Laboratory Aids to Diagnosis in Mental Diseases

1925 ◽  
Vol 71 (293) ◽  
pp. 192-218
Author(s):  
P. K. McCowan
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Mental Disorders ◽  
Correct Diagnosis ◽  
Spinal Fluid ◽  
Diagnostic Specificity ◽  
Laboratory Methods ◽  
Mental Diseases ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
The Many

For some time past there has been an increasing use of laboratory methods in the diagnosis of mental disorders. The following aims at offering further proof of the undoubted value of this method of approach in such cases. There seems, however, to be a growing tendency, not devoid of danger, to ascribe diagnostic specificity to one or other of the many tests in use for such examinations. Although it is undoubtedly true that an exhaustive analysis of a spinal fluid may in many cases lead to a correct diagnosis of the clinical condition of the patient from whom the specimen has been taken, it only requires a study of the literature to show that none of the reactions or group of reactions obtained from the spinal fluid can be regarded as pathognomonic of any disease of the central nervous system.

Сellular and Molecular Mechanisms of Proinflammatory Monocytes Participation in the Pathogenesis of Mental Disorders. Part 3

Psychiatry ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 19 (4) ◽  
pp. 125-134
Author(s):  
E. F. Vasilyeva ◽  
O. S. Brusov
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Mental Disorders ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Microglial Cells ◽  
Inflammatory Reactions ◽  
Mental Diseases ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
The Brain

Background: at present, the important role of the monocyte-macrophage link of immunity in the pathogenesis of mental diseases has been determined. In the first and second parts of our review, the cellular and molecular mechanisms of activation of monocytes/macrophages, which secreting proinflammatory CD16 receptors, cytokines, chemokines and receptors to them, in the development of systemic immune inflammation in the pathogenesis of somatic diseases and mental disorders, including schizophrenia, bipolar affective disorder (BAD) and depression were analyzed. The association of high levels of proinflammatory activity of monocytes/macrophages in patients with mental disorders with somatic comorbidity, including immune system diseases, is shown. It is known that proinflammatory monocytes of peripheral blood, as a result of violation of the integrity of the hematoencephalic barrier can migrate to the central nervous system and activate the resident brain cells — microglia, causing its activation. Activation of microglia can lead to the development of neuroinammation and neurodegenerative processes in the brain and, as a result, to cognitive disorders. The aim of review: to analyze the results of the main scientific studies concerning the role of cellular and molecular mechanisms of peripheral blood monocytes interaction with microglial cells and platelets in the development of neuroinflammation in the pathogenesis of mental disorders, including Alzheimer’s disease (AD). Material and methods: keywords “mental disorders, AD, proinflammatory monocytes, microglia, neuroinflammation, cytokines, chemokines, cell adhesion molecules, platelets, microvesicles” were used to search for articles of domestic and foreign authors published over the past 30 years in the databases PubMed, eLibrary, Science Direct and EMBASE. Conclusion: this review analyzes the results of studies which show that monocytes/macrophages and microglia have similar gene expression profiles in schizophrenia, BAD, depression, and AD and also perform similar functions: phagocytosis and inflammatory responses. Monocytes recruited to the central nervous system stimulate the increased production of proinflammatory cytokines IL-1, IL-6, tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), chemokines, for example, MCP-1 (Monocyte chemotactic protein-1) by microglial cells. This promotes the recruitment of microglial cells to the sites of neuronal damage, and also enhances the formation of the brain protein beta-amyloid (Aβ). The results of modern studies are presented, indicating that platelets are involved in systemic inflammatory reactions, where they interact with monocytes to form monocyte-platelet aggregates (MTA), which induce the activation of monocytes with a pro inflammatory phenotype. In the last decade, it has been established that activated platelets and other cells of the immune system, including monocytes, detached microvesicles (MV) from the membrane. It has been shown that MV are involved as messengers in the transport of biologically active lipids, cytokines, complement, and other molecules that can cause exacerbation of systemic inflammatory reactions. The presented review allows us to expand our knowledge about the cellular and molecular aspects of the interaction of monocytes/macrophages with microglial cells and platelets in the development of neuroinflammation and cognitive decline in the pathogenesis of mental diseases and in AD, and also helps in the search for specific biomarkers of the clinical severity of mental disorder in patients and the prospects for their response to treatment.

MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS IN CHILDREN

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1958 ◽  
Vol 21 (5) ◽  
pp. 703-709
Author(s):  
John C. Gall ◽  
Alvin B. Hayles ◽  
Robert G. Siekert ◽  
Haddow M. Keith
Keyword(s):  
Multiple Sclerosis ◽  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Mayo Clinic ◽  
Spinal Fluid ◽  
Neurologic Deficits ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Physical Findings

Forty cases of disease of the central nervous system, characterized by several episodes and disseminated lesions, with onset in childhood and clinically typical of multiple sclerosis, were studied. The disease as it occurs in children does not appear to differ clinically from the disease as observed in adults, in respect to mode of onset, symptoms, physical findings, and changes in the spinal fluid. In the Mayo Clinic series, however, almost twice as many girls as boys were affected. A pediatrician confronted with a child showing evidence of scattered neurologic deficits that remit, particularly a disturbance of vision and co-ordination, should consider the possibility of multiple sclerosis.

A case of fixation amnesia in Langerhans cell histiocytosis involving the central nervous system

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (6) ◽  
pp. 117-123
Author(s):  
L. V. Lukina ◽  
V. A. Mikhailov ◽  
N. I. Ananyeva ◽  
G. E. Mazo ◽  
L. I. Sitnik ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Langerhans Cell Histiocytosis ◽  
Correct Diagnosis ◽  
Brain Lesion ◽  
Clinical Findings ◽  
Langerhans Cell ◽  
Unknown Etiology ◽  
Bone Lesions ◽  
The Central Nervous System

Langerhans cell histiocytosis (LCH) is a rare disease with hitherto unknown etiology and pathogenesis. It is extremely rare for clinicians to encounter histiocytic lesions of the central nervous system (CNS); the proportion of cases of which is only 1–4% of all polysystemic and multifocal bone lesions. The paper describes a clinical case of fixation amnesia in a female patient with focal brain lesions in LCH. It depicts the most characteristic clinical features and presents an algorithm for the diagnosis of histiocytic brain lesion. The results of the experimental psychological examination of the patient are considered in detail and the clinical presentations of fixation amnesia are described. There are neuroimaging data showing the lesions in the hypothalamic-pituitary region and temporal bone, which involve the auditory structures. The clinical findings have led to the conclusion that both the clinical and neuroimaging patterns of histiocytic lesions in the CNS are non-specific, which complicates the diagnostic search in LCH. For correct diagnosis and timely treatment, it is necessary to perform a biopsy of the pathological focus, followed by histological and immunohistochemical examination of the material.

The Boltz (Acetic-Anhydride) Test in Cerebro-Spinal Fluid

1930 ◽  
Vol 76 (313) ◽  
pp. 271-276 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. Thomas
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Acetic Anhydride ◽  
Test Tube ◽  
Spinal Fluid ◽  
White Background ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Small Test ◽  
Small Test Tube ◽  
Pink Coloration

The acetic anhydride test was introduced in 1923 by Boltz, who regarded a positive result as diagnostic of syphilis of the central nervous system. The technique of the test is simplicity itself, and is as follows: Place 1 c.c. of spinal fluid in a small test-tube. Add 0.3 c.c. of acetic anhydride drop by drop; shake. Add 0.8 c.c. concentrated sulphuric acid drop by drop; shake. After five minutes examine the colour of the fluid against a white background. A lilac or blue-pink coloration is positive.

Experiments on the Origin of the Wassermann Reaction in the Cerebro-Spinal Fluid

1938 ◽  
Vol 84 (349) ◽  
pp. 370-377 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Beck
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Cerebrospinal Fluid ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Spinal Fluid ◽  
Experimental Conditions ◽  
Occasional Occurrence ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Wassermann Reaction

Whilst it is an undisputed fact that under certain clinical and experimental conditions various antibodies (antitoxins, agglutinins, bacterio- and hæmolysins, complement-fixing antibodies) can be demonstrated in the cerebrospinal fluid, there is a divergency of opinion about their origin. Whereas some authors (Dujardin and Dumont, Ramon, Descombey and Bilal, Neufeld and Szyle, Nélis) ascribe their presence in the cerebro-spinal fluid to their passage from the blood through a damaged blood-cerebro-spinal fluid barrier, other investigators (Mutermilch, liiert, Grabow and Plaut, Friedemann and Elkeles) believe that the central nervous system or its membranes are able to produce antibodies on their own upon contact with an antigen. In the case of the Wassermann antibody in the cerebro-spinal fluid the question of its origin is of particular interest, because of the occasional occurrence of cases which show a positive Wassermann reaction in the cerebro-spinal fluid and a negative or weaker reaction in the blood. This divergence between blood and cerebro-spinal fluid is often quoted as an example of the independence of the cerebro-spinal fluid antibody.

Clinical Neurotology

2021 ◽  
pp. 841-850
Author(s):  
Scott D. Eggers
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Vestibular System ◽  
Correct Diagnosis ◽  
Head Movements ◽  
Common Disease ◽  
Stable Vision ◽  
Continuous Interaction ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Examination Techniques

Normal balance is the consequence of continuous interaction between visual, vestibular, and proprioceptive mechanisms. The vestibular system is a system in which head movements and positions cause mechanical forces to be transduced into electrochemical signals that are relayed to the central nervous system for the purpose of maintaining clear stable vision and equilibrium. With a basic understanding of physiology, common disease processes, and examination techniques, a correct diagnosis can generally be made at the bedside.

Adaptive capabilities of the central nervous system in the modern information area: clinic-psychological aspect

10.12737/7649 ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 3 (4) ◽  
pp. 12-22
Author(s):  
Борсуков ◽  
A. Borsukov ◽  
Осипова ◽  
N. Osipova
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Mental Disorders ◽  
Young Person ◽  
Information Space ◽  
Behavioral Strategies ◽  
Psychological Phenomena ◽  
Adaptive Capabilities ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Modern Information

The system of mental adaptation in changed conditions of the information space is undergoing some transformation, which can be confirmed by the steady increasing of border forms of mental disorders, behavior deviations, including an increasing of various forms of auto- and gete-roagressive, dependent behavior, the depression prevalence. The change of implications of the new information space influence in the childhood is especially noticeable, which led to the spread of such diagnoses as "Infantile Autism", "Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder" The transforming of mental adaptation is a factor that complicates not only the difficulty of differential diagnosis of the clinical and psychological phenomena and psychopathology syndromes, but also the prediction of the consequences of such exclusion. Existing traditional approaches to the diagnosis of mental disorders led to a significant expansion of such headings as "Upset of adaptive reactions" ad-justment disorder F43.2 »,« Behavior disorders F91», emphasizes the lack of differentiation of ex-isting disorders, which may allow to judge about such manifestations not only as about painful. In addition, further study morphofunctional characteristics of the central nervous system is needed and it may reflect changed behavioral strategies. The urgency of the problem is caused not only by the finding of the adaptation transformation, but also the understanding of mechanisms of coping and overcoming the difficulties encountered in the modern information space. The study of the psycho-logical definition "barrier" allows on the one hand, to understand how to overcome the difficulties as developing and on the other hand as delay of developing. In this sense, the consideration of cop-ing strategies used by modern people allows to understand the formation of adaptation to the envi-ronment mechanisms. In our view, understanding and interpretation of the mental state of a young person, as well as methods of mental adaptation requires new approaches, in particular, TCS, which will generate dif-ferent approaches to the early diagnosis and correction with positions of personalized medicine and clinical psychology.

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