the role of the discoursemodal words in the utterance are determined$ their functional-stylistic attitude in the language system is fixed. The going linguistic changes are described; becoming obsolete and disappearing of some words, appearing of the new words and their structural-communicative state, the transformation of some language units meanings are described.

Non-verbal Language: Sign Language

2015 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 15-20
Author(s):  
Дубинский ◽  
Vladimir Dubinskiy
Keyword(s):  
Sign Language ◽  
New Words ◽  
Verbal Language ◽  
Language System ◽  
Important State

Constructive signs that occupy the important state by forming and organizing of the think, the means of the speech property and subjective manner of the expression denotation in discourse are considered. The specifics of their content and constructive components and the role of the discoursemodal words in the utterance are determined$ their functional-stylistic attitude in the language system is fixed. The going linguistic changes are described; becoming obsolete and disappearing of some words, appearing of the new words and their structural-communicative state, the transformation of some language units meanings are described.

TO THE QUESTION ABOUT SPECIAL TYPE OF OCCASIONAL WORDS IN RUSSIAN

2019 ◽  
pp. 305-307
Author(s):  
N.N. Zaitseva
Keyword(s):  
Word Formation ◽  
Formation Mechanisms ◽  
Basic Part ◽  
New Words ◽  
Language System ◽  
Informal Conversation ◽  
Mobile Part

The lexical level is the most mobile part of the language system. This mobility is in many respects caused by word-formation mechanisms. In live informal conversation the process of occurrence of new words is continuous and active. The basic part of new words is created according to productive models. The share of occasional ways in word-formation is less. However, it grows, as the occasional way in itself is more expressive and more emphatic. In the work we will pay attention to the words created by means of one of the ways of occasional word-formation.

scholarly journals INFLUENCE OF COGNITIVE DYSONANCE ON THE FORMATION OF THE LANGUAGE SYSTEM

2019 ◽  
pp. 70-78
Author(s):  
T. Krech ◽  
I. Milyeva
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Dissonance ◽  
Human Mind ◽  
Communication Process ◽  
Psychological Reality ◽  
Language System ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The Many

The language system is susceptible to the many changes that occur in society and the consciousness of its members. Language units can be motivated by taboos – a phenomenon that causes a person to abandon the use of some language units and replace them with others that are more suitable for this communicative situation. Such a replacement is due to mental rejection, emotional discomfort, in fact, cognitive dissonance, which is born as a result of various objective and subjective factors. The presence in the human mind of a fideistic attitude to the word is a psychological reality. Therefore, the use of replacement words as a result of a certain mental discomfort has become the subject of research not only for linguists, but also for scientists who deal with issues of culture, religion, ethnography, and especially psychology. Some sources that we used to write an article are not so much of a linguistic nature, but rather of a psycholinguistic one. At the same time, scientists note that consciously or unconsciously, but a person always feels a greater role of associative connections between a word and a named subject. The purpose of the article is to study language units motivated by ancient remnants, and to determine the role of euphemisms in the communication process. It is these “soft” expressions that make speech more pleasant, one that protects the psyche and aesthetic feelings of a person.

scholarly journals COMPOUND NOUNS IN GERMAN LANGUAGE

2020 ◽  
Vol 1 (10(78)) ◽  
pp. 124-127
Author(s):  
Svitlana Korol
Keyword(s):  
Component Composition ◽  
Word Formation ◽  
Regular Growth ◽  
German Language ◽  
New Words ◽  
Plural Form ◽  
Compound Nouns ◽  
Object Of Study ◽  
Relationship Of

The article deals with one of the most common types of word formation in German as word compounding. Compound nouns have become the object of study, as this part of the language leads the way in the formation of new words in this way. The relevance of the research is reinforced by the fact that German compound nouns differ by their multicomponent structure and are in the process of regular growth of their numbers, so they are attracting the attention of Germanists of different generations continuously. The study has examined the nature of the component composition of composites, the types of bonding between components, the types of constituent components, the role of the connecting element, the syllable’s accentuation of components of the compound noun etc. The compound can be built from nouns, adjectives, verbs or an invariable element (prepositions). There is no limit of the number of the associated words. The last word in the compound always determines the gender and plural form of the compound noun. The connectors or linking elements in existing German compound words often correspond to old case endings (e.g., plural, genitive). These endings expressed the relationship of the compound parts to one another. The article considers the causes of the formation of complex nouns. Compounds make the German language more flexible. In general, compounds are used to convey more information in one word and for reasons of language economy. Special attention deserves such a phenomenon as Denglish. This is the mashing of words from the two languages to create new hybrid words.

scholarly journals Geographical and social isolation drive the evolution of Austronesian languages

PLoS ONE ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 15 (12) ◽  
pp. e0243171
Author(s):  
Cecilia Padilla-Iglesias ◽  
Erik Gjesfjeld ◽  
Lucio Vinicius
Keyword(s):  
Social Structure ◽  
Population Size ◽  
Social Isolation ◽  
Linguistic Diversity ◽  
Cultural Group ◽  
Geographical Isolation ◽  
Austronesian Languages ◽  
New Words ◽  
Gain Loss

The origins of linguistic diversity remain controversial. Studies disagree on whether group features such as population size or social structure accelerate or decelerate linguistic differentiation. While some analyses of between-group factors highlight the role of geographical isolation and reduced linguistic exchange in differentiation, others suggest that linguistic divergence is driven primarily by warfare among neighbouring groups and the use of language as marker of group identity. Here we provide the first integrated test of the effects of five historical sociodemographic and geographic variables on three measures of linguistic diversification among 50 Austronesian languages: rates of word gain, loss and overall lexical turnover. We control for their shared evolutionary histories through a time-calibrated phylogenetic sister-pairs approach. Results show that languages spoken in larger communities create new words at a faster pace. Within-group conflict promotes linguistic differentiation by increasing word loss, while warfare hinders linguistic differentiation by decreasing both rates of word gain and loss. Finally, we show that geographical isolation is a strong driver of lexical evolution mainly due to a considerable drift-driven acceleration in rates of word loss. We conclude that the motor of extreme linguistic diversity in Austronesia may have been the dispersal of populations across relatively isolated islands, favouring strong cultural ties amongst societies instead of warfare and cultural group marking.

scholarly journals Gaze as a Window to the Process of Novel Adjective Mapping

Languages ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 33
Author(s):  
Hanako Yoshida ◽  
Aakash Patel ◽  
Joseph Burling
Keyword(s):  
Learning Task ◽  
Target Object ◽  
Attention Allocation ◽  
Correct Item ◽  
New Words ◽  
Knowledge Account ◽  
Category Knowledge ◽  
Children's Attention ◽  
Performance Results

This study evaluated two explanations for how learning of novel adjectives is facilitated when all the objects are from the same category (e.g., exemplar and testing objects are all CUPS) and the object category is a known to the children. One explanation (the category knowledge account) focuses on early knowledge of syntax–meaning correspondence, and another (the attentional account) focuses on the role of repeated perceptual properties. The first account presumes implicit understanding that all the objects belong to the same category, and the second account presumes only that redundant perceptual experiences minimize distraction from irrelevant features and thus guide children’s attention directly to the correct item. The present study tests the two accounts by documenting moment-to-moment attention allocation (e.g., looking at experimenter’s face, exemplar object, target object) during a novel adjective learning task with 50 3-year-olds. The results suggest that children’s attention was guided directly to the correct item during the adjective mapping and that such direct attention allocation to the correct item predicted children’s adjective mapping performance. Results are discussed in relation to their implication for children’s active looking as the determinant of process for mapping new words to their meanings.

scholarly journals Communicating without a functioning language system: Implications for the role of language in mentalizing

2011 ◽  
Vol 49 (11) ◽  
pp. 3130-3135 ◽  
Author(s):  
Roel M. Willems ◽  
Yael Benn ◽  
Peter Hagoort ◽  
Ivan Toni ◽  
Rosemary Varley
Keyword(s):  
Language System

Analysis of Item-Level Bias in the Bayley-III Language Subscales: The Validity and Utility of Standardized Language Assessment in a Multilingual Setting

2017 ◽  
Vol 60 (9) ◽  
pp. 2663-2671 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shaun K. Y. Goh ◽  
Elaine K. H. Tham ◽  
Iliana Magiati ◽  
Litwee Sim ◽  
Shamini Sanmugam ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cultural Bias ◽  
Cultural Norms ◽  
Language Bias ◽  
Language System ◽  
Item Functioning ◽  
Item Level ◽  
Language Assessments ◽  
Language Exposure ◽  
Distributed Language

Purpose The purpose of this study was to improve standardized language assessments among bilingual toddlers by investigating and removing the effects of bias due to unfamiliarity with cultural norms or a distributed language system. Method The Expressive and Receptive Bayley-III language scales were adapted for use in a multilingual country (Singapore). Differential item functioning (DIF) was applied to data from 459 two-year-olds without atypical language development. This involved investigating if the probability of success on each item varied according to language exposure while holding latent language ability, gender, and socioeconomic status constant. Associations with language, behavioral, and emotional problems were also examined. Results Five of 16 items showed DIF, 1 of which may be attributed to cultural bias and another to a distributed language system. The remaining 3 items favored toddlers with higher bilingual exposure. Removal of DIF items reduced associations between language scales and emotional and language problems, but improved the validity of the expressive scale from poor to good. Conclusions Our findings indicate the importance of considering cultural and distributed language bias in standardized language assessments. We discuss possible mechanisms influencing performance on items favoring bilingual exposure, including the potential role of inhibitory processing.

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