scholarly journals Contribution to the ecological management of the seed chalcid wasp Eurytoma plotnikovi Nikol’skaya (Hymenoptera: Eurytomidae) in pistachio orchards

2017 ◽  
Vol 17 ◽  
pp. 34
Author(s):  
D. Lykouressis ◽  
D. Perdikis ◽  
A. Biba
Keyword(s):  
Feeding Habits ◽  
Adult Emergence ◽  
Soil Surface ◽  
Ecological Management ◽  
External Appearance ◽  
Short Period ◽  
Chalcid Wasp

Aspects related to the management of the pistachio seed wasp Eurytoma plotnikovi Nikol’skaya (Hymenoptera: Eurytomidae), were investigated. E. plotnikovi has internal feeding habits. However, the external appearance of the fruits could be used to distinguish between infested and uninfested fruits, since fruits partly blackish or brownish and shriveled had higher infestation levels than those without any discolouration. The adult emergence from the fruits was completed within a short period of 12 days, from the middle until the end of May. This pest overwinters as larva inside the mummified fruits. The application of sanitation measures for the control of this pest was experimentally investigated. The results showed that no adults emerged from fruits that were buried in the soil but also from those that remained on the soil surface during winter. Thus, it seems that there is no need for burying them by tillage under the soil as it had been proposed. This result might be essential in the wider adoption of this method in the management of this pest.

Factors affecting the phenology of the first brood of the sugar-cane froghopper Aeneolamia varia saccharina (Dist.) (Homoptera, Cercopidae) in Trinidad

1975 ◽  
Vol 65 (3) ◽  
pp. 359-372 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. B. S. King
Keyword(s):  
Adult Emergence ◽  
Dry Season ◽  
Soil Conditions ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Expected Time ◽  
Short Period ◽  
Incubation Periods ◽  
Close Relationship ◽  
Dry Soil ◽  
Predictive Relationship

AbstractThe size and occurrence of the first brood of adults of Aeneolamia varia saccharina (Dist.) are examined in relation to the pattern of egg eclosion and rainfall. The proportion of eggs hatching within a month of oviposition in the laboratory (short-period eggs) decreased from over 90% in August to less than 20% in January, but the incubation periods of the remaining, long-period eggs were longest in those laid during October and November. The overall hatching distributions tended to be bimodal with most eggs hatching during the early months of the year under moist conditions at 26°C. Dry soil conditions delay eclosion, and eggs obtained from fields during the dry season and then incubated under moist conditions tended to hatch at the normally expected time of the first rains in May. The numbers of eggs expected to produce the first brood, computed from laboratory hatching data and estimates of the numbers and fecundities of froghoppers during the second, third and fourth broods, were less than the actual numbers sampled just before the first rains. There was a close relationship between the first rainfall of over one inch within 48 h and adult emergence 27 and 34 days later, and 85% of field egg populations in May had hatched and/or died by the week after the first rains. However some variation in the date of their occurrence accounted for non-synchrony of first broods over the region. The numbers of diapause eggs in fields sampled during the dry season failed to give a good predictive relationship with first brood adult populations, probably because of density dependent mortality of eggs or hatchling nymphs.

Proteolytic Activity of the Midgut in Relation to Feeding in the Beetles Tenebrio Molitor L. and Dytiscus Marginalis L

1956 ◽  
Vol 33 (2) ◽  
pp. 311-324
Author(s):  
R. H. DADD
Keyword(s):  
Proteolytic Activity ◽  
Feeding Habits ◽  
Adult Emergence ◽  
Tenebrio Molitor ◽  
Midgut Epithelium ◽  
Epithelial Tissue ◽  
Cellulose Powder ◽  
Mature Adult ◽  
Accelerated Growth

1. In Tenebrio secretion of protease occurs spontaneously after moult and adult emergence, and in response to feeding in the active larva and mature adult. Damp cellulose powder or water are effective in increasing secretion in the adult. 2. Since little enzyme is accumulated in the epithelial tissue when the total midgut enzyme is greatly increased, it is inferred that synthesis and discharge are interdependent. When synthesis (as indicated by comparatively high tissue enzyme) is accelerated, growth of the midgut epithelium occurs. 3. In starved Dytiscus protease is accumulated in the midgut tissue. Within one hour of feeding it is largely discharged into the crop. Protease recurs in the midgut tissue in a few hours, but remains low so long as the crop contains undigested material. When the crop is empty, discharge ceases and enzyme is again accumulated in the epithelium. Thus the process of discharge appears to be independent of synthesis. 4. The secretory mechanisms of Tenebrio and Dytiscus are discussed in relation to their feeding habits.

scholarly journals Control of Armyworm on Heading Wheat with Bacillus Thuringiensis Products and Baculoviruses, 1994

1996 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
pp. 318-319
Author(s):  
S. Y. Young ◽  
D. C. Steinkraus
Keyword(s):  
Bacillus Thuringiensis ◽  
Winter Wheat ◽  
Adult Emergence ◽  
Soil Surface ◽  
Pseudaletia Unipuncta ◽  
Pinto Bean ◽  
Two Samples ◽  
Anagrapha Falcifera

Abstract All applications were made on 26 Apr to ‘Wakefield’ winter wheat drilled on 6 inch row spacings on heading wheat in Lonoke Co., AR. A bicycle-type CO2 sprayer with a 12 ft boom equipped with TX-4 hollowcone nozzles on a 20-inch spacing, calibrated to deliver 10.5 gal/acre at 40 psi, was used for all treatments. Plots were 12 X 50 ft separated by 6 ft borders, arranged in a RCB design with 4 replications. A spreader sticker (CS-7) was added at a concentration of 1 ml/gal. The application was made late in the afternoon in a moderate breeze. No rainfall occurred during the test. Six Bacillus thuringiensis products and 3 viruses [Anagrapha falcifera NPV (AfNPV), Pseudaletia unipuncta NPV (AWNPV) and P. unipuncta GV (AWGV) were tested. Larval precounts made from the perimeter of the plots prior to the application showed a mean of 14.9 larvae per ft2. Post application larval counts were made at 4 and 7 DAT. Two samples per plot, each 3 ft in length and 12 inches in width, were taken by searching the soil surface, debris, and base of plants for larvae. Just prior to the search, the plants were jostled so that larvae on plants would fall to the ground. Yields were not taken. Larvae were collected from control and virus plots at 4 and 7 DAT. Larvae (25 per replicate) were individually placed in 1 oz plastic cups half-filled with pinto bean diet and held until death or adult emergence. Data from counts and collections were analyzed by ANOVA.

AN ANNOTATED LIST OF THE BLACK FLIES (DIPTERA: SIMULIIDAE) OF THE MARITIME PROVINCES OF CANADA

1979 ◽  
Vol 111 (11) ◽  
pp. 1227-1230
Author(s):  
David J. Lewis ◽  
Gordon F. Bennett
Keyword(s):  
Feeding Habits ◽  
Adult Emergence ◽  
Seasonal Occurrence ◽  
Black Flies ◽  
Maritime Provinces ◽  
Annotated List ◽  
Maritime Canada

AbstractTwenty species of black flies are now recorded from the Maritime Provinces of Canada. These include five species of Prosimulium, two species of Cnephia, and 13 species of Simulium. With the exception of S. vernum Meigen, all species have been previously recorded from maritime Canada. The known biology of these black flies is summarized and includes information on overwintering stages, larval and pupal habitats, adult emergence and feeding habits, and seasonal occurrence and abundance.

scholarly journals Seasonal Abundance and Control of the Rhododendron Gall Midge, Clinodiplosis rhododendri (Felt), in Container Grown Rhododendron catawbiense Michaux

1991 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 68-71
Author(s):  
James L. Hanula
Keyword(s):  
Emerging Adults ◽  
Gall Midge ◽  
Growth Period ◽  
Adult Emergence ◽  
Soil Surface ◽  
Early Growth ◽  
Seasonal Abundance ◽  
Bud Break ◽  
Affect Control ◽  
And Control

Abstract The seasonal abundance and control of the rhododendron gall midge, Clinodiplosis rhododendri (Felt), were investigated on container grown Rhododendron catawbiense Michaux. Most of the midge population studied completed 3 generations, and at least some completed 4–5 generations during the growing season (May–October 1989). Adults that developed from overwintered larvae began emerging on May 14, 1989. Three of the peaks in adult emergence coincided with bud break during the three growth flushes observed in the nursery. Only 20% of the buds were infested during the first growth flush, while 95% were infested during the second and third growth flushes. The low level of infestation during the early growth period provides an opportunity to detect an infestation before extensive damage occurs. Five insecticides were tested as soil drenches to control overwintering larvae. All five were equally effective and reduced the number of emerging adults by 95–100%. Further tests with Dursban 2E (chlorpyrifos) showed that soil surface applications were also effective, and that the timing of irrigation did not affect control. Soil drenches with two additional materials, Safer's insecticidal soap and Pratt horticultural oil, were not effective.

scholarly journals Grassland fire effect on soil organic carbon reservoirs in semiarid environment

2013 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 883-895 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Novara ◽  
L. Gristina ◽  
J. Rühl ◽  
S. Pasta ◽  
G. D'Angelo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Organic Carbon ◽  
Soil Organic Carbon ◽  
Soil Surface ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Grassland Management ◽  
Semiarid Environment ◽  
Short Period ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Grassland Fire

Abstract. The aim of this work was to investigate the effect of a experimental fire, used for grassland management, on soil organic carbon (SOC) reservoirs. The study was carried out on Hyparrhenia hirta (L.) Stapf (Hh) grassland and Ampelodesmos mauritanicus (Desf.) T. Durand and Schinz (Am) grasslands, located in the north of Sicily. Soil samples were collected at 0–5 cm before and after experimental fire and SOC was measured. During grassland fire soil surface temperature was monitored. Biomass of both grasses was analyzed in order to determine dry weight and its chemical composition. The results showed that SOC varied significantly with vegetation cover, while it is not affected in the short period by grassland fire. Am grassland stored more SOC compared with Hh grassland thanks to lower content in biomass of labile carbon pool. No significant difference was observed in SOC before and after fire which could be caused by several factors: first, in both grassland types the measured soil temperature during fire was low due to thin litter layers; second, in semiarid environment higher mineralization rate results in lower soil carbon labile pool; and third, the C stored in the finest soil fractions, physical protected, is not affected by fire.

An ultrastructural analysis of the development of mycorrhizas in Rhododendron ponticum

1982 ◽  
Vol 60 (11) ◽  
pp. 2345-2356 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Duddridge ◽  
D. J. Read
Keyword(s):  
Structural Integrity ◽  
Soil Surface ◽  
Ultrastructural Level ◽  
Natural Soil ◽  
Host Cytoplasm ◽  
Rhododendron Ponticum ◽  
Sequence Of Events ◽  
Transmission Electron ◽  
Short Period ◽  
Ericoid Mycorrhizas

The sequence of events involved in the initiation, establishment, and degeneration of the ericoid mycorrhizas of Rhododendron ponticum was followed at the ultrastructural level. Seedlings were planted in inoculated sterile soil or natural soil and harvested sequentially over a period of weeks. Their roots were fixed and examined by scanning and transmission electron microscopy. Field-collected roots were also examined for comparative purposes. In inoculated soil, surface colonisation of root epidermal cells occurs within 4 weeks of inoculation, and penetration follows immediately. The functional life of the infected epidermal cell is short, evidence of degeneration of host cytoplasm being visible within 7 weeks. Host breakdown precedes fungal degeneration, which suggests that nutrient transfer between partners must occur in the short period when both have full structural integrity. Endophyte hyphae degenerate after collapse of host cytoplasm, first becoming vacuolate and then devoid of contents. The result of this pattern of infection is that most cells of the root epidermis are dead and devoid of contents. The pattern is the same in natural soil, though each stage is delayed by 2–3 weeks. The possible relationship between the structural and functional characteristics of ericoid roots is discussed and comparisons are made with other types of endomycorrhizas.

The influence of parasitism on the life history of a high arctic insect, Gynaephora groenlandica (Wöcke) (Lepidoptera: Lymantriidae)

1987 ◽  
Vol 65 (1) ◽  
pp. 156-163 ◽  
Author(s):  
Olga Kukal ◽  
Peter G. Kevan
Keyword(s):  
Life History ◽  
Life Cycle ◽  
Larval Instar ◽  
Adult Emergence ◽  
High Arctic ◽  
Winter Mortality ◽  
Short Period ◽  
History Of ◽  
Gynaephora Groenlandica ◽  
Overall Mortality

The life history of Gynaephora groenlandica was studied in the high arctic at Alexandra Fiord, Ellesmere Island. Life history events (larval development, pupation, adult emergence, mating, oviposition, hatching, and moulting to the second larval instar) occurred only in the 3–4 weeks before mid-July. Larvae fed mainly on Salix arctica. They stopped feeding by the end of June, hid, and spun hibernacula. Nineteen percent of third- and fourth-instar larvae were parasitized by the wasp Hyposoter pectinatus (Ichenumonidae); 52% of fifth- and sixth-instar larvae and pupae were parasitized by the fly Exorista sp. (Tachinidae). We estimated that G. groenlandica has a life cycle lasting 14 years. Parasitism caused 56% of overall mortality, whereas cumulative winter mortality was calculated as 13% of a cohort passing through a 14-year life cycle. Peak of activity of adult parasitoids coincided with inactivity of Gynaephora larvae during July. Selective pressure of parasitism may restrict development of G. groenlandica to a short period before adult parasitoids are most active. The importance of parasitoids in the life history of G. groenlandica suggests that parasitism is as significant as climate in population regulation of insects living in the high arctic.

scholarly journals Investigation of Coffee Seed Physical Purity, Seed Health and Effect of Storage Time on Viability

2014 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 85-96
Author(s):  
Melkam Anteneh ◽  
Abebe Atilaw ◽  
Taye Kufa
Keyword(s):  
Storage Time ◽  
Seed Quality ◽  
Soil Surface ◽  
Petri Dish ◽  
Pathogenic Fungi ◽  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
Seedling Mortality ◽  
Germination Test ◽  
Short Period ◽  
Coffee Seed

High seed quality is essential for optimum stand establishment in Coffee. As a result, it is necessary to have seed physical, germination percent, physiological and health tests that permit rapid, objective and accurate evaluation of seed quality. This study evaluated the effect of storage time on physical, physiological, germination percent and health quality of seed lots of five coffee varieties obtained from research and commercial company. This test is conducted under ideal laboratory conditions and in the nursery site. After sample collected pure, pea-beery, cracked and shriveled seeds were measured before determining standard germination and vigor. The highest pea berry was recorded at JARC on the variety 75227(18.63), and the lowest was at LCP on the variety 74165 (8.81). In parchment coffee seed, the percentage of physical defects during seed processing affects germination and seedling viability. The standard germination test in the moisten-soft paper continues to be the most common measure of seed quality in coffee. In addition, this test requires more than two weeks before a determination of seed germination was possible. Ideally, seed quality tests efficiently differentiate between poor and good seed lots in a short period. There was high germination percent in the first planting time were recorded after one month storage than other two consecutive storage time. Normal germinated seedling reduced with in increases seed storage time and the incidence of seed/ soil -born pathogenic fungi. The germination test of seeds from laboratory under petri-dish with moist soft paper and at the nursery site also had low vigour and did not produce suitable seedlings for planting evaluated after three month storage. If after one month storage time of coffee seeds germinated more than older seeds (as our study indicates), then seedlings derived from younger may have a competitive advantage over seedlings derived from older one. In the present study, pre-emergence seedling mortality (Rotten) was greater in third month storage than in first month old seeds. This mortality partially accounted for the lower germination percentage in three month old seeds because only seeds that emerged above the soil surface were considered to have germinated is an indication of reduced vigor. In my study, in coffee seeds, seedlings from relatively low stored seeds were generally better able to withstand environmental stress than those from old seeds. Coffee seed sample from two sources stored safely to optimize coffee seedling production at the appropriate time and season with ideal climatic conditions for planting in the field. 

scholarly journals FIRST REPORT ON THE FEEDING BEHAVIOR OF EARLESS MONITOR, LANTHANOTUS BORNEENSIS AND ITS PREDATION ON RICE FIELD FROG, FEJERVARYA LIMNOCHARIS IN A CAPTIVE ENVIRONMENT

TREUBIA ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 48 (2) ◽  
pp. 103-116
Author(s):  
Ahmad Nauval Arroyyan ◽  
Evy Arida ◽  
Nirmala Fitria Firdhausi
Keyword(s):  
Feeding Behavior ◽  
Rice Field ◽  
Soil Surface ◽  
Natural Habitats ◽  
Natural Prey ◽  
Short Period ◽  
Average Body Mass ◽  
Set Up ◽  
Average Body ◽  
Fejervarya Limnocharis

Being endemic to Borneo, the Earless monitor, Lanthanotus borneensis (Steindachner, 1878) is rarely found in its habitats due to its cryptic behavior. We provide care for confiscated animals in the Reptile House of Museum Zoologicum Bogoriense (MZB) in Cibinong, West Java, Indonesia since 2014. Little is known on its natural prey but from scattered descriptive reports. This study is aimed at documenting the feeding behavior of ten captive Earless monitors and events of predation on frogs. We set up two experiments, one with meat of Rice Field Frog, Fejervarya limnocharis, and the other with live frog of the same species. Our recorded observations ran for four weeks for the frog meat feeding experiment and followed by the frog predation experiment. Our results showed that lizards constantly accepted frog meat. Lizards tended to feed before sunset for a short period of time on the muddy soil surface, although a few individuals inconsistently fed under water. The average body mass for these lizards increased by 4.29 g and average SVL by 0.45 cm. We recorded predation on frogs in three out of ten individuals observed during this study. If F. limnocharis is confirmed to occur in the natural habitats of L. borneensis, it is possible that this frog species is among the natural prey for Earless monitors. Further studies on its natural diets should be conducted to gain in-depth knowledge essential for generating effective captive husbandry for this nationally protected species in Indonesia.

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