Value of cabins for reproduction of the coniferous and broad-leaved woods of Central Volga Area

10.12737/3826 ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 108-111
Author(s):  
Глушко ◽  
Sergey Glushko
Keyword(s):  
Natural Selection ◽  
Artificial Selection ◽  
Deciduous Forests ◽  
Pine Forests ◽  
Forest Communities ◽  
Forest Stands ◽  
Selection Cutting ◽  
Degradation Processes ◽  
Appropriate Care ◽  
Successful Reproduction

During the formation of forest communities, the competition intensifies, the predominance of the group receives a form of natural selection. Weakening forest stands reflected in the fall of increment volume and degradation. In the study area pines sufficiently balanced and suitable for complex management. Artificial pines, with appropriate care, enriched with the participation of hardwood (birch, linden), and can be quite durable. In pine plantings it is necessary to conduct intensive artificial selection, cutting “according state”, that will keep the pine forests composed in polydominant woods of the region. The proposed cuttings of pine “according state” are necessary to prevent the degradation processes for the successful reproduction of coniferous-deciduous forests in the region.

scholarly journals Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) cultivation in Republic of Tatarstan

2020 ◽  
Vol 24 (6) ◽  
pp. 26-33
Author(s):  
S.G. Glushko ◽  
◽  
I.R. Galiullin ◽  
N.B. Prokhorenko ◽  
Sh.Sh. Shaikhraziev ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Pinus Sylvestris ◽  
Scots Pine ◽  
Growth Rates ◽  
Volume Growth ◽  
Deciduous Forests ◽  
Pine Forests ◽  
Large Area ◽  
Sharp Drop ◽  
Selection Cutting ◽  
Artificial Origin

The state of coniferous-deciduous forests in the region of the subtaiga forests in Tatarstan directly depends on the prospects for preserving pines in the composition of these forests that is why the artificial forest regeneration and increasing the sustainability of Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) becomes relevant. It is proposed to take measures for the formation of nominally primary forests, including those of artificial origin, based on pine forests, planted over a large area for several decades. Attention is drawn to the massive decrease in the density of stands in pine forests of artificial origin after they reach the age of 40...60 years. There is a complete death of pine crops or their degradation with a significant decrease in the density of forest stands. Analysis of the course of growth of pine crops reveals a sharp drop in volume growth rates at 20...30 years of age. A decrease in volume growth rates is recorded not only in Tatarstan, but also in a number of other regions located mainly in the zone of coniferous-deciduous forests. It is proposed to consider a sharp drop in volume growth rates as a sign of weakening of these stands, which may be associated not only with the onset of the age of natural maturity, but also with the aggravation of competitive relationships within forest communities. It is recommended to practice intensive artificial selection in pine plantations, for this purpose selection cutting of forests "according to state" in order to reproduce and preserve forests.

Fatal asymmetries

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-15
Author(s):  
Luis Sánchez
Keyword(s):  
Natural Selection ◽  
Artificial Selection ◽  
Political Institutions ◽  
Charles Darwin ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Descent Of Man

Abstract In Descent of Man, Charles Darwin noted the impact of political institutions on natural selection. He thought that institutions such as asylums or hospitals may deter natural selection; however, he did not reach a decisive answer. Questions remain as to whether the selective impacts of political institutions, which in Darwin’s terms may be referred to as “artificial selection,” are compatible with natural selection, and if so, to what extent. This essay argues that currently there appears to be an essential mismatch between nature and political institutions. Unfitted institutions put exogenous and disproportionate pressures on living beings. This creates consequences for what is postulated as the condition of basic equivalence, which allows species and individuals to enjoy similar chances of survival under natural circumstances. Thus, contrary to Darwin’s expectations, it is sustained that assumed natural selection is not discouraged but becomes exacerbated by political institutions. In such conditions, selection becomes primarily artificial and perhaps mainly political, with consequences for species’ evolutionary future.

The relationship between facial whorl direction and sidedness in ridden horses

2006 ◽  
Vol 35 ◽  
pp. 247-250
Author(s):  
H. Randle ◽  
E. Elworthy
Keyword(s):  
Natural Selection ◽  
Artificial Selection ◽  
Competitive Ability ◽  
Close Association ◽  
Human Behaviour ◽  
Physical Ability ◽  
Facial Hair ◽  
Selection For ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
The Brain

The influence of Natural Selection on the evolution of the horse (Equus callabus) is minimal due to its close association with humans. Instead Artificial Selection is commonly imposed through selection for features such as a ‘breed standard’ or competitive ability. It has long been considered to be useful if indicators of characteristics such as physical ability could be identified. Kidd (1902) suggested that the hair coverings of animals were closely related to their lifestyle, whether they were active or passive. In 1973 Smith and Gong concluded that hair whorl (trichloglyph) pattern and human behaviour is linked since hair patterning is determined at the same time as the brain develops in the foetus. More recently Grandin et al. (1995), Randle (1998) and Lanier et al. (2001) linked features of facial hair whorls to behaviour and production in cattle. Hair whorl features have also been related to temperament in equines (Randle et al., 2003).

scholarly journals A SIMULATION STUDY OF TRUNCATION SELECTION FOR A QUANTITATIVE TRAIT OPPOSED BY NATURAL SELECTION

Genetics ◽  
1980 ◽  
Vol 94 (4) ◽  
pp. 989-1000
Author(s):  
Francis Minvielle
Keyword(s):  
Natural Selection ◽  
Artificial Selection ◽  
Random Mating ◽  
Selection Response ◽  
Quantitative Character ◽  
Mass Selection ◽  
Frequency Selection ◽  
Selection Experiments ◽  
Selection For ◽  
Selective Process

ABSTRACT A quantitative character controlled at one locus with two alleles was submitted to artificial (mass) selection and to three modes of opposing natural selection (directional selection, overdominance and underdominance) in a large random-mating population. The selection response and the limits of the selective process were studied by deterministic simulation. The lifetime of the process was generally between 20 and 100 generations and did not appear to depend on the mode of natural selection. However, depending on the values of the parameters (initial gene frequency, selection intensity, ratio of the effect of the gene to the environmental standard deviation, fitness values) the following outcomes of selection were observed: fixation of the allele favored by artificial selection, stable nontrivial equilibrium, unstable equilibrium and loss of the allele favored by artificial selection. Finally, the results of the simulation were compared to the results of selection experiments.

scholarly journals Artifacts and Their Functions

2020 ◽  
pp. 34-53
Author(s):  
A. W. Eaton
Keyword(s):  
Natural Selection ◽  
Artificial Selection ◽  
Scientific Theories ◽  
Normative Conception ◽  
Ruth Millikan ◽  
Common Understanding

How do artifacts get their functions? It is typically thought that an artifact’s function depends on its maker’s intentions. This chapter argues that this common understanding is fatally flawed. Nor can artifact function be understood in terms of current uses or capacities. Instead, it proposes that we understand artifact function on the etiological model that Ruth Millikan and others have proposed for the biological realm. This model offers a robustly normative conception of function, but it does so naturalistically by employing our best scientific theories, in particular natural selection. To help make this case, it proposes “living artifacts” (organisms designed for human purposes through artificial selection) as a bridge between the artifactual and the biological realms.

Adaptive Enemies

2020 ◽  
pp. 38-65
Author(s):  
David Kilcullen
Keyword(s):  
Natural Selection ◽  
Artificial Selection ◽  
Armed Forces ◽  
Irregular Warfare ◽  
Operational Environment ◽  
Military Innovation ◽  
Institutional Adaptation ◽  
Key Concepts ◽  
Modes Of Innovation ◽  
The Cold War

This chapter draws on key concepts from evolutionary theory, anthropology, and social science to explore how adaptive enemies evolve and adapt under conditions of conflict. It identifies four key mechanisms of evolution in irregular warfare—social learning, natural selection, artificial selection (including both unconscious artificial selection and predator effects), and institutional adaptation—and gives examples of each. It also examines forms of conscious military innovation by states, and draws a distinction between peacetime (concept led) and wartime (reactive) modes of innovation. The chapter argues that domination of the operational environment by Western armed forces since the end of the Cold War has created evolutionary pressure to which all adversaries—state and non-state—have responded, and that this response is shaping new approaches to war.

scholarly journals Trait-Specific Responses of Carabid Beetle Diversity and Composition in Pinus densiflora Forests Compared to Broad-Leaved Deciduous Forests in a Temperate Region

Diversity ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (7) ◽  
pp. 275 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jong-Kook Jung ◽  
Joon-Ho Lee
Keyword(s):  
Pinus Densiflora ◽  
Carabid Beetle ◽  
Red Pine ◽  
Carabid Beetles ◽  
Deciduous Forests ◽  
Pine Forests ◽  
Feeding Guilds ◽  
Biological Traits ◽  
Temperate Region ◽  
Korean Red Pine

Since successful reforestation after the 1970s, Korean red pine (Pinus densiflora) forests have become the most important coniferous forests in Korea. However, the scarcity of evidence for biodiversity responses hinders understanding of the conservation value of Korean red pine forests. This study was conducted to explore the patterns of carabid beetle diversity and assemblage structures between broad-leaved deciduous forests and P. densiflora forests in the temperate region of central Korea. Carabid beetles were sampled by pitfall trapping from 2013 to 2014. A total of 66 species were identified from 9541 carabid beetles. Species richness in broad-leaved deciduous forests was significantly higher than that in pine forests. In addition, the species composition of carabid beetles in broad-leaved deciduous forests differed from that of P. densiflora forests. More endemic, brachypterous, forest specialists, and carnivorous species were distributed in broad-leaved deciduous forests than in P. densiflora forests. Consequently, carabid beetle assemblages in central Korea are distinctively divided by forest type based on ecological and biological traits (e.g., endemisim, habitat types, wing forms, and feeding guilds). However, possible variation of the response of beetle communities to the growth of P. densiflora forests needs to be considered for forest management based on biodiversity conservation in temperate regions, because conifer plantations in this study are still young, i.e., approximately 30–40-years old.

scholarly journals THE REGROWTH CONSERVATION AFTER SELECTION CUTTING OF FOREST STANDS GROWING IN HYLOCOMIOSA SITE TYPE

2016 ◽  
Vol 62 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Olga MIEZITE ◽  
Jelena RUBA ◽  
Edgars DUBROVSKIS ◽  
Valters VERINS
Keyword(s):  
Forest Stands ◽  
Selection Cutting ◽  
Site Type

A Socioevolutionary Approach to Religious Change

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ryan T. Cragun ◽  
J. Edward Sumerau
Keyword(s):  
Natural Selection ◽  
Causal Relationship ◽  
Evolutionary Theory ◽  
Artificial Selection ◽  
Religious Change ◽  
Social Phenomenon ◽  
Theory Of Religion

A number of scholars have suggested that religion may be explained using evolutionary theory and, in particular, natural selection. Much of this research suggests that behaviors encouraged by religions are beneficial while failing to illustrate a causal relationship between religiosity and these behaviors. This chapter challenges these approaches, arguing that religion is primarily a social phenomenon and that any health or evolutionary benefits that might indirectly derive from religions are actually attributable to the behaviors themselves: Religions have simply co-opted those behaviors. Additionally, it argues that natural selection alone is a problematic approach to understanding religion and suggests that Darwin’s notion of artificial selection be integrated into any attempts to use evolution to explain religion. We use examples from a variety of religions to illustrate how a socioevolutionary theory of religion that incorporates natural and artificial selection is preferable to approaches that rely exclusively on natural selection.

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