Adaptive capabilities of the central nervous system in the modern information area: clinic-psychological aspect

10.12737/7649 ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 3 (4) ◽  
pp. 12-22
Author(s):  
Борсуков ◽  
A. Borsukov ◽  
Осипова ◽  
N. Osipova
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Mental Disorders ◽  
Young Person ◽  
Information Space ◽  
Behavioral Strategies ◽  
Psychological Phenomena ◽  
Adaptive Capabilities ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Modern Information

The system of mental adaptation in changed conditions of the information space is undergoing some transformation, which can be confirmed by the steady increasing of border forms of mental disorders, behavior deviations, including an increasing of various forms of auto- and gete-roagressive, dependent behavior, the depression prevalence. The change of implications of the new information space influence in the childhood is especially noticeable, which led to the spread of such diagnoses as "Infantile Autism", "Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder" The transforming of mental adaptation is a factor that complicates not only the difficulty of differential diagnosis of the clinical and psychological phenomena and psychopathology syndromes, but also the prediction of the consequences of such exclusion. Existing traditional approaches to the diagnosis of mental disorders led to a significant expansion of such headings as "Upset of adaptive reactions" ad-justment disorder F43.2 »,« Behavior disorders F91», emphasizes the lack of differentiation of ex-isting disorders, which may allow to judge about such manifestations not only as about painful. In addition, further study morphofunctional characteristics of the central nervous system is needed and it may reflect changed behavioral strategies. The urgency of the problem is caused not only by the finding of the adaptation transformation, but also the understanding of mechanisms of coping and overcoming the difficulties encountered in the modern information space. The study of the psycho-logical definition "barrier" allows on the one hand, to understand how to overcome the difficulties as developing and on the other hand as delay of developing. In this sense, the consideration of cop-ing strategies used by modern people allows to understand the formation of adaptation to the envi-ronment mechanisms. In our view, understanding and interpretation of the mental state of a young person, as well as methods of mental adaptation requires new approaches, in particular, TCS, which will generate dif-ferent approaches to the early diagnosis and correction with positions of personalized medicine and clinical psychology.

Сellular and Molecular Mechanisms of Proinflammatory Monocytes Participation in the Pathogenesis of Mental Disorders. Part 3

Psychiatry ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 19 (4) ◽  
pp. 125-134
Author(s):  
E. F. Vasilyeva ◽  
O. S. Brusov
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Mental Disorders ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Microglial Cells ◽  
Inflammatory Reactions ◽  
Mental Diseases ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
The Brain

Background: at present, the important role of the monocyte-macrophage link of immunity in the pathogenesis of mental diseases has been determined. In the first and second parts of our review, the cellular and molecular mechanisms of activation of monocytes/macrophages, which secreting proinflammatory CD16 receptors, cytokines, chemokines and receptors to them, in the development of systemic immune inflammation in the pathogenesis of somatic diseases and mental disorders, including schizophrenia, bipolar affective disorder (BAD) and depression were analyzed. The association of high levels of proinflammatory activity of monocytes/macrophages in patients with mental disorders with somatic comorbidity, including immune system diseases, is shown. It is known that proinflammatory monocytes of peripheral blood, as a result of violation of the integrity of the hematoencephalic barrier can migrate to the central nervous system and activate the resident brain cells — microglia, causing its activation. Activation of microglia can lead to the development of neuroinammation and neurodegenerative processes in the brain and, as a result, to cognitive disorders. The aim of review: to analyze the results of the main scientific studies concerning the role of cellular and molecular mechanisms of peripheral blood monocytes interaction with microglial cells and platelets in the development of neuroinflammation in the pathogenesis of mental disorders, including Alzheimer’s disease (AD). Material and methods: keywords “mental disorders, AD, proinflammatory monocytes, microglia, neuroinflammation, cytokines, chemokines, cell adhesion molecules, platelets, microvesicles” were used to search for articles of domestic and foreign authors published over the past 30 years in the databases PubMed, eLibrary, Science Direct and EMBASE. Conclusion: this review analyzes the results of studies which show that monocytes/macrophages and microglia have similar gene expression profiles in schizophrenia, BAD, depression, and AD and also perform similar functions: phagocytosis and inflammatory responses. Monocytes recruited to the central nervous system stimulate the increased production of proinflammatory cytokines IL-1, IL-6, tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), chemokines, for example, MCP-1 (Monocyte chemotactic protein-1) by microglial cells. This promotes the recruitment of microglial cells to the sites of neuronal damage, and also enhances the formation of the brain protein beta-amyloid (Aβ). The results of modern studies are presented, indicating that platelets are involved in systemic inflammatory reactions, where they interact with monocytes to form monocyte-platelet aggregates (MTA), which induce the activation of monocytes with a pro inflammatory phenotype. In the last decade, it has been established that activated platelets and other cells of the immune system, including monocytes, detached microvesicles (MV) from the membrane. It has been shown that MV are involved as messengers in the transport of biologically active lipids, cytokines, complement, and other molecules that can cause exacerbation of systemic inflammatory reactions. The presented review allows us to expand our knowledge about the cellular and molecular aspects of the interaction of monocytes/macrophages with microglial cells and platelets in the development of neuroinflammation and cognitive decline in the pathogenesis of mental diseases and in AD, and also helps in the search for specific biomarkers of the clinical severity of mental disorder in patients and the prospects for their response to treatment.

Laboratory Aids to Diagnosis in Mental Diseases

1925 ◽  
Vol 71 (293) ◽  
pp. 192-218
Author(s):  
P. K. McCowan
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Mental Disorders ◽  
Correct Diagnosis ◽  
Spinal Fluid ◽  
Diagnostic Specificity ◽  
Laboratory Methods ◽  
Mental Diseases ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
The Many

For some time past there has been an increasing use of laboratory methods in the diagnosis of mental disorders. The following aims at offering further proof of the undoubted value of this method of approach in such cases. There seems, however, to be a growing tendency, not devoid of danger, to ascribe diagnostic specificity to one or other of the many tests in use for such examinations. Although it is undoubtedly true that an exhaustive analysis of a spinal fluid may in many cases lead to a correct diagnosis of the clinical condition of the patient from whom the specimen has been taken, it only requires a study of the literature to show that none of the reactions or group of reactions obtained from the spinal fluid can be regarded as pathognomonic of any disease of the central nervous system.

Infections of the central nervous system as a risk factor for mental disorders and cognitive impairment

2018 ◽  
Vol 29 ◽  
pp. 18-19
Author(s):  
Emilie M.J. Pedersen ◽  
Ole Köhler-Forsberg ◽  
Merete Nordentoft ◽  
Liselotte Petersen ◽  
Michael E. Benros
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Risk Factor ◽  
Cognitive Impairment ◽  
Mental Disorders ◽  
The Central Nervous System

Review of the literature on the use of MRI in psychiatry with a focus on schizophrenia and bipolar and unipolar affective disorder

2021 ◽  
Vol 37 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Jakub Majchrzycki ◽  
Agnieszka Permoda-Pachuta ◽  
Martyna Wachowiak
Keyword(s):  
Magnetic Resonance Imaging ◽  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Magnetic Resonance ◽  
Mental Disorders ◽  
Affective Disorder ◽  
Psychiatric Disease ◽  
Resonance Imaging ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Magnetic Resonance Imaging Mri

Objectives. Broad neuroimaging studies currently play an important role in the understanding of the principles of the functioning of the central nervous system (CNS). This applies not only to the healthy nervous system, but also to many pathological processes responsible for neurological and psychiatric disease entities. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) as a diagnostic imaging method has been used in medicine since the 1970s. Currently, the diagnosis of mental disorders and the choice of treatment methods are based primarily on the patient’s history, a structured interview and ancillary psychological tests. However, there is still a lack of more objective methods that can solve many diagnostic problems. Literature review. The aim of this paper is to present the methods of diagnosis by means of magnetic resonance imaging, helpful in many aspects of work with a patient diagnosed with a mental disorder. The paper reviews the literature on specific MRI techniques, such as volumetry, proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy, diffusion-weighted MR (DMR), fMRI (functional magnetic resonance imaging), MRI with magnetisation transfer coefficient, and tractography, which may open up new possibilities, also for psychiatry. Because of the large number of papers in this field, the focus was on three psychiatric disorders, i.e. schizophrenia and unipolar and bipolar affective disorder. Conclusions. It seems likely that in future magnetic resonance imaging of the central nervous system may make it possible not only to differentiate between mental disorders or to forecast their course, but also to determine the effectiveness of treatment of mental disorders and to predict possible side effects of the applied pharmacotherapy or electrotherapy.

Infections of the central nervous system as a risk factor for mental disorders and cognitive impairment: A nationwide register-based study

2020 ◽  
Vol 88 ◽  
pp. 668-674
Author(s):  
Emilie M.J. Pedersen ◽  
Ole Köhler-Forsberg ◽  
Merete Nordentoft ◽  
Rune H.B. Christensen ◽  
Preben B. Mortensen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Risk Factor ◽  
Cognitive Impairment ◽  
Mental Disorders ◽  
The Central Nervous System

scholarly journals F137. INFECTIONS OF THE CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM AS A RISK FACTOR FOR MENTAL DISORDERS AND COGNITIVE IMPAIRMENT: A NATIONWIDE REGISTER-BASED STUDY

2018 ◽  
Vol 44 (suppl_1) ◽  
pp. S273-S273
Author(s):  
Emilie Pedersen ◽  
Ole Köhler-Forsberg ◽  
Merete Nordentoft ◽  
Liselotte Petersen ◽  
Michael Eriksen Benros
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Risk Factor ◽  
Cognitive Impairment ◽  
Mental Disorders ◽  
The Central Nervous System

Effects of Hyperoxia on Lung Utrastructure

1970 ◽  
Vol 28 ◽  
pp. 26-27
Author(s):  
Gladys Harrison
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Light Microscopy ◽  
Oxygen Effects ◽  
Age Dependent ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Space Age ◽  
Alveolar Septa ◽  
Extensive Damage

With the advent of the space age and the need to determine the requirements for a space cabin atmosphere, oxygen effects came into increased importance, even though these effects have been the subject of continuous research for many years. In fact, Priestly initiated oxygen research when in 1775 he published his results of isolating oxygen and described the effects of breathing it on himself and two mice, the only creatures to have had the “privilege” of breathing this “pure air”.Early studies had demonstrated the central nervous system effects at pressures above one atmosphere. Light microscopy revealed extensive damage to the lungs at one atmosphere. These changes which included perivascular and peribronchial edema, focal hemorrhage, rupture of the alveolar septa, and widespread edema, resulted in death of the animal in less than one week. The severity of the symptoms differed between species and was age dependent, with young animals being more resistant.

Emigration of neutrophils in the central nervous system

1983 ◽  
Vol 41 ◽  
pp. 788-789
Author(s):  
John L.Beggs ◽  
John D. Waggener ◽  
Wanda Miller ◽  
Jane Watkins
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Osmium Tetroxide ◽  
White Blood Cells ◽  
Arterial Perfusion ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Intracisternal Injection ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Brain And Spinal Cord ◽  
Interendothelial Junctions

Studies using mesenteric and ear chamber preparations have shown that interendothelial junctions provide the route for neutrophil emigration during inflammation. The term emigration refers to the passage of white blood cells across the endothelium from the vascular lumen. Although the precise pathway of transendo- thelial emigration in the central nervous system (CNS) has not been resolved, the presence of different physiological and morphological (tight junctions) properties of CNS endothelium may dictate alternate emigration pathways.To study neutrophil emigration in the CNS, we induced meningitis in guinea pigs by intracisternal injection of E. coli bacteria.In this model, leptomeningeal inflammation is well developed by 3 hr. After 3 1/2 hr, animals were sacrificed by arterial perfusion with 3% phosphate buffered glutaraldehyde. Tissues from brain and spinal cord were post-fixed in 1% osmium tetroxide, dehydrated in alcohols and propylene oxide, and embedded in Epon. Thin serial sections were cut with diamond knives and examined in a Philips 300 electron microscope.

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