Τεχνολογική εξέλιξη και παθογένειες ιστορικών κονιαμάτων

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Δάφνη Κυροπούλου

Σύνοψη 123 δείγματα ιστορικών κονιαμάτων μελετήθηκαν στα πλαίσια διδακτορικής διατριβής. Ο σκοπός της διδακτορικής διατριβής είναι να εξετάσει την τεχνολογία και διάβρωση των ιστορικών κονιαμάτων. Τα δείγματα αποσπάστηκαν από ταφικά μνημεία, οχυρωματικά έργα και ιστορικά κτήρια που χρονολογούνται από την Ελληνιστική έως την Βυζαντινή εποχή. Το πρώτο δείγμα συλλέχθηκε από την εξωτερική επιφάνεια, ενώ τα υπόλοιπα δείγματα συλλέχθηκαν 1cm προς το εσωτερικό με σκοπό να κατασκευαστεί μία ιδανική γραμμή αναφοράς με ισοτοπικές τιμές για να προσδιορίσει τις παραμέτρους διάβρωσης. Τα δείγματα χαρακτηρίστηκαν ως προς την ισοτοπική, χημική και ορυκτολογική σύσταση. Τα σταθερά ισότοπα άνθρακα και οξυγόνου (13C και 18O) έδωσαν πληροφορίες για την προέλευση του CO2 κατά τον σχηματισμό του ασβεστίτη, με αποτέλεσμα τον διαχωρισμό των διαφορετικών τεχνολογιών κατασκευής των κονιαμάτων και των μηχανισμών διάβρωσης. Η στοιχειακή και μορφολογική ανάλυση επιτεύχθηκε με την εφαρμογή της ηλεκτρονικής μικροσκοπίας σε συνδυασμό με την ανάλυση ενεργειακής διασποράς Χ-ray (SEM/EDXA), ενώ οι ορυκτές φάσεις προσδιορίστηκαν με την χρήση πολωτικού πετρογραφικού μικροσκοπίου. Tα αποτελέσματα των αναλύσεων προσδιόρισαν την τεχνολογική εξέλιξη και διάβρωση των ιστορικών κονιαμάτων. Τα Ελληνιστικά κονιάματα αποτελούνται από ασβέστη και άργιλο-πυριτικά αδρανή και κύριο αδρανές τον χαλαζία. Τα Ρωμαϊκά και Βυζαντινά κονιάματα αποτελούνται από ασβέστη, ποζολάνη, και ποικίλα αδρανή όπως χαλαζίας, πλαγιόκλαστο αλλά και θραύσματα κεραμικών και πλίνθων. Οι βασικοί μηχανισμοί διάβρωσης που εντοπίστηκαν είναι η διαλυτοποίηση και ανακρυστάλλωση του ασβεστιτικής προέλευσης συνδετικού υλικού, η απώλεια συνοχής του συνδετικού υλικού και η κρυστάλλωση αλάτων. Οι τιμές των σταθερών ισοτόπων που μελετήθηκαν αποτελούν ένα εύρος τιμών από -17,6‰ έως 3,6‰ και από -25,9‰ έως 0,4‰ για δ13C και δ18Ο αντίστοιχα. Οι ιδανικές γραμμές για τα Eλληνιστικά και τα Ρωμαϊκά-Βυζαντινά κονιάματα εκφράζονται από τις συναρτήσεις παλινδρόμησης δ18O calcite matrix =0.61 δ13C calcite matrix -1.9 and δ18O calcite matrix =0.63 δ13C calcite matrix -2. Η αAbstract 123 bulk samples of mortars were examined as part of this PhD research. The main aim of this work is to investigate the technology and degradation of mortar samples. The samples were collected from funerary monuments dated from Hellenistic to Byzantine time, affected by environmental degradation. The samples were collected in sections 6cm towards the surface using a drill-core material. The first sample was collected from the external layers, while the internal samples were collected 1cm below, in order to create an ideal Hellenistic and Byzantine mortar layer and to provide weathering gradients using isotopic analysis. The samples were characterized in terms of their isotopic, chemical and mineralogical composition. Stable isotope analysis (13C and 18O) provided information relative to the origin of CO2 and water during calcite formation making possible to distinguish different mortar technologies and degradation gradients. Compositional and morphological analyses were achieved using energy dispersive X-ray analysis in the scanning electron microscope while the mineralogical phases were detected using petrographic (polarised optical microscopy) analysis. The results of micro-morphological and petrographic examination elucidate the technological continuity and degradation of historic mortars. Hellenistic mortars are composed of lime enhanced with quartz aggregates. Roman and Byzantine mortars are composed of lime, pozzolan and a various aggregates such as quartz, feldspar, ceramic and rock fragments. The main degradation mechanisms are calcite recrystallization, loose of adhesion bonds in the binding material and salts crystallization. The isotopic values comprise a range of δ13C and δ18Ο values from -17,6‰ to 3,6‰ and -25,9‰ to 0,4‰ very different from that of local limestones used for mortar production. The ideal layers from Hellenistic and Byzantine era are expressed, by the regression lines δ18O calcite matrix =0.61 δ13C calcite matrix -1.9 and δ18O calcite matrix =0.63 δ13C calcite matrix -2. This study indicated that stable isotope analysis is an excellent tool to fingerprint the origin of carbonate and therefore indicate the variations in mortar’s technology, the environmental setting conditions of mortar, origin of CO2 and water during calcite formation and to determine the weathering depth and the potential secondary degradation mechanisms.νάλυση των σταθερών ισοτόπων προσδιόρισε με ακρίβεια την προέλευση του ανθρακικού άλατος κι έτσι διακρίθηκαν οι διαφορετικές τεχνολογίες, οι περιβαλλοντικές συνθήκες σκλήρυνσης των κονιαμάτων, η προέλευση του CO2 και του νερού κατά την διάρκεια σχηματισμού του ασβεστίτη, το μέγεθος της διάβρωσης και τους πιθανούς μηχανισμούς διάβρωσης.

2018 ◽  
Vol 23 (1) ◽  
pp. 229-245 ◽  
Author(s):  
Karolina Werens ◽  
Anita Szczepanek ◽  
Paweł Jarosz

Abstract The presented study was based on isotopic analysis of δ13C and δ15N in human bone collagen samples from graves of the Corded Ware culture in Święte, south-east Poland. Isotopic values demonstrate a relatively narrow variation, ranging from -20.4‰ to -19.8‰ and 10.6‰ to 12.0‰ for δ13C and δ15N values, respectively. The diet was likely C3 plant-based with a substantial animal protein component, including predominantly terrestrial and possibly riverine resources.


2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Philip Riekenberg ◽  
Tijs Joling ◽  
Lonneke L. IJsseldijk ◽  
Andreas M. Waser ◽  
Marcel van der Meer ◽  
...  

AbstractTraditional bulk isotopic analysis is a pivotal tool for mapping consumer-resource interactions in food webs but has largely failed to adequately describe parasite-host relationships. Thus, parasite-host interactions remain largely understudied in food web frameworks despite these relationships increasing linkage density, connectance, and ecosystem biomass. Compound-specific stable isotopes from amino acids provides a promising novel approach that may aid in mapping parasitic interactions in food webs. However, to date it has not been applied to parasitic trophic interactions.Here we use a combination of traditional bulk stable isotope analyses and compound-specific isotopic analysis of the nitrogen in amino acids to examine resource use and trophic interactions of five parasites from three hosts from a marine coastal food web (Wadden Sea, European Atlantic). By comparing isotopic compositions of bulk and amino acid nitrogen, we aimed to characterize isotopic fractionation occurring between parasites and their hosts and to clarify the trophic position of the parasites.Our results showed that parasitic trophic interactions were more accurately identified when using compound-specific stable isotope analysis due to removal of underlying source isotopic variation for both parasites and hosts, and avoidance of the averaging of amino acid variability in bulk analyses through use of multiple trophic amino acids. The compound-specific method provided clear trophic discrimination factors in comparison to bulk isotope methods, however, those differences varied significantly among parasite species.Amino acid compound specific isotope analysis has widely been applied to examine trophic position within food webs, but our analyses suggest that the method is particularly useful for clarifying the feeding strategies for parasitic species. Baseline isotopic information provided by source amino acids allows clear identification of the fractionation occurring due to parasite metabolism by integrating underlying isotopic variations from the host tissues. However, like for bulk isotope analysis, the application of a universal trophic discrimination factor to parasite-host relationships remains inappropriate for compound-specific stable isotope analysis. Despite this limitation, compound-specific stable isotope analysis is and will continue to be a valuable tool to increase our understanding of parasitic interactions in marine food webs.


Geosciences ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 8 (9) ◽  
pp. 339 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elissavet Dotsika ◽  
Dafni Kyropoulou ◽  
Vassilios Christaras ◽  
Georgios Diamantopoulos

Samples of mortars were collected from lime and hydraulic mortars affected by environmental degradation. A total of 63 samples were obtained from Hellenistic, Late Roman and Byzantine historic constructions located at Kavala, Drama and Makrygialos in North Greece. Samples were collected in sections from the surface up to 6 cm deep using a drill-core material. The first sample was collected from the external layer, while the internal samples were collected each 1cm beeper from the previous, in order to monitor the moisture ingress. Isotopic data will make it possible to create an ideal Hellenistic and Byzantine mortar layer and to provide weathering gradients. The isotopic values comprise a range of δ13C and δ18O values from −17.1‰ to 1.2‰ and −25.9‰ to −2‰, respectively. The weathering process of Hellenistic and Byzantine are expressed, by the regression lines δ18Ocalcite matrix = 0.6 × δ13Ccalcite matrix − 1.9 and δ18Ocalcite matrix = 0.6 × δ13Ccalcite matrix − 2.0 for hydraulic and Lime mortars respectively. Pronounced isotopic shift to heavy or light δ13C and δ18O in the carbonate matrix was attributed to the primary source of CO2 (atmospheric versus biogenic) and H2O (evaporation of local primary water), in residual limestone and in secondary processes such as recrystallization of calcite with pore water and salts attack. Exogenic processes related to biological growth are responsible for further alterations of δ18O and δ13C in lime mortars. This study indicated that stable isotope analysis is an excellent tool to fingerprint the origin of carbonate, the environmental setting conditions of mortar, origin of CO2 and water during calcite formation and to determine the weathering depth and the potential secondary degradation mechanisms.


1984 ◽  
Vol 15 ◽  
pp. 81-92 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. Walda ◽  
S. Walker

AbstractThis is a summary of a paper given to members and guests of the Society of Libyan Studies in London on 6th June 1984. The authors use the technique of stable isotope analysis of carbon and oxygen in samples of marble taken from carefully selected monuments in Lepcis Magna to compare statue types and architectural decoration. Controversial views on the origins of the sculptors working at Lepcis Magna are also examined in the light of this method.


2003 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. T. Short ◽  
Gottfried P. Kibelka ◽  
Robert H. Byrne ◽  
David Hollander

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter Mortensen ◽  
◽  
Nathan D. Stansell ◽  
Byron A. Steinman ◽  
Gilles Y. Brocard ◽  
...  

Author(s):  
Andreas Hilkert ◽  
John K. Böhlke ◽  
Stanley J. Mroczkowski ◽  
Kyle L. Fort ◽  
Konstantin Aizikov ◽  
...  

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-24
Author(s):  
Petra Vaiglova ◽  
John Coleman ◽  
Charlotte Diffey ◽  
Vasiliki Tzevelekidi ◽  
Melanie Fillios ◽  
...  

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