scholarly journals Η ΡΙΖΟΣΠΑΣΤΙΚΗ ΔΕΞΙΑ ΚΑΙ ΤΟ ΑΓΡΟΤΙΚΟ ΖΗΤΗΜΑ ΣΤΙΣ ΑΡΧΕΣ ΤΟΥ ΕΙΚΟΣΤΟΥ ΑΙΩΝΑ. Η ΠΕΡΙΠΤΩΣΗ TOΥ ΧΡΗΣΤΟΒΑΣΙΛΗ ΚΑΙ ΤΗΣ ΕΤΑΙΡΕΙΑΣ «ΕΛΛΗΝΙΣΜΟΣ»

Μνήμων ◽  
2004 ◽  
Vol 26 ◽  
pp. 133
Author(s):  
ΝΙΚΟΣ ΠΟΤΑΜΙΑΝΟΣ
Keyword(s):  
Point Of View ◽  
Radical Right ◽  
Nationalist Discourse ◽  
Authoritarian State ◽  
Agrarian Question ◽  
Democratic State ◽  
History Of ◽  
Peasant Revolt ◽  
Ownership Of Land ◽  
The 19Th Century

<p>Nikos Potamianos, The Radical Right and the Agrarian Question in the Early 20th Century. The Case of Christovassilis and the "Hellenism Asosociation"</p><p>The subject of this article is an aspect of the history of the radical right in Greece, namely its intellectual and political response to the agrarian question which emerged in Greece at the end of the 19th century after the incorporation of new provinces where large landownership was predominant. In particular, the arguments and theses of a cadre of the biggest nationalist league of Athens in 1907 are examined, in contrast to its earlier views on the agrarian question and in contrast to the discourse of the radical supporters of the sharecroppers as well as the landowners. Christovassilis adopts a pro-peasant stand, attacking capitalist landowners and indirectly proposing the purchase of the land by its cultivators with the assistance of the state. However, his main aim was to prove that parliamentary democracy was incapable of improving the sharecroppers' situation, a task which only an authoritarian state could accomplish. Crucial in Christovassilis' arguments was the use of nationalist discourse in order to legalize sharecroppers' demands: he linked the peasants' struggle for land in the past with the national conflict with the Ottoman conquerors, equating land with fatherland and, therefore, the ownership of land of Thessaly with the peasants' participation in the nation. Christovassilis' earlier views which put emphasis on the social aspects of the agrarian question gave way to the pre-ponderance of the nationalist argument, which was in turn related to other aspects of the ideology of the radical right. "Hellenism" followed a strategy of appealing to the mobilized subordinate classes — but without totally adopting their point of view. It was always clear that the viewpoint of the association was that of paternalism, not of emancipation. One of the points of its criticism against the democratic state was that the latter was not powerful enough torepress the impending peasant revolt. The restoration of law and orderwas for the radical right more important than the improvement of the living conditions of the lower strata. And the adoption of popular demands, in general, proved to be merely rhetoric: when the class struggle became more intense, especially in the case of the agrarian movementof 1910, "Hellenism" remained aloof.</p>

Ancient water robotics and Abou-l Iz Al-Jazari

2013 ◽  
Vol 13 (3) ◽  
pp. 699-709 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zekâi Şen
Keyword(s):  
Roman Empire ◽  
Agricultural Land ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Hellenistic Period ◽  
Ancient Greek ◽  
Southeastern Part ◽  
Water Power ◽  
12Th Century ◽  
History Of ◽  
The 19Th Century

Although water resources have been developed throughout the centuries for the service of different civilizations, at different scales and in different regions, their use in automation has been conceived only recently. Research into the history of water from an automation point of view has led to some unknown or hidden facts. Starting from the ancient Greek period before the prophet Christ and after about the 12th century, many researchers tried to make use of water power for working some simple but effective devices for the service of mankind. Among these are the haulage of water from a lower level to a higher elevation by water wheels in order to irrigate agricultural land. Hero during the Hellenistic period and Vitruvius of the Roman Empire were among the first who tried to make use of water power for use in different human activities, such as water haulage, watermills, water clocks, etc. The highlights of these works were achieved by a 12th century Muslim researcher, Abou-l Iz Al-Jazari, who lived in the southeastern part of modern day Turkey. He reviewed all the previous work from different civilizations and then suggested his own designs and devices for the use of water power in automation of excellent types. He even combined animals and water power through early designs of valves, pistons, cylinders and crank mills, as will be explained in this paper. His works were revealed by German historians and engineers in the first quarter of the 19th century. Later, an English engineer translated his book from Arabic into English, revealing the guidelines for modern automation and robotic designs originating from the 12th century. This paper gives a brief summary of the early workers' devices and Abou-l Iz Al-Jazari's much more developed designs with his original hand-drawn pictures.

scholarly journals Archaeological Excursion into Proximal Colony

2016 ◽  
Vol 9 (3) ◽  
pp. 669 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aleksandar Palavestra
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
Bosnia And Herzegovina ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
The Other ◽  
Theoretical Context ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
History Of ◽  
The 19Th Century

Austro-Hungarian rule in Bosnia-Herzegovina by the end of the 19th century, presided by Benjamin Kallay, the Empire’s Minister of Finance and governor of Bosnia and Herzegovina, strived to gain wider international justification for its years’ long project of “civilizing” Bosnia and Herzegovina, or particular “historizing” of this proximal colony. In the summer of 1894 the Austro-Hungarian government in Bosnia and Herzegovina organized the Congress of Archaeologists and Anthropologists in the Landesmuseum in Sarajevo. The aim of the Congress was to inform archaeologists and anthropologists about the results of archaeological investigations in the country, and to seek their advice in directing further work. The wider ideological, political, as well as theoretical context of this congress, however, was much more complex and layered, with the aim to present the constructed image of Bosnia and Herzegovina as a country of tamed and civilized European Orient of rich past and luxurious folklore. The participants of the Congress discussed the archaeological and anthropological data presented to them by the hosts, including the specially organized excavations at Butmir and Glasinac. It is interesting to analyze, from the point of view of the history of archaeological ideas, the endeavours of the participants to adapt the archaeological finds before them to the wishes of the hosts, and, on the other hand, to their favoured archaeological paradigms dominant at the time.

scholarly journals The Omsk Diocesan Vedomosti about the System of Parochial Education in the Steppe Territory (the Turn of the 19th-20th Centuries)

2020 ◽  
pp. 37-42
Author(s):  
E.N. Yegorenkova
Keyword(s):  
Education System ◽  
Good Reason ◽  
Local History ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Political Life ◽  
Russian Orthodox Church ◽  
Important Place ◽  
History Of ◽  
Parochial Education ◽  
The 19Th Century

From the middle of the 19th century, church periodicals in the form of the Omsk Diocesan Vedomosti occupy an important place in the sorial, socio-political life of the Russian provinces, plaring on their pages not only documents and addresses of church and offidal authorities (Holy Synod, Sovereign Emperor), sermons and instructions, reports of orthodox missions and committees, but also material of a journalists, local history, historical and ethnography nature and etc From this point of view, “The Omsk Diocesan Vedomosti ” with good reason can represent a full-fledged, original and versatile source of the history of church and parochial education in the Steppe Territory in the late 19th — early 20th centuries, which reflets on its pages both the general condition of parish schools, church literacy schools, and certain aspects of the functioning of the education system in the region under the patronage of the Russian Orthodox Church, such as: education as one of the tools of missionary activity, newly baptized Kyrgyz (Kazakhs) and the education system, missionary schools and their role in missionary work, boarding schools for children of immigrants baptized Kyrgyz (Kazakhs) and much more.

Եղիա Տեմիրճիպաշյան. Բազմավաստակ գրողն ու մտավորականը

2021 ◽  
pp. 31-45
Author(s):  
Պետրոս Դեմիրճյան
Keyword(s):  
Public Life ◽  
Philosophy Of History ◽  
Cultural Development ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Historical Time ◽  
Creative Thought ◽  
History Of ◽  
Armenian Literature ◽  
Complex Phenomena ◽  
The 19Th Century

Writer, publicist, philosopher, pedagogue, editor Yeghia Temirchipashyan (1851–1908) occupies a special place in the history of Armenian literature and, in particular, in the national-social, educational and cultural development of the last quarter of the 19th century. He was destined to live and create for our people, truly, in a crucial historical time, when not only national and public life, but also scientific and meaningful creative thought was undergoing rapid reforms. In the oppressive atmosphere of the Sultan’s Turkey, even the creative spirit of Armenians tried to find a way out of the developments taking place in the world, the sources of progress and the latest ways. In the system of communication and internal transfers, Y. Temirchipashyan gave priority to the present time. Soberly assessing the current requirements of life, he felt and realized that time has changed, the human being has changed. That is why, considering the Mashtots Grabar adored, he advocated the use of a manifests when assessing the complex phenomena of the transition time experienced by him from the point of view of the life and progress of the nation and society as a whole. In his famous articles entitled “The Evolution of the Beauty” “The Element of the Philosophy of History”, “A Hassle over Bringing up Girls or a Speech of Broom”, encouraging the influx of European literary, scientific and philosophical thought into the Armenian reality, he was against the intention to accept with open arms all the shepherds and currents coming from the West. At the same time, having mastered new aesthetic and philosophical trends, he also encouraged reading “nutritious, strengthening, awaking books”, and did not stop believing in the optimistic prospects of the nation and the Motherland.

Public authority in European capitals: a map of governance, an album with symbols

2004 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 143-158 ◽  
Author(s):  
HERMAN VAN DER WUSTEN
Keyword(s):  
Point Of View ◽  
Public Authority ◽  
Capital City ◽  
Constitutional Change ◽  
Governance System ◽  
The Public ◽  
History Of ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Civic Institutions

This paper deals with the residences of public authority across Europe from the emergence of the state system to the present. It is concerned with the addresses, the buildings, their surroundings and the symbolic significance from the point of view of builders and the public. The building styles have been heavily influenced by the examples of imperial and papal Rome, and a dominant model of a European capital city building has evolved. There are also some systematic differences, particularly for those countries with a dramatic history of constitutional change and for those with a decentralized process of state-building in the early stages of the process. In the second half of the 19th century, and probably again currently, the residences of public authority should be read in conjunction with the positioning of a series of civic institutions. The display of state authority has been increasingly accompanied by the representation of national identity. More recently, however, a touch of cosmopolitanism has been added in many capitals. The reading of these capitals is therefore now more ambiguous. This will probably intensify under the impact of the emerging European multilevel governance system. At the same time, this governance system has become increasingly based in Brussels. For this city to symbolically represent Europe is a very difficult ambition in the context of its multiple capital roles. However, Brussels has a long history of dealing successfully with such urban challenges in spite of major conflicts and drawbacks.

scholarly journals Historical Method in Bibliography Science by E.K. Bespalova

2020 ◽  
Vol 69 (4) ◽  
pp. 399-407
Author(s):  
Elena Y. Azheeva
Keyword(s):  
Theoretical Method ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Scientific Legacy ◽  
Historical Method ◽  
Naturally Occurring ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Unique Method ◽  
History Of ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
Theoretical Foundations

The scientific legacy of Emilia Konstantinovna Bespalova, well-known Russian bibliographer, theorist and historian of bibliography, includes more than 200 works. She laid her own line in theoretical and methodological understanding of bibliography science and activity. “Formation of Bibliographic Thought in Russia (Up to the 60s of the 19th century)” is the last fundamental work of E.K. Bespalova; it describes the philosophical and methodological explication of bibliography as a naturally occurring phenomenon of information nature. There was formed unique method of analysis that considered historical and bibliographic facts in the context of professionalization of bibliographic activity. The analysis of bibliographic phenomena applied by E.K. Bespalova can be generally described as combination of modern theoretical knowledge on bibliography, methodology of system-activity approach and philosophy of historical process. The historical-theoretical method of studying bibliographic activity at different stages of its development allows a modern researcher to see the institutional significance of bibliographic processes as one of the full-fledged components of the global information picture.Analyzing the initial, original object of bibliographic activity — a book, the scientist proves that it was the process of replication and therefore the need to create the secondary structure of a book in a form of title page, which made a book to be the “book”. Through the concept of “book” E.K. Bespalova also traces interaction and sequential connection of three systems — “knowledge”, “book” (“document”) and “bibliographic document”. From the point of view of cognitive potential of the history of bibliography, bibliographical guide is of historical and theoretical interest being the result of activity and the object of desobjectivation in it of the conceptual theoretical-methodological and historical representations of authors, composers and doers of the history of bibliography. As the main differentiation of bibliographic products, Bespalova puts forward the division into timer bibliographic subsystems (reflection of current, retrospective, prospective primary flow) and chorographic subsystems that restrict documentary flows by the territorial and linguistic principle. The historical method by E.K. Bespalova reveals a wide range of theoretical foundations that enrich modern bibliography science.

scholarly journals Otto von Bismarck and Germany Militarization (Legislative Formalization of the Military Reform in Germany in the 80s of the 19th century)

Lex Russica ◽  
2020 ◽  
pp. 77-87
Author(s):  
V. G. Baev
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Ruling Elite ◽  
Military Reform ◽  
German Army ◽  
History Of ◽  
Otto Von Bismarck ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
The Military ◽  
Further Development

The history of Germany of the second half of the 19th century and the activities of Otto von Bismarck form an integral unit, provided we bear in mind the process of Germany becoming a centralized state. The author argues that the attainment of German unity could only be achieved on the paths of war with Austria and France. This implies why military reform in Germany has been given so much attention.This study is focused on the second stage of military reform — the strengthening of the German army after the establishment of a centralized state. The author poses the question: if the “German issue” was resolved, what was the need for further armament? The Bismarck Government in 1874 and 1881 successfully sought from Parliament the adoption of septennat laws (seven years of funding for the army). But in 1887 the Parliament refused to extend the septennat. The author uses Bismarck’s collection of political speeches in the Reichstag as the main source of research. It is an important source of official origin, reflecting the approaches of not only of the subject of Bismarck’s legislative initiative, but also of Germany’s ruling elite.A point of view about Bismarck as vehicle of Germanic militarism prevails in historical literature. As a result of the analysis of the debate on the draft law, the author concludes that Bismarck’s military policy was dictated not so much by the militaristic nature of his personality, but by the necessity of strengthening the military potential of Germany, surrounded by strong adversaries, to defend its sovereignty. For the further development of events, the Chancellor who had been removed from his office, cannot be held responsible. The tragedy of Bismarck-era Germany is expressed in the fact that he failed to prepare a successor capable of leading the country during a period of crisis.

scholarly journals Territorial Dioceses and Ethnic Episcopies in the Structure of the Church Organization of the First Bulgarian Kingdom (Canonical Aspects)

Slovene ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 121-135 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alexander Zadornov
Keyword(s):  
Church History ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Church Organization ◽  
Legal Norms ◽  
Liturgical Language ◽  
Church Structure ◽  
History Of ◽  
Church Structures ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
Church Organizations

The coexistence of ethnic and territorial principles in the structure of ecclesiastical organizations is a well known fact in church history. Both principles are equally legitimate from the point of view of canonical law. The “ethnic principle” was based on legal norms of the so-called 34th Apostolic Rule, and contrary to the opinion of scholars of the 19th century, it was still in use after the era of the Ecumenical Councils. This fact must be considered by students of the history of Church organizations in the First Bulgarian Kingdom, too. The observations regarding the structure of church organizations in Simeonic Bulgaria make it possible to assume the coexistence of ethnic and territorial principles of church organizations in his kingdom. As is known, Slavonic church schools were established in the southwestern part of the First Bulgarian Kingdom after 886. They were aimed at training the Slavonic clergy for the Slavonic church organization. In 893, the Bulgarian King Simeon was elevated to the throne, and a Slavonic eparchy headed by St. Clement of Ohrid was established in the southwestern territories of the First Bulgarian Kingdom. As a result, heterogeneous church organizations were established in the region, and church structures of ethnic and territorial types appeared. They differ from each other by the language of their church services. Old Church Slavonic must have been used as a liturgical language in the ethnic Slavonic eparchy. Since direct historical evidence for such heterogeneous church structure in the First Bulgarian Kingdom is absent, new interpretations of sources made on the basis of canonical law can be of importance for Slavonic studies.

scholarly journals The urboecological factors of Kharkiv Urban space (1654 – 1785)

2019 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Urban Space ◽  
Network Theory ◽  
Green Space ◽  
Subsequent Development ◽  
Actor Network Theory ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Anthropogenic Pressure ◽  
History Of ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
The City

This article is devoted to the significant topic, however, unfortunately, still remains outside the field of the view of researchers - the history of the green space of the Kharkiv city. Using sources of the late XVII - late XVIII century an attempt is made to analyze the anthropogenic pressure on the territory of the city and determine the limit of the population that could live on it. The article is written on the basis of the actor-network theory, which calls to analyze the influence of human and natural actors as symmetrical. This approach allowed us to analyze the collected material from the point of view of the idea of ​​co-evolution of the city and the natural environment. The author analyzed the main urban ecological actors and proved that most of the environmental problems were pestering the inhabitants of the city in the 19th century. Nevertheless, they were unknown in the previous century. The residents' need for water supply was fully provided thanks to the well system; they existed in almost every yard, and Kharkiv rivers were also full-flowing. A sufficient number of trees protected the city from dust. However, with the development of the city, including through the drainage of significant areas and their subsequent development, the city was exposed to the devastating consequences of the deterioration of its natural condition. All this could have been avoided, as if the officials responsible for the improvement were competent in this matter. Thus, the article calls for further research on the history of green spaces of the city with the aim of formulating the principles of co-evolution of green and man-made spaces.

scholarly journals KAZAN SCIENTIST MOHAMMED ABDUL KARIM AND TURKISH PHILOSOPHER HILMI ZIYA ULKEN

Al-Farabi ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 74 (2) ◽  
pp. 157-172
Author(s):  
Aytek Mammadova ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Middle East ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
Systematic Approach ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Great Contribution ◽  
Valuable Source ◽  
Historical Method ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Rich ◽  
The 19Th Century

The article examines the creativity and activities of the Kazan scientist Damulla Mohammed Abdulkarim Hazrat and his great-grandson Hilmi Ziya Ulken. Damulla Muhamamad Abdulkarim Hazrat was known in Kazan in the 19th century as a religious figure and cleric (mudarris). Here are the differences in views between Muhammad Abdulkarim and the famous contemporary Muslim theologian and orientalist Shigabutdin Mardjani in terms of their religious views. In the article, from the point of view of a systematic approach and a historical method, the reasons for the disagreements created under the influence of time and events were considered, in connection with which Sh. Marjani spoke from the position of a reformist scientist in relation to the ideas of the conservative scientist Muhammad Abdulkarim. The article notes that Kazan scientists had relations with the Ottoman state in the 19th century, and the resettlement of Muhammad Abdulkarim to Istanbul with his family took place in 1863. Here, after his move to Istanbul, the Ottoman state paid him and seven members of his family a salary, which was noted in the documents of those times. In this document, Muhammad Abdulkarim was presented as a scientist of scholars and a creator of good deeds. The article says that the granddaughter of Damulla Muhammad Abdulkarim Hazrat - Musfika khanum (1881-1978) was the mother of Hilmi Ziya Ulken. Hilmi Zia Ulken (1901-1974) made a great contribution to the development of science and philosophy in Turkey with his works. The study examines the rich creative heritage of Hilmi Zia Ulken, presents the researches of the scientist on the history of Eastern philosophy, in particular, religion. The article says that the thinker presented the Koran as a valuable source, which is both sacred and vital for the ideology of all Muslims, especially the Turkic peoples living in the countries of the Near and Middle East. Hilmi Zia Ulken regarded the emergence of human religions as a revolutionary event, showing that these religions teach humanity to spiritual uplift and improvement. The study says that religious and philosophical issues also play an important role in the work of Hilmi Ziya Ulken, who, like his great-grandfather, Kazan cleric Damulla Muhammad Abdulkarim Hazret, became famous for his works in various fields of science.

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