The Importance of Inter-Species Cell-Cell Co-Aggregation betweenLactobacillus plantarumML11-11 andSaccharomyces cerevisiaeBY4741 in Mixed-Species Biofilm Formation

2011 ◽  
Vol 75 (8) ◽  
pp. 1430-1434 ◽  
Author(s):  
Soichi FURUKAWA ◽  
Natsumi NOJIMA ◽  
Kanako YOSHIDA ◽  
Satoru HIRAYAMA ◽  
Hirokazu OGIHARA ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Biofilm Formation ◽  
Mixed Species ◽  
Cell Cell

Mixed-Species Biofilm Formation by Direct Cell-Cell Contact between Brewing Yeasts and Lactic Acid Bacteria

2010 ◽  
Vol 74 (11) ◽  
pp. 2316-2319 ◽  
Author(s):  
Soichi FURUKAWA ◽  
Kanako YOSHIDA ◽  
Hirokazu OGIHARA ◽  
Makari YAMASAKI ◽  
Yasushi MORINAGA
Keyword(s):  
Lactic Acid ◽  
Lactic Acid Bacteria ◽  
Biofilm Formation ◽  
Cell Contact ◽  
Mixed Species ◽  
Direct Cell ◽  
Brewing Yeasts ◽  
Cell Cell

Process Description of an Unconventional Biofilm Formation by Bacterial Cells Autoagglutinating Through Sticky, Long, and Peritrichate Nanofibers

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yoshihide Furuichi ◽  
Shogo Yoshimoto ◽  
Tomohiro Inaba ◽  
Nobuhiko Nomura ◽  
Katsutoshi Hori
Keyword(s):  
Formation Process ◽  
Biofilm Formation ◽  
Extracellular Polymeric Substances ◽  
Waste Treatment ◽  
Large Cell ◽  
Dlvo Theory ◽  
Bacterial Cells ◽  
Chemical Production ◽  
Discontinuous Surface ◽  
Cell Cell

<p></p><p>Biofilms are used in environmental biotechnologies including waste treatment and environmentally friendly chemical production. Understanding the mechanisms of biofilm formation is essential to control microbial behavior and improve environmental biotechnologies. <i>Acinetobacter </i>sp. Tol 5 autoagglutinate through the interaction of the long, peritrichate nanofiber protein AtaA, a trimeric autotransporter adhesin. Using AtaA, without cell growth or the production of extracellular polymeric substances, Tol 5 cells quickly form an unconventional biofilm. In this study, we investigated the formation process of this unconventional biofilm, which started with cell–cell interactions, proceeded to cell clumping, and led to the formation of large cell aggregates. The cell–cell interaction was described by DLVO theory based on a new concept, which considers two independent interactions between two cell bodies and between two AtaA fiber tips forming a virtual discontinuous surface. If cell bodies cannot collide owing to an energy barrier at low ionic strengths but approach within the interactive distance of AtaA fibers, cells can agglutinate through their contact. Cell clumping proceeds following the cluster–cluster aggregation model, and an unconventional biofilm containing void spaces and a fractal nature develops. Understanding its formation process would extend the utilization of various types of biofilms, enhancing environmental biotechnologies.</p><p></p>

scholarly journals An Amyloid Core Sequence in the Major Candida albicans Adhesin Als1p Mediates Cell-Cell Adhesion

mBio ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 10 (5) ◽  
Author(s):  
Vida Ho ◽  
Philippe Herman-Bausier ◽  
Christopher Shaw ◽  
Karen A. Conrad ◽  
Melissa C. Garcia-Sherman ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Candida Albicans ◽  
Cell Adhesion ◽  
Cell Surface ◽  
Biofilm Formation ◽  
Force Spectroscopy ◽  
Cell Aggregation ◽  
Analysis Tool ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Core Sequence ◽  
Cell Cell

ABSTRACT The human fungal commensal Candida albicans can become a serious opportunistic pathogen in immunocompromised hosts. The C. albicans cell adhesion protein Als1p is a highly expressed member of a large family of paralogous adhesins. Als1p can mediate binding to epithelial and endothelial cells, is upregulated in infections, and is important for biofilm formation. Als1p includes an amyloid-forming sequence at amino acids 325 to 331, identical to the sequence in the paralogs Als5p and Als3p. Therefore, we mutated Val326 to test whether this sequence is important for activity. Wild-type Als1p (Als1pWT) and Als1p with the V326N mutation (Als1pV326N) were expressed at similar levels in a Saccharomyces cerevisiae surface display model. Als1pV326N cells adhered to bovine serum albumin (BSA)-coated beads similarly to Als1pWT cells. However, cells displaying Als1pV326N showed visibly smaller aggregates and did not fluoresce in the presence of the amyloid-binding dye Thioflavin-T. A new analysis tool for single-molecule force spectroscopy-derived surface mapping showed that statistically significant force-dependent Als1p clustering occurred in Als1pWT cells but was absent in Als1pV326N cells. In single-cell force spectroscopy experiments, strong cell-cell adhesion was dependent on an intact amyloid core sequence on both interacting cells. Thus, the major adhesin Als1p interacts through amyloid-like β-aggregation to cluster adhesin molecules in cis on the cell surface as well as in trans to form cell-cell bonds. IMPORTANCE Microbial cell surface adhesins control essential processes such as adhesion, colonization, and biofilm formation. In the opportunistic fungal pathogen Candida albicans, the agglutinin-like sequence (ALS) gene family encodes eight cell surface glycoproteins that mediate adherence to biotic and abiotic surfaces and cell-cell aggregation. Als proteins are critical for commensalism and virulence. Their activities include attachment and invasion of endothelial and epithelial cells, morphogenesis, and formation of biofilms on host tissue and indwelling medical catheters. At the molecular level, Als5p-mediated cell-cell aggregation is dependent on the formation of amyloid-like nanodomains between Als5p-expressing cells. A single-site mutation to valine 326 abolishes cellular aggregation and amyloid formation. Our results show that the binding characteristics of Als1p follow a mechanistic model similar to Als5p, despite its differential expression and biological roles.

scholarly journals Antibiotic Susceptibility of Escherichia coli Cells during Early-Stage Biofilm Formation

2019 ◽  
Vol 201 (18) ◽  
Author(s):  
Huan Gu ◽  
Sang Won Lee ◽  
Joseph Carnicelli ◽  
Zhaowei Jiang ◽  
Dacheng Ren
Keyword(s):  
Antibiotic Susceptibility ◽  
Biofilm Formation ◽  
Life Form ◽  
Early Stage ◽  
Dynamic Change ◽  
Cell Interactions ◽  
Planktonic Cells ◽  
Content Type ◽  
High Level ◽  
Cell Cell

ABSTRACT Bacteria form complex multicellular structures on solid surfaces known as biofilms, which allow them to survive in harsh environments. A hallmark characteristic of mature biofilms is the high-level antibiotic tolerance (up to 1,000 times) compared with that of planktonic cells. Here, we report our new findings that biofilm cells are not always more tolerant to antibiotics than planktonic cells in the same culture. Specifically, Escherichia coli RP437 exhibited a dynamic change in antibiotic susceptibility during its early-stage biofilm formation. This phenomenon was not strain specific. Upon initial attachment, surface-associated cells became more sensitive to antibiotics than planktonic cells. By controlling the cell adhesion and cluster size using patterned E. coli biofilms, cells involved in the interaction between cell clusters during microcolony formation were found to be more susceptible to ampicillin than cells within clusters, suggesting a role of cell-cell interactions in biofilm-associated antibiotic tolerance. After this stage, biofilm cells became less susceptible to ampicillin and ofloxacin than planktonic cells. However, when the cells were detached by sonication, both antibiotics were more effective in killing the detached biofilm cells than the planktonic cells. Collectively, these results indicate that biofilm formation involves active cellular activities in adaption to the attached life form and interactions between cell clusters to build the complex structure of a biofilm, which can render these cells more susceptible to antibiotics. These findings shed new light on bacterial antibiotic susceptibility during biofilm formation and can guide the design of better antifouling surfaces, e.g., those with micron-scale topographic structures to interrupt cell-cell interactions. IMPORTANCE Mature biofilms are known for their high-level tolerance to antibiotics; however, antibiotic susceptibility of sessile cells during early-stage biofilm formation is not well understood. In this study, we aim to fill this knowledge gap by following bacterial antibiotic susceptibility during early-stage biofilm formation. We found that the attached cells have a dynamic change in antibiotic susceptibility, and during certain phases, they can be more sensitive to antibiotics than planktonic counterparts in the same culture. Using surface chemistry-controlled patterned biofilm formation, cell-surface and cell-cell interactions were found to affect the antibiotic susceptibility of attached cells. Collectively, these findings provide new insights into biofilm physiology and reveal how adaptation to the attached life form may influence antibiotic susceptibility of bacterial cells.

scholarly journals Citrus limonoids interfere with Vibrio harveyi cell–cell signalling and biofilm formation by modulating the response regulator LuxO

Microbiology ◽  
2011 ◽  
Vol 157 (1) ◽  
pp. 99-110 ◽  
Author(s):  
Amit Vikram ◽  
Palmy R. Jesudhasan ◽  
G. K. Jayaprakasha ◽  
Suresh D. Pillai ◽  
Bhimanagouda S. Patil
Keyword(s):  
Biofilm Formation ◽  
Furan Ring ◽  
Insect Pests ◽  
Vibrio Harveyi ◽  
Response Regulator ◽  
Cell Signalling ◽  
Plant Defence ◽  
Significant Inhibition ◽  
Regulator Gene ◽  
Cell Cell

Citrus limonoids are unique secondary metabolites, characterized by a triterpenoid skeleton with a furan ring. Studies have demonstrated beneficial health properties of limonoids. In addition, certain citrus limonoids play a role in plant defence against insect pests. In the present study, five limonoids were purified from sour orange and evaluated for their ability to inhibit cell–cell signalling. The purified limonoids were tested for their ability to interfere with cell–cell signalling and biofilm formation in Vibrio harveyi. Isolimonic acid, deacetylnomilinic acid glucoside and ichangin demonstrated significant inhibition of autoinducer-mediated cell–cell signalling and biofilm formation. Furthermore, isolimonic acid and ichangin treatment resulted in induced expression of the response regulator gene luxO. In addition, luxR promoter activity was not affected by isolimonic acid or ichangin. Therefore, the ability of isolimonic acid and ichangin to interfere with cell–cell signalling and biofilm formation seems to stem from the modulation of luxO expression. The results suggest that isolimonic acid and ichangin are potent modulators of bacterial cell–cell signalling.

scholarly journals Indole-3-acetic acid synthesized through the indole-3-pyruvate pathway promotes Candida tropicalis biofilm formation

PLoS ONE ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 15 (12) ◽  
pp. e0244246
Author(s):  
Masaru Miyagi ◽  
Rachel Wilson ◽  
Daisuke Saigusa ◽  
Keiko Umeda ◽  
Reina Saijo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Escherichia Coli ◽  
Acetic Acid ◽  
Candida Tropicalis ◽  
Biofilm Formation ◽  
Single Species ◽  
Signaling Molecules ◽  
Biosynthesis Pathway ◽  
Metabolomic Analysis ◽  
Mixed Species ◽  
Indole 3 Acetic Acid

We previously found that the elevated abundance of the fungus Candida tropicalis is positively correlated with the bacteria Escherichia coli and Serratia marcescens in Crohn’s disease patients and the three pathogens, when co-cultured, form a robust mixed-species biofilm. The finding suggests that these three pathogens communicate and promote biofilm formation, possibly through secretion of small signaling molecules. To identify candidate signaling molecules, we carried out a metabolomic analysis of the single-species and triple-species cultures of the three pathogens. This analysis identified 15 metabolites that were highly increased in the triple-species culture. One highly induced metabolite was indole-3-acetic acid (IAA), which has been shown to induce filamentation of certain fungi. We thus tested the effect of IAA on biofilm formation of C. tropicalis and demonstrated that IAA promotes biofilm formation of C. tropicalis. Then, we carried out isotope tracing experiments using 13C-labeled-tryptophan as a precursor to uncover the biosynthesis pathway of IAA in C. tropicalis. The results indicated that C. tropicalis synthesizes IAA through the indole-3-pyruvate pathway. Further studies using inhibitors of the indole-3-pyruvate pathway are warranted to decipher the mechanisms by which IAA influences biofilm formation.

Defining the expression, production, and signaling roles of specialized metabolites during Bacillus subtilis differentiation

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alexi A. Schoenborn ◽  
Sarah M. Yannarell ◽  
E. Diane Wallace ◽  
Haley Clapper ◽  
Ilon C. Weinstein ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Bacillus Subtilis ◽  
Biofilm Formation ◽  
Cell Communication ◽  
Signaling Molecules ◽  
Interspecies Interactions ◽  
Communication Signals ◽  
Specialized Metabolites ◽  
Growing Body ◽  
Antagonistic Potential ◽  
Cell Cell

Bacterial specialized (or secondary) metabolites are structurally diverse molecules that mediate intra- and interspecies interactions by altering growth and cellular physiology and differentiation. Bacillus subtilis , a Gram-positive model bacterium commonly used to study biofilm formation and sporulation, has the capacity to produce over ten specialized metabolites. Some of these B. subtilis specialized metabolites have been investigated for their role in facilitating cellular differentiation, only rarely has the behavior of multiple metabolites been simultaneously investigated. In this study, we explored the interconnectivity of differentiation (biofilm and sporulation) and specialized metabolites in B. subtilis . Specifically, we interrogated how development influences specialized metabolites and vice versa. Using the sporulation-inducing medium DSM, we found that the majority of the specialized metabolites examined are expressed and produced during biofilm formation and sporulation. Additionally, we found that six of these metabolites (surfactin, ComX, bacillibactin, bacilysin, subtilosin A, and plipastatin) are necessary signaling molecules for proper progression of B. subtilis differentiation. This study further supports the growing body of work demonstrating that specialized metabolites have essential physiological functions as cell-cell communication signals in bacteria. Importance/Significance Bacterially produced specialized metabolites are frequently studied for their potential use as antibiotics and antifungals. However, a growing body of work has suggested that the antagonistic potential of specialized metabolites is not their only function. Here, using Bacillus subtilis as our model bacterium, we demonstrated that developmental processes such as biofilm formation and sporulation are tightly linked with specialized metabolite gene expression and production. Additionally, under our differentiation-inducing conditions, six out of the nine specialized metabolites investigated behave as intraspecific signals that impact B. subtilis physiology and influence biofilm formation and sporulation. Our work supports the viewpoint that specialized metabolites have a clear role as cell-cell signaling molecules within differentiated populations of bacteria.

Bidirectional cell-cell communication via indole and cyclo(Pro-Tyr) modulates interspecies biofilm formation

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yasuyuki Hashidoko ◽  
Dongyeop Kim
Keyword(s):  
Biofilm Formation ◽  
Spatial Organization ◽  
Cell Communication ◽  
Spatial Patterning ◽  
Dependent Manner ◽  
Mixed Species ◽  
Extracellular Signaling ◽  
Enhanced Production ◽  
Physico Chemical ◽  
Degrading Bacteria

The extracellular signaling molecule indole plays a pivotal role in biofilm formation by the enteric γ-Proteobacterium Escherichia coli ; this process is particularly correlated with extracellular indole concentration. Using indole-biodegrading β-Proteobacterium Burkholderia unamae , we examined the mechanism by which these two bacteria modulate biofilm formation in an indole-dependent manner. We quantified the spatial organization of cocultured microbial communities at the micron-scale through computational image analysis, ultimately identifying how bidirectional cell-to-cell communication modulated the physical relationships between them. Further analysis allowed us to determine the mechanism by which the B. unamae -derived signaling diketopiperazine, cyclo(Pro-Tyr), considerably upregulated indole biosynthesis and enhanced E. coli biofilm formation. We also determined that the presence of unmetabolized indole enhanced production of cyclo(Pro-Tyr). Thus, bidirectional cell-to-cell communication that occurred via interspecies signaling molecules modulated formation of a mixed-species biofilm between indole-producing and indole-consuming species. Importance Indole is a relatively stable N -heterocyclic aromatic compound that is widely found in nature. To date, the correlations between indole-related bidirectional cell-to-cell communications and interspecies communal organization remain poorly understood. In this study, we used an experimental model, which consisted of indole-producing and indole-degrading bacteria, to evaluate how bidirectional cell-to-cell communication modulated interspecies biofilm formation via intrinsic and environmental cues. We identified a unique spatial patterning of indole-producing and indole-degrading bacteria within mixed-species biofilms. This spatial patterning was an active process mediated by bidirectional physico-chemical interactions. Our findings represent an important step in gaining a more thorough understanding of the process of polymicrobial biofilm formation and advance the possibility of using indole degrading bacteria to address biofilm-related health and industry issues.

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