scholarly journals The Estonian jääda and Livonian īedõ: expressions of REMAIN and CHANGE in various grammatical constructions

2017 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 233-266 ◽  
Author(s):  
Miina Norvik ◽  
Külli Prillop
Keyword(s):  
Present Article ◽  
Historical Development ◽  
Linguistic Data ◽  
General Change ◽  
Negative Change ◽  
General Terms ◽  
Change Of State ◽  
Stay Behind

The present article studies the usage of the Estonian verb jääda and Livonian īedõ in various grammatical constructions. Although in both languages they can be attested to convey REMAIN and CHANGE, there are differences in their use depending on the construction. Apart from Estonian, the Livonian īedõ is shown to function as a general change-of-state predicate. Whereas previously the Estonian jääda has been associated with negative change and continuation, this study demonstrates that, in more general terms, one could speak about unexpectedness or difference from the majority, and remaining in an activity or state for some time. The linguistic data originates from various corpora, in the case of Livonian also from collections of texts. In order to investigate the historical development, the Old Written Estonian data was also included in the study. We propose that originally the verb expressed ‘remain, stay behind’. The corresponding meaning is present in most of the constructions expressing location; in Old Written Estonian such instances constituted ¾ of all examples.Kokkuvõte. Miina Norvik ja Külli Prillop: Eesti jääda ja liivi īedõ: PÜSIMISE ja MUUTUSE väljendamine erinevates grammatilistes konstruktsioonides. Artiklis analüüsitakse eesti jääda- ja liivi īedõ-verbi kasutust erinevates grammatilistes konstruktsioonides. Kuigi mõlemas keeles on ‘jääda’-verbil nii püsimise kui ka muutuse väljendamise funktsioon, võib konstruktsiooniti täheldada mitmeid erinevusi. Ühtlasi selgub, et liivi īedõ on laia kasutusvaldkonnaga üldise tähendusega muutusverb, mille vaste eesti keeles (lisaks jääda-verbile) võib olla ka saada, minna või tekkida/ilmuda. Kui eesti keeles on verbi jääda varem seostatud ennekõike negatiivse muutuse ning püsimisega, näidatakse siinses artiklis, et veelgi üldisemalt võiks jääda puhul rääkida olukorra erandlikkusest või ootamatusest ning selles püsimisest. Analüüsitav näitematerjal pärineb erinevatest korpustest, liivi keele puhul ka tekstikogumikest. Ajaloolise arengu kohta oletuste tegemiseks on võrdlusmaterjali kogutud ka eesti vana kirjakeele korpusest. Ilmneb, et algselt on tegemist ‘maha jäämist’ tähistanud verbiga – nimetatud tähendus on ennekõike esil kohta väljendavates konstruktsioonides, mis näiteks vanas kirjakeeles moodustasid enamiku kasutusjuhtudest.Võtmesõnad: muutus; püsimine; grammatilised konstruktsioonid; liivi keel; eesti keel; eesti vana kirjakeel

Do International Organizations Enjoy Immunity Under Customary International Law?

2014 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 287-318 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael Wood
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
General Practice ◽  
International Law ◽  
Present Article ◽  
International Organizations ◽  
Historical Development ◽  
Customary International Law ◽  
Domestic Courts

The present article considers whether there is “a general practice accepted as law” establishing rules of customary international law on the immunity of international organizations from the jurisdiction of domestic courts. Apart from treaties, there does not appear to be a great deal of practice or opinio juris on the immunity of international organizations. And while there are many treaties dealing with the matter, their significance for the generation of a rule of customary international law seems questionable. This article sketches the historical development of the immunity of international organizations since the nineteenth century, describes various approaches that have been suggested to this question, and sets out such practice as there is and academic consideration of that practice. It then considers whether practice has to date generated any rules of customary international law regarding immunities, and finally suggests some conclusions.

Lightfoot Noch Einmal

Diachronica ◽  
1987 ◽  
Vol 4 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 123-157 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. Scott Allan
Keyword(s):  
Present Article ◽  
Old English ◽  
Time Scale ◽  
Historical Development ◽  
16Th Century ◽  
Historische Entwicklung ◽  
Modal Verbs ◽  
English Grammar ◽  
Syntactic Change

SUMMARY Since the publication of Lightfoot's work on the historical development of the English modal verbs (Lightfoot 1974, 1979:81-120), there have been several replies to his analysis. This article is another contribution to that debate and concentrates on three areas. Firstly, the time scale of the changes is scrutinized to see if it is as uniform as Lightfoot appears to think, and whether or not it supports his claim that a major reanalysis of the base of the grammar occurred in the 16th century. Secondly, the autonomy thesis, i.e., the claim that syntactic change proceeds independently of semantic and phonetic factors, is examined, and lastly Lightfoot's fragment of Old English grammar is assessed for its accuracy. ZUSAMMENFASSUNG Seit der Veröffentlichung von Lightfoots Schriften über die historische Entwicklung der englischen Modalverben (Lightfoot 1974, 1979:81-120) gab es verschiedene Reaktionen auf seine Analyse. Dieser Artikel ist ein weiterer Beitrag zu dieser Debatte und beschäftigt sich mit drei Bereichen. Erstens wird die Chronologie der Veranderungen genau untersucht, urn zu sehen, ob sie tatsachlich so einheitlich vonstatten gegangen ist wie Lightfoot anzunehmen scheint und ob diese seine Behauptung unterstiitzt, daft es im 16. Jahrhundert eine umwälzende syntaktische Neustrukturierung gab. Zweitens wird die Autonomie-These untersucht, d.h. der Anspruch, daft sich syntaktische Veranderungen vollziehen, unabhangig von semantischen und phonetischen Faktoren. Schlieftlich wird Lightfoots Fragment einer Altenglischen Grammatik auf seine Genauigkeit überpruft. RÉSUMÉ Depuis la publication des travaux de D. Lightfoot sur le developpment historique des verbes modaux de 1'anglais (Lightfoot 1974, 1979:81-120) il y avait plusieurs reactions a son analyse. Le present article est une autre contribution a ce debat; il traîte des trois sujets particuliers. D'abord on examine la chronologie des changements afin de verifier l'uniformité maintenue par Lightfoot et sa these d'une restructuration profonde du systéme syntaxique de 1'anglais au XVIe siécle. Ensuit on examine la these (maintenue par Lightfoot) selon laquelle les changements syntaxique procedent independamment des facteurs phonetiques et sémantiques. Finalement on fait une evaluation de l'exactitude de son fragment d'un grammaire du vieux anglais.

scholarly journals The Greek Perfect through Gothic Eyes: Evidence for the Existence of a Unitary Semantic for the Greek Perfect in New Testament Greek

2014 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 5-42 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert Crellin
Keyword(s):  
Present Article ◽  
New Testament ◽  
Pure State ◽  
Past Tense ◽  
Change Of State ◽  
Considerable Debate ◽  
The New Testament ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Classical Language ◽  
Koine Greek

The semantics of the later Koine Greek perfect have been the subject of considerable debate in recent years. For the immediately post-Classical language Haug (2004) has suggested that the perfect combines resultant state and XN semantics, unifiable under the framework of event realisation (Bohnemeyer & Swift 2004). The present article presents a modified unitary semantic in terms of participant property (Smith 1997), and assesses its validity with reference to the translation of the perfect indicative active into Gothic. It is found that, while non-state verbs are translated only with past-tense forms in Gothic, contrary to traditional and even many modern views of the Greek perfect, the perfect of both pure state and change-of-state verbs are compatible with both past and non-past tense readings. The fact that this is the case regardless of the diachronic pedigree of the perfect forms concerned is taken as evidence consistent with the existence of the proposed unitary semantic for the Greek perfect in the New Testament in the eyes of the Gothic translator.

scholarly journals XI. A Historical Enquiry concerning the Origin and Development of Sufiism, with a list of Definitions of the terms ‘Ṣúfi’ and ‘Taṣawwuf,’ arranged chronologically

1906 ◽  
Vol 38 (2) ◽  
pp. 303-348 ◽  
Author(s):  
Reynold A. Nicholson
Keyword(s):  
Present Article ◽  
Historical Development ◽  
Characteristic Point ◽  
Fourth Century ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
The Third ◽  
Chronological Sequence

The nucleus of the present article was meant in the first instance to be added as a note to a chronological list of definitions of the terms ‘Ṣúfí’ and ‘Taṣawwuf’ chiefly compiled from the Risála of Qushayrí (Cairo, 1287 a.h.), the Tadhkiratu'l-Awliyá of Farídu'ddín ‘Aṭṭár (cited as T.A.), and the Nafaḥátu'l-Uns of Jámí (Calcutta, 1859). These works contain about a hundred definitions of ‘Ṣúfí’ and ‘Taṣawwuf,’ none of which exceeds a few lines in length. I thought that it might be interesting, and possibly instructive, to arrange the most important in their chronological sequence, so far as that can be determined, since only in this way are they capable of throwing any light upon the historical development of Ṣúfiism. The result, however, was somewhat meagre. Taken as a whole, those brief sentences which often represent merely a single aspect of the thing defined, a characteristic point of view, or perhaps a momentarily dominant mood, do undoubtedly exhibit the gradual progress of mystical thought in Islam from the beginning of the third to the end of the fourth century after the Hijra, but the evidence which they supply is limited to a vague outline. Accordingly, I resolved to undertake a chronological examination of the doctrine taught by the authors of these definitions and by other distinguished Ṣúfís, and I have here set down the conclusions to which I have come. I do not claim to have exhausted all the available material.

Constructions with get

2006 ◽  
Vol 4 ◽  
pp. 21-37 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stéphanie Bonnefille
Keyword(s):  
Present Article ◽  
Real World ◽  
Change Of State ◽  
State Construction

The present article analyzes the copular realization of GET in relation to its lexical transitive, intransitive motion and passive realizations. The change-of-state construction was previously defined by the author as X CHANGES TO Ystate. If COME, GO, TURN… copular realizations were proved to be constrained (Bonnefille, 2001 and 2004; Bonnefille & McMichael, 2001) by X MOVES TO Ylocation (Goldberg, 1995), the search for real-world constraints at work in this construction when used with GET leads us to the conclusion that the copular realization of GET is constrained by the blending of two constructions, i.e. X MOVES TO Ylocation and either X EXPERIENCES Y (with the meaning “receiving an object”) or X ACTS ON Y (with the meaning “obtaining/possessing an object”), depending on the degree of agenthood of X.

scholarly journals The Past as Science: Romanian Cartography at the Paris Peace Congress of 1919

2021 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 41-54
Author(s):  
Silviu Anghel
Keyword(s):  
Present Article ◽  
Historical Development ◽  
Graphic Representation ◽  
The Past ◽  
Paris Peace Conference

Abstract Romanian cartography at the Paris Peace Conference has so far received very little attention. Nevertheless, Romanian scholars produced tens of maps to support Romanian claims, most of them ethnographic ones. Seen as unscientific in 1919, they were quietly brushed aside. The present article argues that Romanian maps of 1919 displayed the same ideas found among Romanian elites. Ethnographic space was for them not just a matter of graphic representation of census results, but also the historical development of ancient and modern Dacia. Romanian cartography was congruous with Romanian culture in a wider sense. The article will review these ideas and then discuss their impact in Paris in 1919 and for Romanian culture since then.

scholarly journals On Semantic Patterns of “Kill–Verbs” in Modern English

2013 ◽  
Vol 9 (1-2 (11)) ◽  
pp. 51-61
Author(s):  
Robert Khachatryan
Keyword(s):  
Present Article ◽  
Semantic Features ◽  
Linguistic Data ◽  
British National Corpus ◽  
National Corpus ◽  
The Way ◽  
Causative Verbs

The article aims to reveal the semantic structures of the causative verbs in modern English, particularly with reference to the characteristics of the verbs meaning “to kill” and the way of expressing the main meaning of “to cause to die”. More precisely, the present article highlights the semantic features of these verbs that condition their causative nature. The article focuses on the investigation of only those verbs meaning “to cause to die” that are more frequent in speech, particularly the verbs to kill, to murder, to assassinate, to execute and to massacre. The linguistic data are borrowed from the British National Corpus.

scholarly journals Money and currency within the context of social development in the territory of Slovakia

2021 ◽  
Vol 19 (2) ◽  
pp. 34-53
Author(s):  
Karolína Červená ◽  
◽  
Anna Vartašová ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Social Development ◽  
Economic System ◽  
Present Article ◽  
Historical Development ◽  
Legal Aspects ◽  
Historical Method

The term money currently refers to various modifications of the money forms, which historically have undergone their process of development. Applying the analytical, comparative, and historical method, the present article aims to identify the essential developmental aspects of the institution of money (term's content, functions, role, appearance/forms, interactions, legal aspects) in the context of their operation in the economic system with a pro futuro view focusing on the territory of Slovakia. The authors studied and analysed information from domestic and foreign sources, paying particular attention to the historical development of the form of money and currency formation predominantly in Slovakia. The authors conclude that today's money has lost its historical fundamental economic properties and raise the question whether it is only its other dimensions (psychological, political, technological, and others) that have prevailed.

scholarly journals Unifying the Basic Models of Ecology to Be More Complete and Easier to Teach

BioScience ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 70 (5) ◽  
pp. 415-426 ◽  
Author(s):  
Clarence Lehman ◽  
Shelby Loberg ◽  
Adam T Clark ◽  
Daniel Schmitter
Keyword(s):  
Community Ecology ◽  
Present Article ◽  
Exponential Growth ◽  
Historical Development ◽  
Ecological Theory ◽  
Graphical Form ◽  
Logistic Growth ◽  
Unified Approach

Abstract Population and basic community ecology are commonly presented to students through a set of distinct models, such as those for exponential growth, logistic growth, competition, predation, and so forth. This approach mirrors the historical development of the field, but it has several shortcomings as a way to present ecological theory. First, the classical equations can appear disconnected from one another. Second, differences in the parameters and styles of the equations do not lend themselves to comparison in a common graphical form. And third, the set of equations as they are commonly presented provides no easy way to see whether any concepts are left out. In fact, something is left out that is not commonly taught: the concept of faster-than-exponential growth approaching a singularity, which is important for understanding rapidly growing systems. In the present article, we demonstrate a unified approach that simplifies the traditional equations of ecology, expands their scope, and emphasizes their interconnections.

Towards coherent infinitival patterns in the history of German

2015 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 6-40
Author(s):  
Ulrike Demske
Keyword(s):  
Present Article ◽  
Historical Development ◽  
16Th Century ◽  
History Of ◽  
Infinitival Complements

According to Haider (2010), we have to distinguish three types of infinitival complements in Present-Day German: (i) CP complements, (ii) VP complements and (iii) verbal clusters. While CP complements give rise to biclausal structures, VP complements and verbal clusters indicate a monoclausal structure. Non-finite verbs in verbal clusters build a syntactic unit with the governing verb. It is only the last infinitival pattern that we address as a so-called coherent infinitival pattern, a notion introduced in the influential work of Bech (1955/57). Verbal clusters are bound to languages with an OV grammar, hence the well-known differences regarding infinitival syntax in German and English (Haider 2003, Bobaljik 2004). On the widespread assumption that German has been an OV language throughout its history (Axel 2007), we expect all three types of infinitival complements to be present from the earliest attestions of German. This expectation, however, is not borne out. In the present article, I show that we find infinitival complements projecting either CPs or VPs in older stages of German, while verbal clusters turn out to be a quite recent phenomenon in the history of German, as already suggested in work by Askedal (1998), Demske (2008) and Maché & Abraham (2011). In line with current beliefs that German is underspecified regarding the direction of government in earlier stages of its historical development, I argue that the rise of verbal clusters is motivated by the increasing stabilization of an OV grammar since the 16th century.

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