scholarly journals The Double-Tongued Author: Re-reading Sophocles, Thomas Hardy, and Eduard Vilde

2019 ◽  
Vol 23 (2) ◽  
pp. 321-339
Author(s):  
Arne Merilai
Keyword(s):  
Friedrich Nietzsche ◽  
Thomas Hardy ◽  
The Other ◽  
The Novel ◽  
The Third ◽  
Tess Of The D'urbervilles ◽  
Erotic Novel ◽  
Ambivalent Attitude ◽  
Social Critical ◽  
Country People

The article discusses the authors’ ambivalent attitude towards their protagonists, drawing on Sophocles’ Oedipus the King, Thomas Hardy’s Tess of the d’Urbervilles, and Eduard Vilde’s Mäeküla piimamees (Milkman of the Manor). Firstly, the hypothesis based on Aristotle’s Poetics and the idea of Pericles having been a possible prototype of Oedipus is proposed, according to which Sophocles could have been critical of the tyrant of Thebes as a noble representative of a polis at war with Athens, justifying his pains in addition to showing compassion. Such an interpretation is in contrast with the humanist and protest-driven glorification initiated by Friedrich Nietzsche. Another example of the author’s “hypocrisy” is Thomas Hardy’s novel that is generally, and with reason, read as critical of Victorian society. However, the work’s reception has failed to address the motif of mystical revenge on the inheritor of the bloodline of foreign conquerors that occurs in the shadow of a woman’s tragedy and is executed with consistency, yet is not seen as the text’s rival dominant. Still, without considering the opposing line of interpretation that constitutes a parallel in its tragic irony, the understanding of the novel will remain superficial. The third example of the author’s split viewpoint can be found in the first Estonian novel to excel in artistic maturity that also stands out as the first psychological and erotic novel. Vilde’s social-critical programme in the name of the oppressed country people and women’s emancipation clashes in an intriguing way with his erotomanic objectifying gaze on the woman which rather represents a patriarchal attitude bent on subordinating the other sex. Vilde’s ambivalence towards his wayward heroine makes her a most interesting character whose mystery cannot be solved unequivocally.

scholarly journals WOMEN AND MARRIAGE: AN ANALYSIS COMPARATIV LITERATURE ON THE NOVEL INDONESIA, ENGLAND, AND AMERICA

2018 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 291
Author(s):  
Syahril Syahril
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Thomas Hardy ◽  
Social Background ◽  
The Novel ◽  
Good Education ◽  
The Third ◽  
Great Gatsby ◽  
The Great Gatsby ◽  
Negative Images ◽  
Real Person

<p><em>A novel can represent reality. Thus, a character in a novel with his or her complexity,  might be a portrait or a representation of a real person. This article discusses representations or images of women in three novels from three different social background. They are Kalau Tak Untung (Selasih, Indonesia), Far From The Madding Crowd (Thomas Hardy, England), and The Great Gatsby (F. Scott Fitzgerald, United States). All of these three novels represent women in both positive and negative images. The positive images are: independent, hard working, rebellious, and futuristic (in thinking). Meanwhile, the negative images are reckless, naïve, materialistic, seductive, unfaithful, egoist and passive. The three novels show some facts. The first is that women will work hard when they are in an unpleasant situation, particularly when they need money. In this situation they will not mind doing man’s job. The second similarity is that woman with good education seems to have better behavior than those who lack education. The third fact is that there are some women who value their happiness by the wealth they can get.</em><em></em></p>

Acquiring the transitive construction in English: the role of animacy and pronouns

1998 ◽  
Vol 25 (3) ◽  
pp. 605-622 ◽  
Author(s):  
KELLY DODSON ◽  
MICHAEL TOMASELLO
Keyword(s):  
Young Children ◽  
The Other ◽  
The Novel ◽  
Transitive Action ◽  
Only Children ◽  
The Third

Twenty-four children between 2;5 and 3;1 were taught two nonce verbs. Each verb was used multiple times by an adult experimenter to refer to a highly transitive action involving a mostly animate agent (including the child herself) and a patient of varying animacy. One of the verbs was modelled in the Two-Participants condition in which the experimenter said: ‘Look. Big Bird is dopping the boat’. The other verb was modelled in the No-Participant condition in which the experimenter named the Two-Participants but did not use them as arguments of the novel verb: ‘Look what Big Bird is doing to the boat. It's called keefing’. It was found that whereas many children produced transitive sentences with the Two-Participants verb, only children close to 3;0 produced transitive sentences with the No-Participant verb. This age is somewhat younger than previous studies in which young children were asked to produce transitive sentences with two lexical nouns for the two animate participants. Also, re-analyses of previously published studies in which children learned novel verbs in sentence frames without arguments found that the few transitive sentences produced by children under 2;6 involved either I or me as subject. One hypothesis is thus that as young children in the third year of life begin to construct a more abstract and verb-general transitive construction, this construction initially contains only certain types of participants expressed in only certain kinds of linguistic forms.

scholarly journals The Quest for Success and Power in F. Scott Fitzgerald's Novel The Beautiful and Damned

2017 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 181
Author(s):  
Ala Eddin Sadeq
Keyword(s):  
Friedrich Nietzsche ◽  
Cultural Change ◽  
American Dream ◽  
The Other ◽  
The Novel ◽  
Will To Power ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
The Status ◽  
The Will

This study aims at investigating the concepts of success and power, as depicted by F. Scott Fitzgerald in The Beautiful and Damned (2009). Cultural change motivates individuals to work harder to achieve success, which in turn makes them influential. The study reveals that the concepts of success and power are controversial, as their means vary from one theorist to another.  Waldo Emerson, for example, believes that success is connected to happiness.  He, therefore, lists down features that characterize successful people. To succeed, one must learn to follow their desires, an argument that is expounded by the ideology of the American Dream.  Friedrich Nietzsche, however, explains that individuals are motivated to lead due to the fact that power brings about the superman. To achieve the status of the superman, Nietzsche believes that individuals develop the will to power and are able to influence others (Nietzsche, 1968). Fitzgerald, on the other hand, makes it clear that power leads to liberty. The novel provides a deep analysis of the quest for power and success. The main characters are Gloria, Joseph, and Anthony who helps to demonstrate the quest for success and power. Richard Caramel is also a character whose role explains the pursuit of true happiness. He is depicted as powerful because he influences the society through his writings. He has a strong determination to be a writer, which motivates him to work hard and to seek further success. 

Arthur Schopenhauer, Evolution, and Ecology in Thomas Hardy’s The Woodlanders

2017 ◽  
Vol 71 (4) ◽  
pp. 516-545 ◽  
Author(s):  
John Heaney
Keyword(s):  
Charles Darwin ◽  
Thomas Hardy ◽  
Evolutionary Model ◽  
Arthur Schopenhauer ◽  
The Novel ◽  
Standard Assumption ◽  
Ecological Vision ◽  
Tess Of The D'urbervilles ◽  
Herbert Spencer ◽  
Plant Life

John Heaney, “Arthur Schopenhauer, Evolution, and Ecology in Thomas Hardy’s The Woodlanders” (pp. 516–545) This essay takes issue with two truisms within Thomas Hardy criticism: first, the widely accepted view that The Woodlanders (1887) is Hardy’s most “Darwinian” work; and second, the standard assumption that Arthur Schopenhauer’s influence on Hardy’s writing can be discerned specifically in the works from Tess of the D’Urbervilles (1891) onward, and primarily in the unrelenting pessimism that characterizes both writers’ worldviews. The essay calls into question the simplification underlying both positions by suggesting ways in which Schopenhauer’s metaphysics may have influenced Hardy’s treatment of evolutionary themes in The Woodlanders, paying particular attention to Hardy’s choice of plant life as the dominant metaphor within the novel, and the numerous ways in which the evolutionary model it depicts diverges from that formulated by thinkers such as Charles Darwin and Herbert Spencer. It argues furthermore that Schopenhauer’s philosophy of nature therefore offers the optimum framework through which to interpret Hardy’s unique ecological vision in the novel, and calls for renewed attention to the philosopher’s proto-phenomenological description of reality, the significance of which has been largely overlooked by recent ecocritical scholars searching for a non-Cartesian framework in which to couch their readings.

scholarly journals DEIKSIS DALAM NOVEL ELENA KARYA ELLYA NINGSIH

2019 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 155-164
Author(s):  
Marnetti Marnetti
Keyword(s):  
The Other ◽  
The Novel ◽  
Second Person ◽  
The Third ◽  
Single Person ◽  
Research Type

This research focuses on the deixis of persona, place, and time contained in Elena by Ellya Ningsih’s novel published in July 2018. This paper aims to describe the forms and intentions of the use of the persona, place, and time existed in the novel. This research type is qualitative using descriptive methods. Data were analyzed by applying some steps; reducing, classifying, and interpreting. The results of this study indicate that the form and meaning of deixis used is the form of the first single person deixis in the form of the words aku and saya, the first plural persona deviation in the form of our word, kami and kita and the meaning of the role as speaker. The second single person deixis is the word kau, kamu, and anda, the second person person is the deixis, the meaning of the role as the other person. Deixis of the third singular person are ia and dia, the third plural person is mereka, the meaning of the role is what is discussed. Deixis of a place in the form of phrases here and there and their meaning to find out where the speaker is. Time deviation is in the form of phrases this weekend and two more years and their meaning is to show the distance of time when a speaker says. AbstrakPenelitian ini difokuskan pada deiksis persona, tempat, dan waktu yang terdapat pada Novel Elena karya Ellya Ningsih yang diterbitkan pada Juli 2018. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mendeskripsikan bentuk-bentuk dan maksud pemakaian deiksis persona, tempat, dan waktu yang terdapat dalam novel tersebut. Jenis penelitian ini adalah kualitatif dengan menggunakan metode deskriptif. Data dianalisis dengan langkah-langkah; mereduksi, mengklasifikasi, dan menginterpretasi. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa bentuk dan makna deiksis yang digunakan berupa bentuk deiksis persona pertama tunggal berupa kata aku dan saya, deiksis persona pertama jamak berupa kata kami, kita, dan makna perannya sebagai pembicara. Deiksis persona kedua tunggal berupa kata kau, kamu, dan anda, deiksis persona kedua jamak adalah kalian, makna perannya sebagai lawan bicara. Deiksis persona ketiga tunggal adalah ia dan dia, deiksis persona ketiga jamak adalah mereka, makna perannya adalah yang dibicarakan. Deiksis tempat berupa frasa di sini dan di sana, dan maknanya untuk mengetahui tempat pembicara. Deiksis waktu berupa frasa akhir pekan ini dan dua tahun lagi, dan maknanya untuk menunjukkan jarak waktu pandang saat seorang penutur berujar.Kata Kunci: deiksis, bentuk deiksis, makna deiksis, novel Elena

scholarly journals From tradition to modernity

Anafora ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 347-366
Author(s):  
Ali Salami ◽  
Farnoosh Pirayesh
Keyword(s):  
Third Space ◽  
The Other ◽  
Double Vision ◽  
The Novel ◽  
Middle Ground ◽  
Two Cultures ◽  
Host Culture ◽  
The Third ◽  
East And West ◽  
The Way

The paper explores the liberating power of Bhabha’s concept of hybridity in Manju Kapur’s novel The Immigrant. By concentrating on Nina’s immigration to Canada, the novel addresses her early affliction due to the cultural clash between the East and West, tradition and modernity, her assimilation problems, as well as her gradual assimilation, her in-betweenness, transformation in her roles and identity, and survival in the host world. She opens a space in-between the home and host culture, mediates between them, and becomes the citizen of two worlds; she thus enters the third space, i.e. she stands in-between two cultures prioritizing neither the home nor the host culture but the middle ground and emerges as a hybrid who occupies the in-between space and develops a double vision. Using Homi Bhabha’s insights, this study seeks to demonstrate that being positioned in the third space, i.e. moving beyond the polarities and challenging the fixedness of identity and experiencing in-betweenness – being neither one nor the other, might pave the way for her liberation. The paper is to show that Nina is neither one nor the other, i.e. neither a traditional nor a modern woman but both, simultaneously transcending and reconciling the tradition and modernity.

scholarly journals Thomas Hardy: A Torchbearer of Feminism Representing Sufferings of Victorian Era Women

2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (3) ◽  
pp. 55
Author(s):  
Nadia Saeed ◽  
Muhammad Ali Shaikh ◽  
Stephen John ◽  
Kamal Haider
Keyword(s):  
Domestic Violence ◽  
Thomas Hardy ◽  
The Novel ◽  
Social Reforms ◽  
Victorian Era ◽  
Tess Of The D'urbervilles ◽  
Queen Victoria ◽  
The People ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Almost All

The purpose of this paper was to highlight the miserable plight of women during the Victorian era, the age of social reforms, political improvements, collective welfare, and material prosperity. During this age, Queen Victoria worked on various issues that had remained the cause of unrest among the people. Her efforts, in this regard, were indeed commendable, but she took no interest to resolve issues of women who had been suffering terribly under patriarchy. The subject of women remained ignored for many years, then some writers started to highlight the miserable state of these passive creatures who were the constant victims of social, political and economic injustices, inequalities, deprivations, and domestic violence. Of all the feminists, Thomas Hardy stood unique as he brought to light almost all areas of life where women were suffering awfully and their voices were suppressed under the male-dominated system. Hardy took serious note of the long-ignored subject of society and provided a vivid and realistic picture of Victorian society through his extraordinarily brilliant novels. Thomas Hardy’s famous masterpiece ‘Tess of the d’Urbervilles: A Pure Woman” is one of the best novels depicting women-related issues that shook the minds of the people to proceed towards this delicate matter. The contents or events described in the novel confirmed that women were the disadvantaged section of society who were deprived of their due rights and respect in society. They were objectified and preferred to a man in each sphere of life.

TESS, VICTIM OF HYPOCRICY TESS OF THE d’URBERVILLES, THOMAS HARDY

2018 ◽  
Vol 28 (7) ◽  
pp. 2379-2382
Author(s):  
Suzana Ibraimi Memeti
Keyword(s):  
Thomas Hardy ◽  
The Novel ◽  
Human Beings ◽  
Fallen Woman ◽  
Alfred The Great ◽  
Tess Of The D'urbervilles ◽  
Sequence Of Events ◽  
Deep Sympathy ◽  
And Gender ◽  
Social Prejudice

Thomas Hardy is distinguished by his contemporaries for the fact that the subjects of his novels are taken from the rural environment in the agricultural region south of England. He calls his homeland Dorset, Wessex, in memory of former King Alfred the Great. Themes and subjects of his novels are attractive and dominant. In all of his most popular novels, Hardy describes, outlines, and portrays human beings who are faced with powerful attacks of devastating and mysterious forces. He was a serious novelist who sought to present the view of life throughout a novel. Frequently, his themes and subjects mix with the sequence of events that have extreme and fatal consequences, while he rarely fails to inspire the reader with his deep mercy to the characters who suffer in their live; he often cannot afford to reach the highest degree of tragic element. The author sends an indictment to his time: he firmly rejects the duality of morality according to which the behavior of a man and the behavior of a woman is differently estimated. Thomas Hardy’s world as a writer is completely realistic, even transparent because he is a rare master of description of the environment. His characters are creatures of their environment, presented in their mutual relationships, often with sharp psychological observations. “Tess of the d’Urbervilles” is based on a familiar motif, that of a fallen woman, where Tess represents the prejudices of the Victorian society. In the novel, Hardy portrays an innocent poor girl of a country, a victim of the combined forces of Victorian patriarchal society, of the hypocrisy of social prejudice and gender inequality, which shows his deep sympathy for Tessa, the protagonist of the novel, a symbol of women devastated without mercy in a world dominated by males. He shows that Tess is an example of the devastating effect of society's pressures on a pure girl, and that Angel and Alec are personifications of destructive attitudes towards women.

Thomas Hardy's Groundwork

PMLA ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 134 (5) ◽  
pp. 1028-1041
Author(s):  
Daniel Wright
Keyword(s):  
Thomas Hardy ◽  
Total Darkness ◽  
The Novel ◽  
Tess Of The D'urbervilles ◽  
Fictional Worlds

Thomas Hardy strategically exposes what he calls the “groundwork” of his fictional worlds in scenes depicting blizzards or total darkness that scrub away all points of orientation. When Hardy reveals the empty field—”forms without features”—within which the details of the novel take shape, he aims to investigate the ontological, rather than epistemological or aesthetic, questions raised by novelistic realism. By tracing Hardy's groundwork through several novels, primarily Far from the Madding Crowd (1874), The Return of the Native (1878), and Tess of the d’Urbervilles (1891), the essay shows that Hardy's vexed relation to the realist tradition arises out of the metaphysical paradoxes endemic to novelistic mimesis.

TESS, VICTIM OF HYPOCRICY TESS OF THE d’URBERVILLES, THOMAS HARDY

2018 ◽  
Vol 28 (7) ◽  
pp. 2379-2382
Author(s):  
Suzana Ibraimi Memeti
Keyword(s):  
Thomas Hardy ◽  
The Novel ◽  
Human Beings ◽  
Fallen Woman ◽  
Alfred The Great ◽  
Tess Of The D'urbervilles ◽  
Sequence Of Events ◽  
Deep Sympathy ◽  
And Gender ◽  
Social Prejudice

Thomas Hardy is distinguished by his contemporaries for the fact that the subjects of his novels are taken from the rural environment in the agricultural region south of England. He calls his homeland Dorset, Wessex, in memory of former King Alfred the Great. Themes and subjects of his novels are attractive and dominant. In all of his most popular novels, Hardy describes, outlines, and portrays human beings who are faced with powerful attacks of devastating and mysterious forces. He was a serious novelist who sought to present the view of life throughout a novel. Frequently, his themes and subjects mix with the sequence of events that have extreme and fatal consequences, while he rarely fails to inspire the reader with his deep mercy to the characters who suffer in their live; he often cannot afford to reach the highest degree of tragic element. The author sends an indictment to his time: he firmly rejects the duality of morality according to which the behavior of a man and the behavior of a woman is differently estimated. Thomas Hardy’s world as a writer is completely realistic, even transparent because he is a rare master of description of the environment. His characters are creatures of their environment, presented in their mutual relationships, often with sharp psychological observations. “Tess of the d’Urbervilles” is based on a familiar motif, that of a fallen woman, where Tess represents the prejudices of the Victorian society. In the novel, Hardy portrays an innocent poor girl of a country, a victim of the combined forces of Victorian patriarchal society, of the hypocrisy of social prejudice and gender inequality, which shows his deep sympathy for Tessa, the protagonist of the novel, a symbol of women devastated without mercy in a world dominated by males. He shows that Tess is an example of the devastating effect of society's pressures on a pure girl, and that Angel and Alec are personifications of destructive attitudes towards women.

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